13300177 Chapter 5 Chemicals for Consumer

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YEAR 2009

NORSAFINAH BINTI MOHD TUMIRAN | 5 DORISIA

CHEMISTRY FOLIO

CHAPTER 5: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMER



CONTENTS

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No. Title Page

5.1 Soap and Detergent 2

5.2 Food Additives 6

5.3 Medicine 7



5.1 : Soap and Detergent

Soap

• Salt that are formed by neutralization between a fatty acid and analkali.

• One example of soap is sodium palmitate, CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COONa. It isformed when palmatic acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COONa(aq) +H₂O(l)

Detergent

• Salt that are formed by neutralizing an alkyl hydrogen sulphate with analkali.

• One example of detergent is sodium lauryl sulphate

• Detergents may contain many other substances in addition to thesubstances that does the cleaning and also to make it more effective. These substances are called additives

Biological enzymes are catalyst that increase the detergency or cleaningpower of a detergent. Whitening agents include bleaches such as sodiumperborate. They release chlorine and oxygen that remove stains and makeclothes become whiter and cleaner.

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Preparation of detergent

• Detergents are made using raw material obtained from petroleum

DETERGENT

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Production of lauryl hydrogen sulphate

CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OH + H₂SO₄CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + H₂O

2. neutralization of lauryl hydrogen sulphate

CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + NaOHCH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃Na + H₂O



Preparation of soap

• Oils and fats are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids.

• It made up through heating oils or fats with an alkali such as sodiumhydroxide, NaOH.

• The oil or fat molecules are “broken up” or hydrolyzed to glycerol andfatty acids.

• This reaction is the reverse of esterification (saponication)

• The fatty acids formed then react with sodium hydroxide, NaOH to forma salt (soap).

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Saponication of oils or fats O

llR’—C—O—CH₂ HO—CH₂

O lll OH⁻ HO—CH + R’COOH

+ R”COOH + R”’COOHR”— C—O—CH + 3H₂O l

O HO—CH₂fatty acids

ll”’

Neutralization of fatty acids

R’COOH + R”COOH + R”’COOH + 3NaOH R’COONa + R”COONa + R”’COONa+ 3H₂O



The cleansing action of soap and detergent

• One part of the soap and detergent anion is negatively charged(polar end).-It dissolves in water. It is hydrophilic or “likes water”.

• The other part has no charge (non-polar end)-It dissolves in oil or grease. It is hydrophobic or “hates water”.

• These two parts work together to remove grease.

hydrophobic part (non-polar end)

hydrophilic part(polar end)

•

When soap or detergent is added to the dirty surface of a pieceof cloth covered with a layer of oil or grease,(a)The negatively charged ‘heads’ (hydrophilic) of soap ions or

detergents ions dissolves in water(b)The hydrocarbon ‘tails’ (hydrophobic) of soap or detergent

ions dissolves in the layer of grease.

• If the water is agitated slightly, the grease begins to lifted off thesurface.

• When the cloth is rinsed with water, the droplets will be carriedaway

• Heating and stirring may help to loosen the dirt particles from

the material being washed.

The effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap anddetergent

Property Soap DetergentCleaning power Less powerfull More powerfullEase of rinsing It is difficult to wash away

all soap on clothes. Thesoap that remains leaveand odour and spoils thefabric

Rinse out well from clothes

pH Slightly alkaline Can be controlled to suitthe cleaning task

Molecular structure Determined by the fattyacids found in the oil or fatused to produce soap

Can be modified to suit thecleaning task. Forexample, a detergent canbe made specially forcleaning toilet bowls.

Formation of scum Forms scum with hardwater

Does not form scum withhard water

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5.2 : Food Additives

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Uses of food additives To make food last longer (to extend the shelf life)

Types of food additives

Preservatives: sodiumnitrite, sodium benzoateAntioxidant: ascorbic acidFlavouring: Monosodiumglutamate(MSG), aspartameStabiliser and thickener:

gelatin and acacia gumDye: azo compounds,triphenyl compounds

Effects on health

Allergy: MSGCarcinogenic: NaNO₂Brain damageHyperactivity

Functions of food additives

Preservatives: to inhibit or prevent the growthof moulds, yeast and bacteria that spoil foodsAntioxidants: to prevent spoilage of food dueto oxidation by oxygenFlavouring agents: to enhance the taste of foodStabilisers and thickeners: to improve thetexture of foodsColouring agents: to restore the colour or toenhance the natural colour



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5.3 : Medicine

• A medicine is a substances used to prevent or cure disease or toreduce pain and suffering due to illness.

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Traditional medicinesDerived from plants and

Medicines

PlantLocal nameUsesAloe vera Lidah buayaSap used to

relieved pain from burnsBetelSirehLeaves relieved sore

eyesBitter gourd PeriaFruit used to cure

diabetesCoconut Kelapa Young coconut water reduces

feverGarlic Bawang putihReduces infection and

hypertensionGinger HaliaReduces inflammation and improves

blood circulation and digestionGinsengGinseng Roots maintain

good healthHibiscus Bunga RayaLeaves relieves headache and

hair lossTurmeric Kunyit Cures pimples

Modern medicinesChemicals that are extractedfrom plants and animals

Type of modernmedicineFunctionExamplesAnalgesicsRelievepainAspirin, paracetamolAntibioticsKill or inhibit growth of

infectious bacteriaPenicillin,streptomycinPsychotherapeutic medicinesControl

symptoms of mental illnessStimulants, antidepressants



Side effects of medicines

• Both traditional and modern medicines have side effects

• Some traditional medicines help people lose their weight by speedingup their metabolism. The side effects are an increase in blood pressure

and heart rate• Birth control pills are an example of modern medicine. Women who use

them experience side effects such as hypertension, acne, andabnormal bleeding.

Correct ways of using medicines

• Use the correct amount or dosage and using it for the correct purpose

• For example, using antibiotics to treat infections caused by viruses isdrug misuse. This is because antibiotics have no effect on viruses.

• Drug abuse is using drug for its intoxicating effect. For example, theuse of Morphine, Viagra and ecstasy pills.

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13300177 Chapter 5 Chemicals for Consumer