Chemicals for Consumer

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CHEMICALS

FOR

CONSUMER

NAME : NURUL AFIQAH BINTI HUZAINAL

CLASS : 4 BAKTI



CONCLUSION



content

1. SOAP AND DETERGENT

2. FOOD ADDITIVES

3. MEDICINES





Soaps

1. Any compound that can be used for cleaning is called detergent.

2. Soaps are cleaning agents made from animals fats or vegetable oils

saponification.

3. The table below shows some examples of soaps and their formulae

Table 14.1 Some examples of soaps and their formulae

SOAP FORMULA

Sodium laurate CH3(CH2)10COO-Na+

Sodium palmitate CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+

Potassium oleate CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COO-K +

Potassium stearate CH3(CH2)16COO-K



PREPARATION OF SOAP BY SAPONIFICATION

1. Saponification is the reaction of an alkali such as sodium hydroxide or

potassium hydroxide with an animal fat or vegetable oils .

2. Saponification occurs when an animal fat or a vegetable oil is boiled

with concentrated sodium or potassium hydroxide that produce ester

molecules which are then broken into a soap and glycerol.

3. Saponification is also known as alkaline hydrolysis of esters using

alkali solutions .

+Fat or

vegetable

Sodium/potassium

hydroxide

Soap +

glyce ol



STRUCTURE OF SOAP MOLECULE

1. The soap molecules can be divided into two parts :

a) The hydrophilic part – Soluble in water but insoluble in

oil.

b) The hydrophobic part - Insoluble in water but soluble in

oil

2. When soap molecules dissolve in water , it will dissolve in

water , it will dissociates into a sodium ion (Na+) and

carboxylate ion (RCOO-).

3. The carboxylate ion (RCOO-) is an active part of the soap

molecules which consist hydrophilic part and hydrophobic

part .

4.Hydrophilic part contains the COO- ion which has an ionic

nature and readily dissolves in water while the hydrophobic

part consists of a hydrocarbon chain which is covalent in

nature and do not dissolve in water .



DETERGENT

1. Detergents are cleaning agents that are not soap .

2. Usually made from synthetic substances .

3. There are many types of detergents used for different

purposes but only two types are common :

ADDITIVES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

AdditiveFunction

Sodium

alkylbenzene

sulphonateUse as cleansing agent .

Sodium

tripolyphosphateTo soften hard water

Sodium perborateUsed as bleach agent which removes

colour stains by oxidation..

Sodium sulphate Make sure that detergent in dry condition

Sodium silicate To prevent detergent from being sticky

Stabilizers Prevent formation of foam



THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

AS CLEANING AGENTS

SOAP

AdvantagesDisadvantages

Very effective cleaning agents

in soft water that does not

contains ions such as Mg2+

and Ca2+

Ineffective in hard water thatcontains ions such as Mg2+ and

Ca2+ because they will react

with ion and form scum that did

not dissolve in water.

Biodegrable and will not cause

pollution to the environment

Ineffective in acidic water that

contains H+ ions . This is

because soaps will react wit H+

ions to form insoluble

carboxylic acids



DETERGENT

Advantages

Disadvantages

Very effective in both hard

and soft water.

Can cause water pollution

because most of them are non-

biodegrable .

Specific properties can be

produced because the long

hydrocarbon chains can be

modified.

Will decrease the oxygen

content of water and kill aquatic

organisms .

Effective in acidic water that

contains H+ ions because they

will not react wit the H+ ions

The formation of foam that

covers the surface of the water

and this will affect aquatic

organisms .





1) Food additives are chemicals that are added to food in small

quantities for specific purposes .

2) Antioxidants are used on foods that are easily oxidised

especially that contains oils and fats .

3) Preservatives are chemicals that are added to food to preventing

growth of microorganisms so food can be keep for long time

Preservatives Uses

Benzoic acid

Sodium benzoate

Used to preserve sauces such as

tomato sauce and chili sauce

Sodium nitrateUsed to preserve canned

food,meat,cheese and dried fish

Sodium nitriteUsed to keep the natural colour of food

such as meat to make it look fresh

Sulphur dioxide

Sodium sulphite

Used to prevent browning of fruit

juices.

Used to keep the natural colour of

vegetables



ANTIOXIDANTS

1. Antioxidants are used on foods that are easily oxidized especially

Foods that contain olis and fats.

2. Adding antioxidants to food will prevent the oxidation of fats

and oils in the food from occuring so that food can keep longer.

Flavouring Agents

1. Flavouring agents are added to the food with the purpose of making

foods taste better.

2. There are two types of flavouring agents. They are:

(a) flavours enhancers,

(b) artificial flavours.

Stabilizers and Thickening Agents

1. Stabilizers are chemicals that are added to food with the purpose of

making the food stable

2. Stabilizers are normally added to food that cointains oil and water



Dyes

1. Dyes are food additives that are added to food with the purpose of

Improving their appearance and making the food more attractive.

2. The main purpose of adding dyes to food are to restore the colour

which is lost during processing of the food and to make that food

more attractive.

Effects of Foods Additives on Health

Food additives have the following effects on health:

(a) Allergy

Some people may be allergic to food additives such as sodium

sulphite and monosodium glutamate They may get stomach pain or a syndrome that is called the

‘Chinese restaurant syndrom’ due monosodium glutamate.

(b) Cancer

Some food additives such as sodium nitrite can cause cancer when

they react with certain.



(c) Hyperactivity

Food additives which have colour such as tartrazine can cause

hyperactivity which will normally affect children

(d) Brain damage

Brain damage can be caused by food additives. The supply of

oxygen to brain is disrupted and this causes the brain to be

damaged





1) Traditional medicines are medicine which derived from natural

sources such as plants and animals without having chemistry process.

Medicinal plant Uses

GarlicUsed to prevent flu or asthma

Used to reduce high blood pressure

Ginger

Used to treat stomach pain

Used to prevent flu

Used to keep body warm

PegagaUsed to treat depression

used to curing blurred vision

Aloe Vera

Used to prevent itchy skin

Used to treat burns on the skin

Lemon Grass Used to treat cough and asthma



ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FOOD

ADDITIVES

Advantages Disadvantages They can prevent the growth

of microoganisms so that

food can keep for a longer

time

It can improve nutritional in

food which destroyed during

the food processing It can be used for medical

purposes especially the used

of natural sweet in food and

very useful for diabetes

patient

Some food additives

especially antioxidants that

taking with excess quantities

will contribute to health

detrimental

Most of the food additives are

less in nutritional value Some food additives have an

excess amount of nutrients

which given a risk to our

health



MODERN MEDICINE

Based on the effect of modern medicine to human body , it can be

classified into three different categories namely :

a) Analgesics

b) Antibiotics

c) Psychotherapeutic

Analgesics

Are a group of medicine that been used to relief pain.This type of

medicine do not cure the disease but can only relief the pain.

Analgesics medicine Uses

Aspirin

Contain two functional

group of carboxylic acid

and esther

Have an IUPAC name

of acetyl salicylic acid

Used to relieve headaches and muscle

aches

Used to treat arthritis

Used to treat fever

Paracetamol

Contain two functional

groups of hydroxyl and

carbonyl

Used to relieve fever and headaches

Used to relieves flu



Codeine

is an organic compound

that contains common

elements such as carbon

, hydrogen,oxygen and

nitrogen.

Used to relieve more moderate pain

Used to treat headaches and cough.

Antibiotics

1) Antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin are medicine that

been used to treat disease that caused by infection of microorganisms

or bacteria .

2) Penicilin is used to treat diseases such as pneumonia,gonorrhea and

Syphilis and it cannot be used to treat tuberculolis.

3) Tuberculolis can be treat using streptomycin.

Psychotherapeutic medicines

1) Medicines that been used specificially to treat mental or emotional

ilness.

2) Can be divided into three stimulants,antidepressant and antipsychotic

agents .



Stimulants

1) Are naturally occuring drugs that can be produced naturally in human

body . Adrenaline is one example of stimulant where the body

produces when it needs for energetic activities .

Antidepressants

1) Are medicine that used to treat cases of depression due to imbalance

of chemical in the brain .

2) By applying this antidepressants it will increase the brain level of

Neurotransmitters and will improve mood . it will make us feel calm.

Antipsychpotic medicines

1) Used to treat serious mental ilness. It does not cure the mental ilness

but can reduce some of the symptoms.



Side effects of traditional and modern medicines

Modern medicines Side effects

Analgesics

aspirin

Skin rashes,allergic reaction and

asthma.

Stomach pain

codeineAddiction

Stimulants

amphetamines

Addiction

Aggresive behaviour

Antibiotics

penicilin

streptomycin

Allergic

Skin rashes,vomiting and fever

Psychotherapeutic

medicines

antipsychotic

medicines

antidepressants

Sedation

Addiction

Loss of appetite



CONCLUSION



REFERENCES

REFERENCES BOOK

SUPLEMEN SPM CHEMISTRY

REFERENCES BOOK

XPRESS A+ CHEMISTRY FORM 4 AND 5

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Chemicals for Consumer