12d model Manual

Detail Survey

Version 9.0 March 10

12d Soultions Pty Ltd ACN 101 351 991

PO Box 351 Narabeen NSW Australia 2101

℡ (02) 9970 7117 � (02) 9970 7118

� [email protected] � www.12.com

Detail Survey Procedures

March 3, 2010

12d Model V9.0 Detail Survey Manual

V9.0 March 10

Disclaimer 12d Model is supplied without any express or implied warranties whatsoever.

No warranty of fitness for a particular purpose is offered.

No liabilities in respect of engineering details and quantities produced by 12d Model are accepted.

While every effort has been taken to ensure that the advice given in this manual and the program 12d Model is correct, no warranty is expressed or implied by 12d Solution Pty Ltd.

Copyright This manual is copyrighted and all rights reserved.

This manual may not, in whole or part, be copied or reproduced without the prior consent in writing from 12d Solutions Pty Ltd.

Copies of 12d Model software must not be released to any party, or used for bureau applications without the written permission of 12d Solutions Pty Ltd.

Copyright © 1989 – 2010 by 12d Solutions Pty Ltd.

Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

ACN 101 351 991

All rights reserved.


March 3, 2010 i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 SETTING UP TRAINING DATA 1

1.1 Copy training data to computer 1

Run install program from DVD .................................. 1

1.2 Create new project 2

Open project ............................................................ 2

Create new environment configuration...................... 3

Select environment configuration.............................. 5

2.0 SETTING UP 12D 7

2.1 Title File Creation 7

Import Title File ........................................................ 7

Import New Logo ..................................................... 9

Move image ........................................................... 10

Scale image .......................................................... 11

Edit Company Details ............................................ 12

User Prompt Text .................................................. 13

Default Text ........................................................... 14

Save Title File........................................................ 16

2.2 Linestyles and Symbols 17

World Linestyle ...................................................... 17

Paper Linestyle ...................................................... 22

2-Point Linestyle .................................................... 25

3-Point Linestyle .................................................... 27

World Symbol ........................................................ 28

2.3 Text Favourites 30

Create New Font ................................................... 30

Create Text Favourites........................................... 31

2.4 Cad control bar name 34

3.0 ADJUSTMENTS 37

Create new project................................................. 37

Enter Project details ............................................... 38

3.1 Traverse Adjustment 39

Control Point Entry................................................. 39

Traverse String Entry ............................................. 40

3d Adjustment ....................................................... 42

Set Symbols and tinability ...................................... 44

3.2 Least Squares Horizontal Adjustment 45

Horizontal Adjustment ............................................ 46

Distances .............................................................. 47

Angles ................................................................... 47

True azimuths........................................................ 48

Fixed points ........................................................... 48

Initial points ........................................................... 48


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Draw options ......................................................... 49

Output options ....................................................... 49

Control model ........................................................ 50

Calculate Initial results ........................................... 50

Calculate network adjustment ................................ 52

Update control model ............................................. 54

3.3 Least Squares Level Adjustment 55

Level Adjustment ................................................... 55

Observations ......................................................... 56

Benchmarks .......................................................... 56

Unknown points ..................................................... 56

Control model ........................................................ 57

Calculate level adjustment ..................................... 58

Update control model ............................................. 59

3.4 Transformations and Projections 60

Read in sample data .............................................. 60

Create new view .................................................... 60

Non Projection to Projection ................................... 61

4.0 FIELD CODING 63

Create new project................................................. 63

Enter Project details ............................................... 64

4.1 Non Leica Feature Codes 65

Survey Setup ......................................................... 65

The Feature Coding Tab ........................................ 66

The Delimiters Tab ................................................ 67

The Advanced Tab ................................................ 68

The Strings Tab ..................................................... 69

The Templating Tab ............................................... 70

4.2 Leica Feature Codes 71

Survey Setup ......................................................... 71

Leica Control codes ............................................... 72

4.3 Mapping File 79

The Basic branch ................................................... 79

The Solid Fill branch .............................................. 80

The Symbols branch .............................................. 81

The Tinable branch ................................................ 84

Vertex Text Data .................................................... 85

Pipes ..................................................................... 85

Tin Boundaries ...................................................... 86

5.0 DOWNLOADING & REDUCTIONS 87

5.1 Discussion of Instruments 87

Converting a Raw File ............................................ 88

5.2 Control Model 89

5.3 Survey Data Reduction 91

Select Field Files ................................................... 92

Mapping File .......................................................... 94

Advanced settings ................................................. 94

Geodetics .............................................................. 95

Other settings ........................................................ 95

Reduce the field files.............................................. 96

The Report File ...................................................... 97

Joining Strings Across Field Files ......................... 100

5.4 Plan view set up 101

View text set up ................................................... 101

Create chain ........................................................ 103


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String height text .................................................. 105

String name text .................................................. 106

Point ID text ......................................................... 107

5.5 Field file editor 110

Field file editor setup ............................................ 110

Field File Editor icons ........................................... 113

5.6 Field file editing 118

Find and Replace ................................................ 118

Change Target Height .......................................... 121

Re-order Strings .................................................. 123

Close String ......................................................... 125

Reverse String ..................................................... 126

Templates ........................................................... 127

Manually Changing Coding .................................. 129

Deleting a Point ................................................... 132

Bearing Swing ..................................................... 133

Distance Correction ............................................. 134

Preliminary height errors ...................................... 135

Lock the Field File................................................ 137

Print the Report File ............................................. 138

5.7 Graphical Edits 139

Toolbars .............................................................. 139

Join Strings ......................................................... 139

Append String...................................................... 141

Create New String ............................................... 142

Join Many ............................................................ 143

Inserting Images .................................................. 145

House cad string .................................................. 151

Editing Heights .................................................... 153

6.0 TRIANGULATION AND ANALYSIS 156

6.1 Check for crossing Breaklines 156

Reporting errors................................................... 156

Locate errors ....................................................... 157

Delete identical strings and height differences ...... 160

Fix crossing strings .............................................. 162

Re run check panel .............................................. 165

6.2 Delete empty models 166

6.3 Create Tin 166

6.4 Editing Tin 169

Tin model to back ................................................ 169

Nulling single triangles ......................................... 170

6.5 Create Tin Boundary 172

6.6 Internal Tin Boundaries 174

6.7 Checking Contours 176

Tin Flow .............................................................. 176

Flipping Triangles ................................................ 178

Slope Contouring ................................................. 179

6.8 Create Survey Data tag 182

Create Tag .......................................................... 182

6.9 Perspective View 185

Set up new view .................................................. 185

Orbit Button ......................................................... 187

Shading ............................................................... 188

Pipes ................................................................... 189

Drive along a String ............................................. 190


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6.10 Section View 191

Create section view ............................................. 191

Settings ............................................................... 192

Profile a String ..................................................... 192

Pipes ................................................................... 194

Dynamic Profiling ................................................. 196

7.0 PLOTTING 197

Create new view .................................................. 197

Set plot scale ....................................................... 197

7.1 Label Contours 198

Create labels ....................................................... 198

Use Label Lines ................................................... 200

7.2 Label Map File 201

Label Survey ....................................................... 201

7.3 Grid Creation 204

7.4 Text Edits 205

Default Text settings ............................................ 205

Add Text.............................................................. 205

Edit Simple Text .................................................. 207

Legend & Scalebar .............................................. 209

7.5 Plot Frames 210

Place first plot frame ............................................ 210

Mosaic Plot Frames ............................................. 212

Move Plot Frames................................................ 213

7.6 Quick Plotting 214

Quick Sheet Plot .................................................. 214

Plotting using PPF Editor ..................................... 217


March 3, 2010 1

1.0 SETTING UP TRAINING DATA

1.1 Copy training data to computer

The training dvd has an install icon to create a new folder for the training workshop. Any previous install is replaced.

This training manual is written for version 9.

Run install program from DVD

• Select install icon

• Click on <Yes> to install the workshop data

• Click on <OK> to finish the install


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1.2 Create new project

A new project will be created to demonstrate setting up new title files, codes and text styles.

Open project

• Select 12d icon from the desktop

• Select

• Tick on Advanced check box

• Use the Folder icon to navigate to the folder C:\12d\9.00\Workshops\ SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY

• Type in project name SETUP


March 3, 2010 3

Create new environment configuration

A configuration can be set up for this project and can be used for other projects where the parameters such as linestyles and symbols are defined for a particular client

The configuration simply points to the environment file which in turn defines the location of user and user library files amongst other features

• Click on the Registry Folder icon then select [Open] to open the configuration file

Highlight Environments then click on Insert icon


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• Type in the name DETAIL SURVEY WORKSHOP

• Browse to the folder C:\12d\9.00\Workshops\ SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY\User then select the file env.4d

• Select [Write] at the bottom of the panel to create DETAIL SURVEY WORKSHOP

• Select [Finish] to return to the New project panel


March 3, 2010 5

Select environment configuration

Once the configuration has to be selected for this project it will remain linked to the configuration.

• Click on the Environment configuration icon then click the explode icon

• Double click on DETAIL SURVEY WORKSHOP


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• Click on <Create> to create the project


March 3, 2010 7

2.0 SETTING UP 12D

2.1 Title File Creation

Title blocks used for plots generated by plot frames, long sections, cross sections, pipe line and drainage can be defined by the user.

For the purpose of defining a title block, all plots are considered to have the origin (0,0) in the bottom left hand corner (i.e. the plot is in the positive quadrant only) and the units used in the title block drawing commands are millimetres.

12d Model allows the user to create their own title block files from scratch, from reading in an existing title block from a different package or by modifying an existing 12d Model title block. For the purpose of this training, we will be modifying an existing 12d Model title block.

Import Title File

• Read in the title block file using option Plot �� Plotting setups �� Read title block file

• Click on <Read> to read the data into the model TITLE FILE

• Turn on the model TITLE FILE in plan view 1

Ensure the Format is set to tbf

From the [User Lib], select the title block file TITLE FILE.tbf

In the Model field, enter TITLE FILE to create a new model to add the title file to.


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To automatically turn on a model in a view, type the view number after the model name in the panel where the model will be created.


March 3, 2010 9

Import New Logo

You can replace the existing 12d Solutions logo with any graphics file such as your own company logo. We will replace it with a photo in a jpeg format.

• Delete the existing logo using String Delete icon from the Cad Delete toolbar

• Select the bottom left of the existing logo. Ensure that the logo highlights and not one of the surrounding strings. Accept the selection and the 12d logo will disappear.

• Import the new logo using the Insert icon from the Cad Images toolbar

• Click on <Insert> to insert the logo into the title block. As the model is already turned on, the image will appear.

Select JPEG as the Format for the new logo

From the [User Lib] select the image file SAMPLE LOGO.JPG

Use the Pick icon to locate the bottom left hand corner of where you would like the logo to be inserted

Enter a nominal value of 50 in the Pixel to mm field. We will rescale the image later so this is not so important.

Ensure that the Model for image is the same model as that of the title block


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Move image

• Move the image to better fit within the boundaries of the title block. Select option Strings �� Strings edit �� Translate

• Click on <Start>, then pick and accept the bottom left corner of the logo

Change the Move/Copy mode to Move

Change the Translate mode to Typed x y z

Enter 1 1 in the xyz field to move the image 1mm right and 1mm up


March 3, 2010 11

Scale image

• Scale the image to better fit within the title block area using the Scale image icon from the Cad Images toolbar

• Click and accept on the bottom left of the image. A green rectangle will appear as you drag your mouse to show you the finished size of the image.

• Pick and accept the size of the image. It is a good idea not to make it as large as the title block box as the logo will be drawn over the top of the linework.


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Edit Company Details

You can use the text toolbar to edit the 12d Solutions text and change the details to your own company information.

• Select Edit Text icon from the Cad Text toolbar

• Turn on the Text Snap

• Click and accept anywhere on the text to show the grip points and the text menu at the bottom of the screen

• To change the text click on [t] key

• Type in the new information and click <Ok> then click <Escape> to finish on the text editor


March 3, 2010 13

• Replace the rest of the text with your own company details

• To move the text around use the same option we used to move the logo. Move the text by 1mm at a time and continually pick and accept it until it is in the correct position.

User Prompt Text

12d Model user defined title blocks can include up to 1,000 markers for placing user defined text which is only substituted for actual text at plotting time. The user prompt text starts off with $user_text and then is followed by a number and the alias for the text to be plotted. For example

$user_text<1,Description line 1>

In the Plot Frame PPF Editor this will prompt for the first line of the drawing description and then when plotted will replace the text with whatever is typed into the plot parameter file editor.

Take a look at an example of the user text in the title block.

• Edit the text as shown previously

• Pick and accept the text $user_text<1,Description line 1>

• Note the format the text is typed into 12d. You can edit the text to reflect your own company requirements but be sure to keep the exact format.

The title file and aliases work seamlessly with the interactive PPF editors. In the Title block section of the interactive PPF editors and Plotters, the user defined title block file is scanned for any $user_text in it and it is presented as a grid containing all the aliases in the title block with a column to fill in the values that the user wants to be plotted.

By using the Translate option rather than the Cad Text �� Move Text option you have better control over the position of the text because you can easily move it horizontally or vertically. It is often best to use this option when creating new lines of text, by copying and translating the existing text and then modifying the new value.


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• Open up the plot parameter editor using option Plot �� Plot and PPF Editors �� Plot Frames

• Expand the directory tree and open the User title info

• In the Title file field pick TITLE FILE.tbf from [User Lib]

• Note that line 1 asks for the first line of the drawing description (Description line 1).

Default Text

For title blocks, special information such as the current date and time, plotting scales etc. can be automatically inserted into the title block.

To achieve this, special title block variables have been defined and wherever these variables appear in a title block text command, they are expanded to their defined value. Hence the title block variables are simply place markers which have text values substituted for them when the title block file is used. The title block variables all begin with a $.

The title block variables which don't involve plot parameters are:

$project the current project

$plot_file the current plot file

$scale for plot frames, the current scale

$horizontal_scale for section plots, the current horizontal scale

$vertical_scale for section plots, the current vertical scale

$start_chainage for section plots, the start chainage on the plot sheet

$end_chainage for section plots, the end chainage on the plot sheet

The following title block variables take values which are passed down from the plot parameter file for the plot:

$time

The current date and time. The format for the date and time is defined in the PPF Editor.

$page_number Page number has the starting value one, or the value given in the PPF Editor, and is incremented by one for each plot produced by the plot option.


March 3, 2010 15

$drawing_number_prefix

The values for drawing number prefix and drawing number postfix are passed down from the PPF Editor

$drawing_number Drawing number has the starting value one or the value given in the PPF Editor and is incremented by one for each plot produced by the plot option.

$drawing_number_postfix The values for drawing number prefix and drawing

number postfix are passed down from the PPF Editor

Data entered into the Projects details panel at the commencement of the project can also be automatically inserted into the title file

• To use the project details we need to open up the details editor panel using option Project �� Management �� Details Editor

• Click on Client


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To insert the client name into the title file type in variable $project_detail_Client where “Client” is the Name of the variable

Save Title File

• Open the create title block panel using option Plot �� Plotting setups �� Create/Edit title block

• Click on <Set> to update the stored attributes. In this instance they don’t change but it may be that you changed the margins or any other of the parameters.

• Click on <Write> to save the new title block and then <Finish>

Select the model your title block was created in

The parameters are automatically filled in according to the attributes stored with the title file when we read it in at the beginning.

To see the attributes stored with your title block open the Models Attributes panel using option Models �� Utilities �� Attributes and select the model where your title block is stored

Give the File a new name, which will be the name of your new title block. We called it DEMO TITLE FILE


March 3, 2010 17

2.2 Linestyles and Symbols

Users can define their own line styles to use when drawing 12d Model strings. The definitions of linestyles are stored in a file called linestyl.4d.

In the survey workshop additional line styles and symbols are linked to the standard 12d ones. This is done by putting the files in the user folder and prefixing them with “user_”. So in the case of the line styles file it is called “user_linestyl.4d”

World Linestyle

The world linestyle (worldstyle) is the definition of the style given in world or ground units. Before we can create a linestyle we will draw a simple shape from 3 strings.

• Turn off the model TITLE FILE

• Create a new model called DEMO1 in the Cad ControlBar

• Select the Traverse icon from the Cad lines toolbar

• The starting position for our new linestyle will be 0,0, so hit the space bar to bring up the coordinate entry panel and type in . (Note there is a <space> between the 0’s)

• Press <Enter>

• 12d is now asking for a bearing (look down in the bottom left hand corner), enter a value of 90 (degrees).

• Again looking in the bottom left, 12d is asking for a distance, enter a value of 5 (metres).

• You have now created the first string, but 12d wants to continue with the traverse. Press <Esc> and note that 12d will ask for the start position of the next traverse. We will be starting the next line in the middle of the existing string.

• Select the Snaps Mid-segment icon to snap the start of the next string onto the middle of the existing string.


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• Follow the instructions in the bottom left of the screen (Pick and accept the segment to snap to)

• Give a bearing of 180° and a distance of 1m

• From the end of the original string draw another string at a bearing of 180° and a distance of 0.5m


March 3, 2010 19

To save this line style as a worldstyle, click on the lines style icon in the Cad Control Bar

Select [Edit ] from the very bottom of the list of existing symbols.

Set the Option field to Create

The Linestyle name is the name of the linestyle as it will appear in the list of linestyles

The Group is the name of the group as it will appear in the list of linestyles

Set the Linestyle type to World

Select the data to turn into a linestyle. In this instance we used the rectangle to draw around the data

Set the Origin y to 0. If you don’t do this 12d will centre the y origin about the whole drawing. In this case it would be -2.5.


20 March 3, 2010

• Click on <Process> to create the worldstyle. This will create the style in memory only. You will need to write the file to your local folder if you want to use it once the project has been restarted. But before writing the data away it is always a good idea to check that it works.

• Create a new Plan View using option View �� New �� Plan

• Create a new Model (in the Cad ControlBar) called TEST

• Open the Linestyle selection panel.

• Note that there is a new group called DEMO and inside that group is the new style DEMO1

• Select linestyle DEMO1

• Create a test string using the Create Line icon from the Cad Lines toolbar

• Draw a series of connected strings across the screen.

• Turn on the vertices and note that the linestyle sits right on the vertices. If you hadn’t set the Origin Y to 0, then you would get a different result.

Origin y set to 0

Origin y not set


March 3, 2010 21

• Click on <Write> and save the linestyle.

• Click on <Write> then <Finish> to save the file to your local directory.

• Leave the linestyle editor open


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Paper Linestyle

The paper linestyle (paperstyle) is the definition of the style given in millimeters when plotted. In this case we will create a dashed line with some text.

• Turn off all the models in Plan 1 and create a new model called DEMO2 and set the linestyle back to 1

• Using the Traverse option create a string from 0 0 to a point at 90° for a distance of 20m (once we convert this to a paperstyle the line will be 20mm in length when plotted)

In order to produce a dashed line, leaving a gap of 5mm when plotted, we will also need to create a point 5m from the end of the string already created.

• Create a point at a bearing of 90° and a distance of 5m from the end of the string using option Bearing/Distance from the Cad Points toolbar

In the gap between the string and the point, we will add some text. The text must be in world units and in the Text ControlBar there is already setup a list of favourites.

• Select CO-ORDINATES 1:1000 from the dropdown list.

The text control bar displays the font and text size

• Use the Create Text icon from the Cad Text toolbar to write the letter E in the gap.


March 3, 2010 23

• Pick in the gap for the insertion point of the text

• Click on <OK>

• To reposition the text, select [V] to move the vertex then move to text to be more central to the gap

• Press <Escape> to finish the text placement

Type in E


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This line style will be saved as a paper style

• Click on <Process> to create the new paperstyle

• Test that the new linestyle is working and then <Write> the file to your local directory.


Set the Linestyle type to Paper

Select Rectangle and draw around the data

Set the Origin y to 0. If you don’t do this 12d will centre the y origin about the whole drawing.


March 3, 2010 25

2-Point Linestyle

A 2-Point Linestyle (2ptstyle) is defined by two points. It can be stretched in either one or two directions, for example a symbol that looks like this could be stretched in the x direction or in both x and y directions

• Turn off all the models in View 1 and create a new model called DEMO3 with a linestyle of 1

• Use the Rectangle icon from the Cad Polygons toolbar

• Draw a rectangle from a start point of 0 0 to point 2 1 (width 2 and height 1) and a corner radius of 0.

• Draw a diagonal line from one corner of the rectangle to the opposite corner.

Note that in this example we will create the 2ptstyle with insertion points at the mid-point of the shorter sides and the linestyle will scale in both x & y around these points

Save this linestyle as a 2 point linestyle


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• Click on <Process> to create the new linestyle


If you wanted the insertion points to be the diagonally opposite corners of the symbol then you would set your Origin x & Origin y coordinates to be 0,0 and 2,1.

To scale the symbol in only the x direction, set the Stretch in to One Direction.

It is unlikely that you would want the symbol to be produced between every vertices that you pickup, however if you do require this then set the Draw on to Every line/arc.


Set the Origin1 x to 0

Set the Origin1 y to 0.5

Set the Origin2 x to 2

Set the Origin2y to 0.5


Set the Linestyle type to 2 Point

Set Stretch mode to Both directions

Set Draw mode to Every second line


March 3, 2010 27

3-Point Linestyle

A 3-Point Linestyle (3ptstyle) allows you to control the scale in both the x and y direction, by picking these points up in the field.

We will use the same symbol as we used to the create the 2ptstyle, only this time we will have insertion points at 0,0 2,0 and 2,1.

• Click on <Process> to create the new linestyle


(0,0)

(2,1)

Insertion points

(2,0)


Set the Linestyle type to 3 Point


Set the Origin to the values shown.


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World Symbol

• Turn off all the models in View 1 and create a new model called DEMO5 with a linestyle of 1

• Create a circle at origin 0 0 and a radius of 1.5 using Centre and Radius icon from the Cad Circles toolbar

• Use the textstyle favourite in the Text ControlBar, CO-ORDINATES 1:1000.

• Draw text (S) as shown previously, and position it in the centre of the circle.

To save this symbol as a worldstyle, click on the symbol icon in the Symbol ControlBar

Select [Edit ] from the very bottom of the list of existing symbols.


March 3, 2010 29

• Click on <Process> to create the new symbol.

• Test that the new symbol is working and then <Write> the file to your local directory.

Set the Option field to Create

The Symbol name is the name of the symbol as it will appear in the list of symbols

The Group is the name of the group as it will appear in the list of linestyles

Set the Symbol type to World

Select the data to turn into a symbol. In this instance we used the rectangle to draw around the data

Set the Origin x and Origin y to 0.


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2.3 Text Favourites

The textstyle data favourites option defines a set of text style parameters along with a user given name. Whenever a text style needs to be used, the name of a textstyle data favourite can be selected and the parameter values are automatically filled in.

Create New Font

• On the Text ControlBar, click on the Font icon

• At the very bottom of the list select [Edit]

• This will open up the Create/Edit Textstyle panel

• Click on <Set> then write this away to your local folder and the new Font will then be available to use inside the Text ControlBar

Give the Textstyle name a unique name. This will be displayed in the list

Select the Font type from the drop down list

Give the Font name

From the standard list of Windows installed fonts, select the font that you want to set. There is no need to set the Font Style and Size as this will be set later inside 12d.


March 3, 2010 31

Create Text Favourites

A text favorite can be set up under the project tree option

• Select Project � Tree


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• Expand the tree to open Textstyle data favourites and double click on Create textstyle data favourite

• Click on <Set> then write this away to your local folder

Fill in the panel as shown. Note that the Textstyle DEMO which we created in the previous exercise is now available.

Set the Slant to 15º to give the effect of Italics


March 3, 2010 33

The favourite should appear in the list


34 March 3, 2010

2.4 Cad control bar name

A code name will now be created that will make use of a number of the features created in this section

• Select the name pick icon

• At the very bottom of the list select [Edit]


March 3, 2010 35

Basic tab

• Fill in the last row as per the example above. No name is necessary as it will use the key as the name. The linestyle DEMO1 we created earlier will be used here

Symbols tab

• Fill in the last row as per the example above. The symbol DEMO5 we created earlier will be used here

Tinable tab

• Fill in the last row as per the example above.


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Text data tab

• Fill in the third row as per the example above. The textstyle DEMO we created earlier will be used here

• Click on <Set> then write this away to your local folder

Try selecting the name DEMO TB from the Name icon in the Cad control bar

The rest of the control toolbars are populated with the previously set up parameters


March 3, 2010 37

3.0 ADJUSTMENTS

Create new project

For the Adjustments exercise, create a new project in the DETAIL SURVEY folder called ADJUSTMENTS

• Select Project �� New

Click on <Create>

Browse back up to the folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY


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Enter Project details

• Fill in the panel as per the example above.

Note that some fields are mandatory

• Click <Set> then <Finish>


March 3, 2010 39

3.1 Traverse Adjustment

Control Point Entry

Prior to creating the traverse string, we will read in 2 fixed points that have been saved away to a 12d ascii file.

• Read in the 12da file TRAVERSE CONTROL POINTS.12da using option File I/O �� Data Input �� 12da/4da data

The view DATA INPUT is created and the data is automatically turned on

• Toggle on the Point Id’s – you may need to zoom all to see your points.

Browse up to folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY and select TRAVERSE CONTROL POINTS.12da


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Traverse String Entry

We will now input the traverse String between 901 and 904.

• Open the Bearing Distance Entry panel using option Survey �� Extras �� Bearing/Distance Entry

• Click on <Process> to generate your traverse

Type in the name STN

Use the same Model that your fixed coordinates are in

Use the pick icon to pick and accept the coordinates for point 901

Leave the Start point id blank otherwise you will get duplicate id’s

Leave the final To Pt blank otherwise you will get duplicate id’s

Type in the bearings, distances and heights as shown


March 3, 2010 41

• Before proceeding further it is a good idea to zoom into the closing point (904) and check the misclose.

• Toggle on the vertices

• Use the option Measure Bearing/Distance icon from the Measure Edits toolbar to measure between the vertex at the end of the traverse string to the fixed point 904

You should get 13mm if everything was entered correctly.

If the miscose is incorrect then simply edit the traverse entry panel and click <Process> again. Recheck the misclose

• Click <Finish> on the traverse entry panel


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3d Adjustment

The next step is to perform a 3d traverse adjustment.

• Open the Traverse Adjustment panel using Traverse adjustment icon from the Survey Reductions toolbar

• Select Adjustment tab

• Fill in the panel as shown

• Select Adjustment tab

• Click on <Pick> and pick on the traverse string. The misclose after the angular adjustment is shown.

• Note that the misclose shown here is not the same as the one shown in the graphics as this misclose is calculated after the angular adjustment

Use the pick icon and type in the point id for your Closing Point (904). 12d will snap to this point and you can then accept it and the coordinates will be filled in automatically

The Closing azimuth is the calculated bearing between 904 and 901.

The Closing bearing is the measured bearing between 904 and 901. You enter this in manually.

Untick the check box so that the traverse string is adjusted

Type in a report file name


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• Click <Adjust> and the traverse will be adjusted and the report file will be shown.


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Set Symbols and tinability

We will now map the survey stations to set the point type, symbol and tinability

• Select Utilities �� H-Z � Map

• Click <Convert>

• Toggle on the Z values and zoom in to one of the points

Select the model SURV STATION

Tick the check box to map the models

Select the mapping file DETAIL SURVEY V9.mapfile from the User_lib folder

Note that the height is suffixed with (nt) which denotes that the point is non tinable


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3.2 Least Squares Horizontal Adjustment

We will now recreate the survey stations and perform a least squares adjustment on the horizontal coordinates

• Firstly delete the model SURV STATION using option Models � Delete � Delete all models

• Click on <delete>

• Click <Yes> to confirm

A trash bin option has been included in 12d version 9.

• To retrieve a deleted model from the trash bin double click on the Trash bin icon at the bottom right of the screen

• To restore a model tick the Select check box and then click on <Restore>

We will not restore the model

Untick on the check box to Permanently delete


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Horizontal Adjustment

In this exercise, rather than type all the data in, we will simply read in an input file. The input file format can be found via the 12d forum page.

• Open up the Least Squares Horizontal Network Adjustment panel using option Survey �� Adjustments �� Least squares network

Read in the input file to populate the panels

• Click on <Read>

Browse up to folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY and select the file HORIZ

WORKSHOP.in


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Distances

• Select the Distance tab

The values shown are the observed horizontal distances between each point. You can set the standard deviation for each distance individually, or you can set the standard deviation for all distances

Angles

• Select the Angle tab

The values shown are the angles read in a clockwise direction. Again the standard deviation can be set for each angle or all angles.


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True azimuths

• Select the True Azimuth tab

This section allows the entry of a fixed azimuth from a point. As we are using coordinates only for our fixed parameters this section is not going to be used

Fixed points

• Select the Fixed tab

Points with known coordinates can be entered here or picked from the screen using the <Add Point> button

Initial points

• Select the Initial tab

The Intial tab allows you to enter in approximate coordinates for your unknown points. 12d Model will try and calculate the initial position for each point from the entered measurements but for some points this is not possible


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Draw options

• Select the Draw tab

The Draw tab is used to plot the traverse to the screen as a diagram prior to any adjustments.

• Tick check box to Clear draw model beforehand, so that if we run it a few times we will not create multiple strings.

Output options

• Select the Output tab

The Output tab allows you to output a report file and to save the values typed into the panel so they can be read back in at a later date.

• Enter an Output file name (HORIZ WORKSHOP EDITED.in), a Report file name (HORIZ WORKSHOP.rpt) and set the Number of decimal places to 3.


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Control model

• Select the Control Model tab

The Control Model tab allows you to enter a new model, or select an existing model for the adjusted control points. If you select an existing model, and there is a point in the model with the same point id as a point being calculated, then rather than a new point being created, the coordinates of the existing point can be updated after the reduction is complete

• Set the Model to SURV STN, give it a colour and set the Style to 1

Calculate Initial results

• Click on <Calc Init>

• A report file of just the initial data will be created and the model of OBS will give an indication what the network looks like

• Turn on model OBS


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• View the report file

The report file can be checked for errors prior to running the adjustment


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Calculate network adjustment

• Click on <Process>

• Click <Replace> to overwrite the edited input file if recreating the file

• Click <Replace> to overwrite the report file created previously

In the graphics error ellipses are created around each of the new station positions indicating the accuracy of the solution

Turning on the names will show the residuals


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Errors can be located by analysing the differences in distances and angles


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Update control model

• Return to the Control Model tab and click on <Update>

The model SURV STATION can be turned on


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3.3 Least Squares Level Adjustment

We will now perform a least squares adjustment on the levels for the previously created stations

Level Adjustment

In this exercise, rather than type all the data in, we will simply read in an input file. The input file format can be found via the 12d forum page.

• Open up the Least Squares Level Network Adjustment panel using option Survey �� Adjustments �� Level network

• Read in the input file to populate the panels

• Click on <Read>

Browse up to folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY and select the file LEVEL WORKSHOP.lin

The Use weight allows you to weight each observation by either Distance or Standard deviation or to have no weighting at all. Leave it at none

Type in LEVEL WORKSHOP EDITED

Type in 3 decimal places

Type in LEVEL WORKSHOP


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Observations

• Select the Observation tab

The values shown are the observed vertical distances between each point. You can set the standard deviation for each distance individually, or you can set the standard deviation for all distances

Benchmarks

• Select the Benchmark tab

• The values shown are the heights of all of the fixed stations.

Unknown points

• Select the Unknown tab

The Unknown tab allows you to enter in approximate heights for your unknown points. 12d Model will try and calculate initial position for each point from the entered measurement but for some points this is not possible. In this example we won’t use any initial levels


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Control model

• Select the Control Model tab

The Control Model tab allows you to select the control model whose heights are to be updated

• Choose the model SURV STATION


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Calculate level adjustment



Errors can be located by analysing the differences in heights


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Update control model

• Return to the Control Model tab and click on <Update>

• Toggle on the Z values for the stations


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3.4 Transformations and Projections

We will now look at a transformation adjustment from a non-projection system to a system with a projection.

• Firstly delete all models as shown previously

Read in sample data

Prior to performing the transformation, we will read in some sample data from a 12d ascii file.

• Read in the 12da file NON PROJECTION BDY.12da using option File I/O �� Data Input �� 12da/4da data

• Click <Read> to import the data

Create new view

Prior to viewing the data we will create a second plan view. The data is divided into non projection strings and two check points that lie in different coordinate systems so we will view the data in separate views.

• Rename view DATA INPUT to view 2 using option View �� Rename

• Click back on plan view 1 and tile the two views vertically by selecting option Window �� Tile �� Vertical

Browse up to folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY and select NON PROJECTION BDY.12da


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• Add model BDY NON PROJECTION in plan view 1 and turn on model SURV PEG in plan view 2. Toggle off the Z values, names and point id’s in plan view 1

Non Projection to Projection

Copy the boundary string from the non projection coordinates to projection coordinates. A common point in both systems is used to calculate the shift in coordinates

• Select option Survey �� Geodetics �� Non-projection to projection coordinates

• Click on <Process> and turn on the model BDY PROJECTION in Plan 2

Select the boundary string in Plan 1

Select the projection MGA94 Zone 56

Select the point in Plan 1 that has a corresponding point in Plan 2

The corresponding point is the southernmost control point in Plan 2

The string will be copied to the model BDY PROJECTION


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• You can check the accuracy of the translation, rotation and scale (based on your chosen projection) by zooming in on the second control point and checking that it is within the required tolerance.


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4.0 FIELD CODING

Create new project

For the remainder of the training we will use a project called THE VALLEY which we will create in the DETAIL SURVEY folder

• Select Project �� New

• Click on <Create>

Browse back up to the folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY


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Enter Project details

• Fill in the panel as per the example above.

Note that some fields can be set as mandatory by the user

• Click <Set> then <Finish>


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4.1 Non Leica Feature Codes

Survey Setup

In this section we will look at the feature coding available in 12d for the Sokkia SDR format.

Formats such as the Topcon GTS, Trimble and Nikon are set up in a similar fashion

• Open the Survey Data Setup panel using option Survey � Setup

• Again click on select icon

• Select [Edit] at the bottom of the panel

With the exception of the Leica 1200, each instrument has its own translation program. The Leica 1200 handles this on the instrument bypassing this section of the workflow.

You can see inside the Translation tab, the Sokkia String Feature has its own Translator, sdr.4do

Select type Sokkia String Feature


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The Feature Coding Tab

• Select Feature coding tab

The Feature Coding tab deals with the order in which you string the code in the field

The String number position has three options – before feature code

– no string number

– after feature code

We don’t need to worry about the Tinability position as we will use a Map File to set up the tinability of a string

The Numeric feature coding is the number of characters for each code and is always entered before the string number.


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The Delimiters Tab

• Select Delimiters tab

The Command field defines the separator between the feature code/string number and an op code command or another feature code/ string number. You must use a character that cannot be used as part of a feature code, string number or op code

The Comment field defines the separator for comments. Note that in this example we are using a space. Below we have used the feature code for a tree TRxxxx with a <space> and then the description of the tree which will come through as vertex text

The Check measurement field defines a code that is used for a check shot rather than a reading to a point.

We enter this code before the point number that you are taking a check reading to. Below we have setup on station 902, set the backsight to 901 and taken a check reading to 906. When this is reduced inside 12d, it will show us any errors

• For information on the other fields, press <F1> or click on <Help> and select Data Collector Definitions


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The Advanced Tab

• Select Advanced tab

By clicking on Comment raw files, the data from the raw survey file will be included in the 12d Field File as comments. This can be useful for error tracking what was actually done in the field

Allow bad line lengths is useful to be turned on if you have done any editing of your raw file in a text editor or have created a raw file from a non native instrument (eg. An SDR file from a Topcon instrument) as the native SDR file has a specific line length depending upon the control code at the start of each line.


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The Strings Tab

Select Strings tab

Close allows you close a string, that is to join the current measurement back to the first measurement of the string. Using the *C command code the headwall string (69HW) will close after 4 points below.

Rectangle allows you to draw a rectangle given just three measurements. That is the current measurement and the previous two points of the string are three points of a parallelogram and the fourth point is automatically created (and given a null height).

Rectangle by 2 pts allows you to draw a rectangle by just two points. That is the previous two points of the string define one side and a offset defines the opposite side. Positive being to the right. The created points are given null height

Start arc fit allows you to define the start of a three point arc (or multiples of 3 points – 3,5,7,9….).

End arc fit allows you to define the end of a three point arc (or multiples of 3 points – 3,5,7,9….).

New String allows you to start a new string. This is most commonly used when not using string numbers, but you can also use it if you do not want to change the string number for the next point.


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The Templating Tab

Select Templating tab

The Templating tab allows you to make use of a very powerful option inside 12d where you can record your first cross section and then as you move along the defined feature, you do not need to enter the individual feature codes, you can simply take readings, thus saving you a lot of time in the field.

There is an example of this in the GSI file we will process in this workshop and we will look at in more detail later in the training

If you want to see more information about this tab, click on the <Help> button and select Data Collector Definitions


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4.2 Leica Feature Codes

Survey Setup

In this section we will look at the feature coding available in 12d for the Leica GSI format. Control codes are typed into the data collector and these are in turn read by the converter file gsi.4do to create the control codes in the field file.

For the Version 9 workshop we will use the Leica GSI format as the use of string attributes is easier to demonstrate.

• Open the Survey Data Setup panel using option Survey � Setup

• Again click on select icon

• Select [Edit] at the bottom of the panel

As control codes are directly entered into the instrument the fields are deactivated (greyed out)

Select type Leica GSI 12D Codes before measurements


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Leica Control codes

A full list of the control codes can be found in the reference manual under Appendix G


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The codes used in the workshop are listed below

BM is before measurement

AM is after measurement

Field Code Description of Record

.3 New instrument setup point

.4 Measurement to backsight

.6 Check measurement

.16 Multiply coded point

.20 Close string

.51 Start using an existing field template

.52 Finish using a field template or finish recording a field template

.55 Start recording a field template

.61 Start of arc through sets of three points until end of string

.62 End the arcs begun by a 61 command

.69 Add a real user defined attribute to the current string

.70 Add text user defined attribute to the current string

.72 Add real user defined attribute to the current point

.73 Add text user defined attribute to the current point

New instrument setup point (.3) (BM)

Word 1 .3 Word 2 Point name Word 3 Instrument height

Set up an instrument at the point with name Point name. In the reduction, the (x, y, z) co-ordinates for Point name are found by first searching the control model, then the list of previously named points in the reduction, point numbers of previous measurements and finally if Point name is still not found, the user is asked to type in the (x, y, z) co-ordinates.


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Measurement to backsight (.4) (BM)

Word 1 .4 Word 2 Station name

The next measurement is to a backsight with name Station name.

Check measurement (.6) (BM)

Word 1 .6 Word 2 Station name

The next measurement is a check measurement made to the Station name.

Additional code for point (multiply coded point) (.16) (AM)

Word 1 .16 Word 2 Feature code Word 3 String number

A new measurement point is created at the same position as the current measurement point but with the Feature code and String number from this field code. The same point number is used as for the current measurement point.

Close string (.20) (AM)

Word 1 .20

The current string is closed


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Start using an existing field template (.51) (BM)

Word 1 .51 Word 2 [Template name] [mode]

Start using the template Template name. If Template name is blank, the default template is used

If mode is "for", then the field template is used as a forward template.

"rev", then the field template is used as a reverse template.

"zig", then the field template is used as a zig zag template and is used in the forward definition direction first.

"zag", then the field template is used as a zig zag template and is used in the reverse direction first

If mode is blank, or 0, or anything other than "for", "rev", or "zag", then the field template is used as a zig-zag field template starting on a zig.

Start using the template Template_name. If Template_name is blank, the default template is used

Finish using a field template or finish recording a field template (.52) (AM)

Word 1 .52

Stops using the current field template or stops recording a field template.


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Start recording a field template (.55) (BM)

Word 1 .55 Word 2 [Template_name]

Start recording a field template with the name Template name. If Template name is non-blank, then the default field template is defined. The feature code and string number of the following measurements until a Finish code (52) are stored as the field template. There is no limit to the number of points in a field template.

Start of arc through sets of three points until end of string, or a 62 occurs (.61) (AM)

Word 1 .61 The arcs are fitted as follows - the first arc is fitted through points one, two and three, the next arc through points three, four and five etc. If there is less than three points remaining at the end, then no arc is fitted to the end points.


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End the arcs begun by a 61 command (.62) (AM)

Word 1 .62 The fitting of arcs through the points of the current string is stopped. The current measurement point is the last of the points used in the arc fitting.

Add a real user defined attribute to the current string (.69) (AM)

Word 1 .69 ]Word 2 Name] Word 3 Real Add a real (floating point) user defined attribute to the current string.

Add text user defined attribute to the current string (.70) (AM)

Word 1 .70 [Word 2 Name] Word 3 Text [Word 4 Text] Add a real (floating point) user defined attribute to the current string.


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Add text user defined attribute to the current point (.73) (AM)

Word 1 .73 [Word 2 Name] Word 3 Text [Word 4 Text] Add a text user defined attribute to the current measurement point.


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4.3 Mapping File

Once we reduce the survey, the Mapping File converts the code that we used in the field into linework and symbols in the graphics. At a minimum, it will give each line or symbol a colour, style and a separate model.

• Open the Map File Create/Edit panel using option File I/O �� Map File

• Click on the folder icon in the Map file field and from the User Library select the file DETAIL SURVEY V9.mapfile and select <Read>

The Basic branch

• Select Basic branch


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The Basic tab reads the field code (Key) along with the attribute data (optional) and places the data associated with this code in a user defined model, gives it a colour, determines if the code is a point or a line, and gives the linestyle of the particular code. If the code represents a symbol then the linestyle would be set to 0 or null and a symbol would be given on the Symbols tab.

The Name column is the name given to the string or point once the map file has been processed. As you can see, the name column is blank and therefore the name of the string will be same as the field code (Key).

The Solid Fill branch

• Explode the Fills branch then select Solid Fill branch

The Solid Fill tab sets whether strings (closed and non-closed) are filled with a solid fill colour.

The Name from the Basic tab is read along with the attribute data (optional) and the polyline is then filled according the colour given. If the string is open then an imaginary string is used to close the polyline to fill it in.

The Blend is the transparency of the fill – 1 is fully opaque and 0 is fully transparent, you can use any number between 0 and 1 to achieve the desired result.


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The Symbols branch

String symbol

• Explode the Symbols branch then select String branch

The Symbols tab sets which symbols are to be used on the vertices.

You can set a symbol in the vertices of a linestyle, for example, if you picked up fence posts and wanted to show both the posts and the fence in between.

The Basic tab would set the linestyle for the fence and the Symbols tab would set the symbol for the posts.

A more common use is to just have a symbol at the vertex such as a tree, or a light pole.

The Name of the string, as set by the Basic tab, is read along with the attribute (optional) to nominate a symbol. The symbol can be scaled by setting the Size, given a Colour and a rotation (Angle). If you want to offset the symbol from the actual surveyed point then you would fill in the Delta X and Delta Y fields.

As 12d is a strings based package, there is actually no such thing as a point. A point is actually a string with only one point. You will also note that if you pick a point eg. a natural surface level, many of the surrounding points also highlight. This is because they are all on the same string joined by invisible segments. If you explode this string, then you will get many one point strings, rather than many points.


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Vertex symbol

• Explode the Symbols branch then select Vertex branch

Symbols can be scaled given a user defined diameter. Here we will define a symbol for the tree foliage outline

In the example below the Species GUM has a trunk diameter of 0.8 and a foliage diameter of 18

Double click on Vertex Att Key cell

The entered name and data have to match the text in the GSI file (ignoring the prefixing 0’s)


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• Select Vertex 2 branch

An additional symbol can also be applied. Here we will define a symbol for the tree trunk

Double click on Symbol cell to select the symbol

The entered size text has to match the text in the GSI file (ignoring the prefixing 0’s)

A dollar sign ($) prefixed the diameter

Double click on Vertex Att Key cell



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The Tinable branch

• Select Tinable branch

The Tinable branch sets whether the vertices and segments are tinable (used in the triangulation), not tinable (not used in the triangulation) or only the vertices (points) are tinable. An example of where you would only want the vertices set to tinable would be for a fence or a gate. In this case the fence and the gate themselves are not breaklines, however the shots taken along the string would be used as natural surface shots in the triangulation.

Double click on Symbol cell to select the symbol

The entered size text has to match the text in the GSI file (ignoring the prefixing 0’s)

A dollar sign ($) prefixed the diameter


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Vertex Text Data

• Select Vertex Text Data branch

The Vertex Text Data branch sets parameters for drawing text at the vertices of the string based on the comments given to the point in the field.

By using an * in the Name column, 12d will read the name of every string, check if a comment was added to the code in the field and add the text to the data. You can assign different fonts to different codes if you prefer by manually entering their name and then the font details into the panel.

Pipes

• Explode the Pipes branch then select String branch

The String tab sets parameters for sizing pipes and culverts for strings, based on the name set in the Basic Tab and attribute (optional).

In the Justify column, you can specify where you are picking up the height of the pipe (invert, obvert or centre).


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The Shape of the pipe, would be set to culvert if you were picking up a box culvert type pipe, and then Size 1 and Size 2 would be the width and height of the culvert. If you are only picking up a pipe with a diameter then Size 1 and Size 2 would both be set to the diameter of the pipe.

In the example below a reading has been taken to the invert of a 0.225 diameter circular sewer pipe

Tin Boundaries

• Select Boundaries branch

The Boundaries tab sets the parameter for a string so that when it is part of a triangulation it is also used to null or reset any triangles. A good example of an exclude boundary would be a house or a dam. You do not want to triangulate inside the boundary of the feature so the Boundaries are set to exclude. If you put a boundary around your entire survey then this would be an include boundary and anything outside of this would not be used in the triangulation.

Double click on Att Key cell



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5.0 DOWNLOADING & REDUCTIONS

5.1 Discussion of Instruments

A wide range of Instrument manufacturers formats are handled inside 12d when converting from their raw data format into 12d’s field file format.

The Leica 1200 converts the data on the instrument and outputs a field file direct to the software and no further conversion is necessary.

When using Trimble instruments, Trimble has their own transfer software, Trimble Link built into 12d for downloading and converting the data to 12d’s format.

Most other instrument manufacturers are downloaded and converted inside of 12d.

12d can also process XYZ files inside the field file editor, however they must be in a specific tab delimited format –

Easting <tab> Northing <tab> Height <tab> Point No. <tab> Code (with string number before or after the code).

For more information on each of the instrument types above, view the videos in Discussion of Instruments inside the Detail Survey Procedures Workshop DVD which came with this training manual.


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Converting a Raw File

We saw in chapter 4.1 Survey Setup how to set the instrument type you are working with.

• Open the Survey Data Setup panel and set the Data collector to Leica GSI 12D Codes before measurements

• Open the Survey Data Convert Raw panel using option Survey �� Convert raw

Click on <Convert> to create the field file

• Repeat for each of the other GSI files

It is a good practice to open the output window to ensure that there are no errors found in the conversions.

Browse up to folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY and select raw file VALLEY1.GSI

The field file name is automatically inserted


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5.2 Control Model

Prior to reducing the field data, we will read in our station coordinates from a 12d Ascii file.

• Open the Read 12d Solutions Ascii Data panel using option File I/O �� Data input �� 12da/4da data

• Click <Read> • A view called DATA INPUT shows the new data.

Browse up to folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY and select file VALLEY SURVEY STATIONS.12da


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• Return to plan view 1 and turn on the model SURV STATION

• Toggle on the Z values and Point id’s


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5.3 Survey Data Reduction

After downloading the data from the instrument and converting the data into 12d’s field file format, the next step is to create the Survey Data Reduction Function.

• Open the Survey Data Reduction Function panel using option Survey �� Create �� Field file

• Fill in the top section as shown

Use UPPER CASE as functions are sorted alphabetically and according to case

Use lower case to put the model below the main survey models


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Select Field Files

• Select Field Files tab

In the Field Files tab, the last file that we converted is shown in the table. This is our field data taken from its raw format (in this case GSI format and converted into 12d’s field file format). We want to reduce all three files at once, so insert two blank lines above the file shown.

• Right click on the line number and select Insert above

• Repeat to create two blank rows above VALLEY3.fld

• Add the two missing field files into the File column of rows 1 and 2 by clicking right button inside the cell


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• Double click on the files


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Mapping File

• Select Map File tab

We saw previously how to set up the map file. We will now use this file in the reduction of our data.

Advanced settings

• Select Advanced tab

When control points are to be used, but the field file does not contain the coordinates of the stations, 12d will use the coordinates in the Control model and match them to a point id.

Select file DETAIL SURVEY V9.mapfile from the User_lib folder

Select the model SURV STATION

Untick check box to ensure station coordinates are not read from the field file


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Geodetics

• Select Geodetics tab

This survey uses a total station that measures plane bearings and distances.

Our control points are in a projection coordinate system so by selecting the projection to work with 12d will calculate and apply the scale factor to each reading.

Other settings

• Select Others tab

Additional settings can be set to help with the reduction including exploding point strings and the handling of backsight and check measurements

Set the Projection to MGA94 Zone 56

Tick the Explode point strings checkbox to ensure that any points are created as single point strings

Tick the Show check measurements so that 12d will pause during the processing when a check measurement is created

Ti ck the Backsight prompt mode to Prompt to once again pause 12d to view the errors


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Reduce the field files

• Run the reduction by clicking on the <Reduce> button

The Bearing Datum Difference panel will pop up showing the results of the backsight reading from our first station setup 901 to station 902. A vector also appears in the graphics.

12d calculates the difference between the observed coordinates and the coordinates contained in the control model and reports any differences in the coordinates, the bearing and the distance

Provided the errors are within tolerance, then you can select <Yes> to Apply the Swing

12d now reports the Check Measurement from station 901 to station 905


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• Once again if all is OK then click <Continue>

• Work through all the station setups and ensure that there are no errors in any of the backsights or check readings

The Report File

We can now open the Report file to check that there are no errors.

The report file created by the function will open in the windows default text editor

Select [Open]

Click on the folder icon in the Report File field


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• Scroll all the way to the bottom of the file and you should see a list of errors

The first error is a field code called TBK that was typed incorrectly in the field. It should have been TBL. We will do a find and replace to change this code later in the field file editing

Next you can see that there is one Information

• To find what this refers to, copy the word Information and paste it inside a search panel and locate the word. Moving the cursor to the top of the file may be required prior to searching

• Select Search


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You should find that we created a template and didn’t give it a name, so the information is simply saying that the template has no name

• Exit out of the report file

• Prior to closing down the Survey Data Reduction Function panel, it is always a good idea to turn on all your data

• Toggle off the Text in the plan view so that you can see the data properly


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Joining Strings Across Field Files

Note that there is a number of strings that appear to randomly join from one feature to another point on the same feature. This is because we have picked up this data in different field files and 12d is joining up the data according to the string name and number

• To prevent this, go back to the Advanced tab in the Survey Data Reduction Function

• Click on <Reduce> to rerun the function

To make it easier to print this manual some of the screen colours have been changed. Your road should appear white and your background colour should be black.

Untick Join Strings tick box


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5.4 Plan view set up

Prior to performing the Field File Edits, it is a good idea to setup the view to make it easier to work with the data.

View text set up

• Toggle the Text back on

• Toggle on the String names on

Obviously this clutters up the view and we can’t make any sense of the data without zooming into an area. However, 12d allows you to set the zoom factor for the text to turn on or off.

We will create a chain to save this process. The chain will be saved to the User_lib folder for use with any project using the same configuration (DETAIL SURVEY WORKSHOP)


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• Zoom into an area where you can clearly read all the text with minimal overlap


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Create chain

• Open the Chains panel by selecting Utilities �� Chains �� Create

The chain will be created in the User_lib folder so that other projects using the same configuration can access it

Type in file name VIEW 1 TEXT SETUP then click <Open>

Click on the folder icon then click on User_lib (Don’t walk right)


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We are going to record the next three processes we do in 12d

• Click on the record icon

The chain panel disappears and the recorder toolbar is placed at the top left of the screen while the recording takes place


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String height text

• Open the String Z values for Plan view panel by selecting Menu �� Settings �� Z values

• Click on <Set>

• Zoom out slightly to check the settings is working

• Select <Finish> to exit the panel but LEAVE THE RECORDER RUNNING

Click on <Size max> to calculate a maximum height (in ground units) for the points level text (You can type in a height manually if you like)


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String name text

• Open the String Names for Plan view panel by selecting Menu �� Settings �� Names

• Click on <Set>

• Zoom out slightly to check the settings is working

• Select <Finish> to exit the panel but LEAVE THE RECORDER RUNNING

Click on <Size max> to calculate a maximum height (in ground units) for the point name text

You can type in a height manually if you like


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Point ID text

For the Point Id’s it is a good idea to have them turn on before the other information so we will zoom out slightly

• Open the Vertex ID’s for Plan View panel using option Menu � Settings � Point/Vertex id’s

• Click on <Set>

• Zoom all to check the settings are working. As you then zoom in the point ID’s turn on first followed by the names and z values

Stop the recording

• Click on the Stop record icon

Click on <Size max> to calculate a maximum height (in ground units) for the point name text

You can type in a height manually if you like


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• Click on <Write> to update the chain

Test the chain

• Delete view 1 using option View ��Delete

• Select <Delete> then <Yes> to confirm • Add new view 1 using option View ��New ��Plan

• Add all of the models to the view

Select view 1


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Run the chain

Open the Output window and check there were no errors in the chain

• Zoom in to a section of the survey and watch the text activate

Walk right on Run chain ��User_lib ��VIEW 1 TEXT SETUP


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5.5 Field file editor

Field file editor setup

We will now open the field file editor and place the editor on the left of the screen and place the plan view 1 on the right.

• Open up the Survey Field Data Editor panel Survey �� Edit �� Field data

• Click on <Edit>

This can also be achieved using the Recalc panel

Select DETAIL SURVEY

Click on Edit data

Click on Pick Edit then select a string in the survey


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Now set the screen up so that the view takes up half the screen area and the Survey Field Data Editor panel takes up the other half. This enables you to easily pick from either the plan view or the panel to edit data

• Select Window �� Tile Vertical to float the plan view in the graphics

• Minimise the plan view DATA INPUT

• Move and resize the field file editor panel to the left half of the screen and move and resize the plan view 1 to the right half


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Load the Survey Data Reduction workspace

The toolbars Xtra Edit Reduction, Xtra Survey Reductions and Xtra Plotting toolbars are displayed at the top of the screen

Select Read workspace ��Survey Data Reduction


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Field File Editor icons

Before we start the editing of the data in the field file, we will just have a look at the functionality of the icons at the top of the screen.

To Insert a new command into the field data, simply click on the line where the data is to be inserted and select the Insert icon. The New Field Data Command panel will open.

A full list of field commands is displayed by clicking on the down arrow and the required command can be selected from the list. Once you select a command a new panel will appear to fill in the required information

To Delete a line from the field data, highlight the data by clicking in the line and then either use the Delete key on the keyboard or select the Delete icon from the top of the panel.

If an original command has been deleted then the original command is left in the file but has a large red cross placed on the left hand side of the line to indicate that it has been deleted.

Any original command that has been deleted can be undeleted by simply highlighting the deleted command and pressing the Delete icon or Delete key again

Note that the first time you delete a line the backsight and check measurement prompts will reappear as the field is recalculated.

Make sure you select Yes to all for the backsight prompts and Continue all for the check measurement prompts.

Don’t select Cancel as this will stop the reduction at the relevant survey reading.

To re-reduce the survey if this has occurred then reopen the Survey Data Reduction function and select <Reduce>

Insert

Delete

Goto

Find

Find/Replace

Find by pick

Toggle

To Backsight

To Checksight

To Measurement

Pan


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Alternatively we could use the Recalc panel to re-run the function

Selecting Find brings up the Field Data Find panel.

Each of the tabs allows you to search your data for a different object

Named find given code, string number, point id etc.

Numbers find numbers between given minimum and maximum.

State find a field command in a given modification state (added, changed, deleted, field)

Text find text containing given text.

Type find a field command of a given type. For example "New String".

The Up/Down radio button define which direction to search in the field data.

Selecting the Find/replace icon brings up the Field Data Find/Replace panel.

Walk right on Recalc then double click on function DETAIL SURVEY


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Enter the Old and New Code and Old and New String number fields, and the search and replace is done using these parameters.

The Up/Down radio button define which direction to search in the field data

After selecting Find by pick, the user selects a point in the plan view created by the Survey function and the field data editor will scroll to the line of the field data that created the point


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The toggle button allows commented information to be shown/ not shown. Simply press the Toggle icon to move from one state to another. You can set 12d (Survey �� Setup �� Advanced tab) to comment the raw survey file, and then toggle to THE raw data on and off as needed. The example below shows an SDR raw file.

The To Backsight icon is visible when a measurement line has been selected (highlighted) in the field data. When the measurement line is highlighted, clicking on the To Backsight icon brings up the Backsight panel with the highlighted measurement details filled in.


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Clicking on the <OK> button will then convert the selected reading to a backsight. The original measurement will then be shown as deleted and a new Backsight record created.

The To Checksight icon works the same as the To Backsight except that it converts the reading to a check measurement rather than a backsight measurement

The To Measurement icon works the same as the To Backsight and To Checksight icon except that it converts the reading to a measurement from a backsight or checksight measurement

Ticked on - when a line is selected (highlighted) in the survey data editor panel, if the point is not visible in a plan view that the model for the data is on, the view will automatically pan so that the selected point is at the centre of the view (keeping the same zoom factor)


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5.6 Field file editing

We will now perform some edits on the data using the field file editor panel and Survey Reduction toolbar

Find and Replace

The first edit that we will do is to find the TBK code that was mistyped in the field and replace it with the correct code TBL.

• Click in the Find/Replace icon

• Click on <Find> and 12d will search the file until it finds the first occurrence of the code in the field file and will highlight the line.

Type in old code TBK

Type in new code TBL or select from the list


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In the plan view a vector will be drawn from the survey station to the point highlighted

• Click on <Replace>.

As you click on replace the data will be re-reduced and 12d will search the field file for the next occurrence of the code. The field file editor will leave an audit trail that the data has been edited by changing the colour to magenta

• Click <Replace> again

The plan view will show the correct linestyle or symbol for each point. The point has also been moved into its correct model according to the mapping file.

• Repeat clicking <Replace> until all codes have been fixed

If you are changing the code to a code whose model has not been turned on previously the string will disappear. Simply turn the newly created model on


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Change Target Height

There are a couple of places in the survey where we forgot to change our target height in the field and need to update it inside of 12d.

• Click on the Find icon

• Type in 1044. As soon as you start typing, the Enter XYZ panel will pop up, it is here that you enter the point number to find

• 12d will pan to the point number and highlight it with a cross.

• If this the point that you require then press <Enter> and the field file editor will highlight the line

• You can see that the previous point (1043) had a target height of 2.1m in order to see over the top of a car parked on the side of the road, however the surveyor forgot to change the target height back to 1.6m until several shots later.

• To fix this, click on the Insert target height icon from the Xtra Edit Reductions toolbar

Type in 1044 then click <Enter>


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12d will fill in the panel with the existing target height

• Click <Set>

The file is re-reduced and the Target Height command is inserted into the field file

We have the same problem with point 3038, so follow the same procedure and set the target of this point to 1.6m also.

Enter a Target height of 1.6

Click on the <Pick> button and pick and accept point number 1044 (you can select from screen or type in point number)


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Re-order Strings

In the field the surveyor may pick up points along a string in the wrong order. This produces a zigzag effect.

• Zoom into point number 2356

• Note that there is a zigzag where the surveyor decided to pick up an extra point to better define the direction of the top of bank, but did so after picking up the next point

• To make the view clearer you may want to toggle off the Text

• Pick on the icon Order by points. icon from the Xtra Edit Reductions toolbar

This options allows you to pick the correct order the points should be in one at a time

• Select the point that should be next along the string (2358)

12d will re-reduce the data and the string have the zigzag removed

Click on <Pick> then select the first point in the zigzag (2356)


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• It is important to correct the zigzag in the same direction that the string was picked up

in. If you make a mistake then you can use the option Remove order from the Xtra Survey Reductions toolbar and pick and accept anywhere on the string. The string will return to its original state

• There is a similar problem on the string immediately north-east of the string we just fixed that needs to also be rectified. Follow the same procedure to fix this string. The string runs from top to bottom so the first point selected is 3019

If you have turned off the text, rather than toggling it back on, to determine which direction the string is running, use the String inquire option (F2) and pick on one of the segments. Look for the brg near the bottom of the information panel to read the bearing the segment is running and hence the direction of the string


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Close String

• Zoom in near the left hand dam

The small island created where the creek bed splits up should be a closed string and the direction of the string should show the bank leading into the bed rather than in on itself.

• Pick on the icon Close string icon from the Xtra Edit Reductions toolbar

12d will re-reduce the file and the string will now appear as a closed polygon

The Close String command appears in the field file editor at the relevant reading

Click on <Pick> then select anywhere on the string to close


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Reverse String

The same string will be reversed so that the bank ticks will point down the slope

• Pick on the icon Reverse string icon from the Xtra Edit Reductions toolbar

12d will re-reduce the file and the string will now be reversed

The Reverse String command will be added to the field file

Click on <Pick> then select the string to reverse


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Templates

If you are using an instrument that doesn’t have templating commands built into the software, then you can use the template commands within 12d.

here is a section of the pickup in VALLEY2.GSI as shown in the far north west of the job, that was done using a template, coded with the commands from 12d.


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• The first x-section is defined by the codes FE51, TBR52…….FE59

• Before the first reading on the cross section, we use the command code .55 (as shown in chapter 4.2) to let 12d know that we are recording a template and give it a number (in this case 1)

• After defining the template, we move to the next point on the first string and give it the control code .51 followed by the template number and the type (ZIG). There is no feature code given and 12d will now apply the codes in order as we defined the cross section for each subsequent point that is collected

• We now zigzag back and forth collecting each cross section and after the last point we give the code .52 followed by the template number


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Manually Changing Coding

• Toggle the Text back on

• Zoom into point 1510

Double click on the first attribute line inside the Survey Field Data Editor


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• Click on <OK> to update the symbol

Type in the species WILLOW. The text typed in has to match one of the species used in the mapping file

The file is re-reduced and the symbol now represents a willow tree


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The field file editor line is highlighted magenta

If you wanted to undo this change then you could double click on the line again click on <Reset> then <Finish>


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Deleting a Point

To delete a point simply select the point either in the graphics or in the Survey Field Data Editor

• Click on the Delete icon (or use the delete button on the keyboard. Ensure the focus is on the field file editor before hitting the delete button)

The point will disappear from the graphics and will be shown with a red cross at the start of the line in the field file editor. To undo the deletion, simply highlight it again and hit delete.

.

The Bearing Datum Difference panel will often pop up when you delete a point as a safeguard in case you have deleted a backsight or an important measurement used in the orientation of the data. If you are happy that it is only a normal measurement then you can click <Yes to all>.


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Bearing Swing

• Highlight point 1001 in the field file editor and click on the Insert icon

• Click <Create>.

This will allow us to perform a swing to all subsequent readings

• Click <Ok>

All the subsequent readings would then be swung by 10° until it reaches the next station setup

If you wanted to only swing a few readings then you could add another bearing swing of 0° before the reading that no longer required the swing

Be sure to delete the swings from the field file before continuing on

Enter a Bearing swing of 10

Select Backsight reference


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Distance Correction

• Highlight point 1001 in the field file editor and click on the Insert icon

• From the list select Distance correction and click <Create>. This will allow us to adjust the distances to the prism if, for example the wrong ppm were set

• Click <Ok>

All the subsequent readings would have their distances reduced by 0.030 metres

If you wanted to only adjust a few readings then you could add another distance correction before the reading that no longer required the correction

Be sure to delete the corrections from the field file before continuing on

Type in the radial offset

NOTE. This offset is from the target back to the instrument and NOT from the instrument


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Preliminary height errors

A new option in 12d allows the user to create a temporary triangulation to check contours. Height of target errors can also be picked up here.

Firstly we will toggle on the contours and set up the contour increment

Select Menu �� Settings �� Tins

• Click on <Set> then <Finish>

Select the Tin Quick icon from the Tin Utility toolbar

Tick the check box to Draw triangle contours

Set an appropriate increment for the minimum and maximum interval

Select view 1

Select an appropriate colour


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• Click <Window>

Tinable points inside the rectangle are used to create the tin. Note that this is a temporary tin and as such has no nulling parameters and can’t be retriangulated. It is for previewing only

The tin can be recreated as many times as required

To delete the tin select option Tins �� Delete �� Delete a tin

Pick and accept the opposite corners of the proposed tin

Select the tin 12d Quick Tin

Tick each check box to delete the tin model and to permanently delete the tin


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Lock the Field File

Once you have finished all the possible field file edits, you should always lock the field file. This will prevent any graphical edits that you make being lost if the field file is accidently re-reduced at a later stage.

• Select <Finish> in the Survey Field Data Editor to close the panel down and maximize Plan view 1

• Click on the Lock function icon from the Xtra Edit Reductions toolbar.

• Click on the <Set> then <Finish>

If you perform a string inquire on any point or string in the graphics, you will see that it is linked to a function (DETAIL SURVEY) and also which Field file (VALLEY1.fld) the data came from.

Once we start to perform the graphical edits, this link will be lost on any point or string that is edited. This is because the data is now as a result of this edit and not from reducing the raw data.

Therefore if we didn’t lock our field file and re-reduced the data then we would end up losing our graphical edits and producing multiple strings.

Select the function DETAIL SURVEY

Tick on the Lock mode checkbox


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Print the Report File

• Click on the Print report icon from the Survey Reductions toolbar to open the Edit a file *.rpt panel

• Click on the <Edit>

The report file is opened inside your text editor. The file reflects all the edits that were made inside the field file editor. You can check this by looking at the target height of point number 1044

Print the file and keep as a record

Select the file DETAIL SURVEY.rpt


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5.7 Graphical Edits

Toolbars

We will close the Survey Data Reduction workspace by reading the default Workspace

The toolbars Xtra Edit Reduction, Xtra Survey Reductions and Xtra Plotting toolbars are removed from the top of the screen

Join Strings

Joining the gaps in the strings can be done using a number of options. The first one we will look at is the string join option. This assumes that we are joining from the end of one string to the start of another with the same properties. To help with this we use a method called Picking with Direction. This way we don’t have to worry about reversing strings to ensure that we join between the two correct ends of the strings.

Zoom in to the gap between point 1232 and 2112

• Click on the Strings join icon from the Xtra Edits toolbar

Select Read Default Workspace


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• Pick on the first string, but when you do it, hold the left mouse button down and drag the mouse towards the gap in the string. Then release the mouse button. Click middle button to accept

• Pick on the second string, once again hold the left mouse button down and this time drag away from the gap that you wish to join. Click middle button to accept

12d will automatically set the properties of the string to match the properties of the first string that you pick

• Repeat this same procedure to join all the gaps in the survey.

• To reverse strings that are flipped using this process click on the Strings join icon

from the Xtra Edits toolbar and select the strings to reverse

`

Click, hold, drag, release

Click, hold, drag, release


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Append String

Where the end of a string has to be joined to middle of another string or the two strings have different properties, we cannot use the join string command (this only does end to end). In this case we use the Append point option.

• Zoom in to the area where the two centerline of drain strings intersect at point 1115

• Click on the Append point icon from the Xtra Edits toolbar

• Press <Esc> to finish but note that 12d still stays in the option so you can continue appending the next string

Pick the end of the string where you want to append from

Pick and accept the point that you want to append to


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Append the bottom of bank string at point 2086 to the top of bank string at point 1078

• Repeat this same procedure to join all other gaps in the survey.

Create New String

The last type of join is where we can create an independent Cad string between two points. The string properties are set from the Cad ControlBar.

We can set these either by selecting the name of the string in the Name field, or by using the eyedropper icon to match the existing properties of a string already created.

• Zoom in near the dam in the south west

• Use the eyedropper to match the properties of the top of bank string, 12d will fill in the Cad ControlBar with the same properties. The Default Tinable field will show blank and this means that the tinability is set to Yes by default.

Note that if you picked on the string then the properties of the vertex will not be set, therefore any points we create will not have the point cross shown. In order to fill in both the string and point properties, we need to pick a point on the top of bank string

• Click on the Create Line icon from the Cad Lines toolbar

• Pick and accept on the end of one string and then on the end of the other

Note that there are three separate strings created, so the original two strings have not been joined but a new string has been created between them

Pick the end of the string where you want to append from

Pick and accept the point that you want to append to


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Join Many

Another type of join is the Join Many command. You will notice that there is a sewer line running through the job with a sewer manhole and an invert level at the centre of the pit. We will need to join the sewer line to the invert level and then continue down the remainder of the pipe.

• Click on the String Join Many icon from the Cad Strings toolbar

• Pick with direction towards the gap on the first pipe segment. Be sure to pick the string, not the end point

• Zoom in on the manhole by itself and pick the invert level. Be sure to pick the invert of the pipe (SEW) and not the manhole itself. The pipe will then join to this level.

1 2

3

4


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As we are using the Join Many option we can now pick with direction towards the next gap anywhere along the 3rd segment.

• Finally we can pick and accept anywhere with direction along the 4th segment. We now have just one complete pipe string along the sewer line


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Inserting Images

Images such as digital photos taken during the survey can be inserted into the graphics either individually or as a group which matches a photo to a point id

Single photos

• Zoom in to the dam on the left as shown below. Ensure the text is toggled off

• Pick on the Insert icon from the Cad Images toolbar


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• Select <Insert> and the image will appear

The image can be rescaled or moved using other options in the Images toolbar

• Click on the Scale Image icon from the Cad Images toolbar

Select the Format, JPEG

Select the file DAM.jpg from the folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\ DETAIL SURVEY

Use the Pick icon to select the lower left hand corner of where you would like to place the image

Set the Pixel to mm to 5

Select the model photos which includes the photo direction points


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• Pick and accept the bottom left hand corner of the image

A rectangle will appear to show you the size of the image.

• Drag the rectangle to the requires size then Pick and accept

We can now move the image to centre it better inside the dam

• Click on the Move Point icon from the Cad Vertex toolbar

• Pick and accept the insertion point of the image and move to the required position

Using the option Move Point in the Cad Vertex toolbar is a better option than using Move Image in the Cad Images toolbar, as it also moves the insertion point. This is not the case for Multi symbols where the photo direction point should stay in its original point


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Multiple photos

Photos can be renamed to match the point number of the survey point that they were taken from.

Eg A photo called P1023 would be linked to the survey point 1023

The photos should be renamed prior to running the option and should be put into one folder (this may be the working folder)

• Click on the Insert Many icon from the Cad Images toolbar

• Click <Read> to locate the photos

Select the model photos which contain the photo points

Select the folder that contains the photos. In this case select C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\D

ETAIL SURVEY

Type in the values as shown for the size and offsets of the images once inserted


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• Click <Process> to import the photos into the model photos

• Zoom in to the tree photo as shown below

The photo can be moved off the survey point

• Click on the Move image icon from the Cad Images toolbar

The photos are listed

To remove a photo from the listing click on the mage name and click on <Delete>

Remove the photo DAM.jpg


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House cad string

During the survey, we located two sides of a building and we will now construct the remainder of the building using cad options.

• Zoom into the area of the housing allotment

Before creating the strings we want to match the string properties of the house

• Select the Sameas icon from the Cad Control Bar • Pick on one of the house line end points

To create the two additional corner points of the house we will intersect two distances

• Pick on the 2 Distances Intersect icon from the Cad Intersect toolbar

• Pick and accept point number 7182 and enter a distance of 24.17 <Enter>


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• Pick and accept point number 7179. This time we need to make a tentative pick (a pick without the accept) somewhere near where the point should be

• Type in distance 22.54 <Enter>

• We can do the same thing to create a point using an intersection of 15.85 from point number 7181 and 11.26 from point number 7180

• We can now use the Join Many option to join the strings and points together (remember to pick with direction)


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Once we get to the last point we created, if you try to join back to the start, you will find that the option fails. This is because you cannot join a string back onto itself.

• Instead you can use the String Close command from the Cad String toolbar to close the string off and create a closed polygon

Editing Heights

If you toggle back on the Text, you will see that the new points that were created all have the same height as the first point selected.

We can edit these heights. The first point we created will be given the height of the boundary at the perpendicular of the point dropped onto the boundary.


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• Click on the Point Height icon fron the Cad Vertex toolbar

• Pick and accept the point to open the Typed Input panel

• Click on the More Information icon and from the list select String from Point

• Click on the fence line and accept.

• As you move the mouse back and forth a rubber band line appears perpendicular to the fence and the height value updates according to the position of the cursor

• Click back in the panel and press <Enter>. The new z value will be given to the point

Click on the newly created house corner


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The second point we created will have the same z value as the closest point on the driveway.

• Pick and accept the point to open the Typed Input panel

• Click on the More Information icon and from the list select Point

• Click and accept on the point at the corner of the driveway

• Click back in the panel and press <Enter>. The new z value will be given to the point


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6.0 TRIANGULATION AND ANALYSIS

6.1 Check for crossing Breaklines

Prior to forming the triangulation you should always check to see that there are no crossing breaklines. This will also check to see that there are no duplicate strings, or points with different z values.

Reporting errors

• Open the Check Breaklines, Duplicate Vertices and Identical Strings for panel from option Tins �� Check breaklines

• Fill in the panel as shown

• Click on <Check>

We want to check all our data across all models so select View 1 as the Data to check

Enter the model name errors for the new data to be created.

Tick on Clean models beforehand as we will need to run this option again to check our corrections

Other than the crossing breaklines, the errors are not in the GSI files. If you wish to have the identical strings and the different z value errors, you will need to read in the 12da file SAMPLE ERRORS.12da from the folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY

Type in report file name ERRORS

Select colour magenta


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The error report will open automatically in your text editor

Note that we have four crossing breaklines, one identical string and one occurrence of two points having the same X and Y values but different Z values

Locate errors

• Exit the report file and move the Check Breaklines panel off the screen to give you more workspace

Don’t finish the panel off, or you will need to fill all the information in again later

• Create a new plan view using option View �� New �� Plan

• Tile the two views vertically using option Windows �� Tile �� Vertical

• To help identify the errors, turn on the model error in both views.


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Note that in Plan view 2 it is far easier to detect the errors than it is with all the data turned on in Plan view 1

• You can also locate the problem areas by opening the Output Window and looking for the lines that start with an

• Click on one of the lines and crosshairs in the graphics will point to the problem

• To remove the crosshairs, in the Output Window, right click on the highlighted line and select Deselect current


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Delete identical strings and height differences

We can start to fix up the problems by deleting the identical string. You can do this in plan 2

• Click on String Delete icon from the Xtra Edits toolbar

• Pick and accept the fence string

We will now fix the problem with the two points with the same X and Y values but different heights

Firstly we will link Plan 1 to Plan 2 so that as we zoom into a string in Plan 2 the same zoom will display in plan 1

• In plan view 2 select option Menu � Utilities � Autosync plan view

• Move the panel to the bottom of the screen

Select target view 1


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• Zoom in to the error circle in plan view 2

There are actually two points, one on top of the other

• Click on Vertex delete icon from the Cad Delete toolbar and delete the incorrect point. In this case we have found it is the point with the height of 161.089

.

Use the Delete String icon to delete the circle.


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Fix crossing strings

Finally, to fix the crossing breaklines, there are a number of different options that we can use

• Working from left to right, zoom into the first problem at point 2275

We could just insert a new point into the string running north-south, at the end of the other string and this would fix the problem.

However, we will instead trim the overlap and then insert a point into the string running north-south. We cannot just trim the data as this will still cause a crossing breakline because the z values are unlikely to match perfectly.

• Click on String Trim icon from the Xtra Edit toolbar

At the bottom left of the screen 12d prompts for the cutting edge string

• Select the string running north-south

• Pick and accept on the end of the crossing string. Ensure that you pick the correct side of the string you wish to trim

• To insert the point, click on Insert

point icon from the Xtra Edits toolbar


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• Pick and accept the segment you want to insert the new point into

• Pick and accept the end of the crossing string

• Delete the diamond around the intersection to show that we have fixed the problem using String Delete icon from the Cad Delete toolbar

We have now resolved the first crossing breakline problem so we will move onto the next one at point 3024.

• Zoom into the second intersection

On this occasion we will simply move one point onto the top of the other point and match the z value of the new point

• Click on Move point (including Z) icon from the Xtra Edit toolbar

• Pick and accept the point 3024

• Pick and accept the second point 3077

• Delete the highlight diamond


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Zoom in to point 7156 using the window from view 2

The last problems show that the driveway has slightly overlapped the road. We won’t bother to trim the driveway string this time, instead we will simply insert the points at end of the driveway into the road strings.

• Use the Insert point command to insert a point at the end vertices of each driveway string

• Remember to delete the diamonds


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Re run check panel

We will now re run the Check breaklines panel to ensure that we have actually fixed all the problems. If you didn’t close the panel down, slide it back into the screen. If you did close it done, you will need to start the option again and fill in the panel.

• Click <Check>

A warning will pop up to tell you that the report file already exists.

• Click on <Replace> to overwrite the existing file

We should now get an empty report file. You may however, find that the report file says that there are points with the same z value. This is most likely due to rounding errors, just check that the values are the same and delete the circles if you are happy with the heights

• Delete plan view 2 and maximize plan view 1


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6.2 Delete empty models

Before creating the triangulation it is always a good idea to delete any empty models

• Open the Delete Empty Models panel using option Models �� Delete �� Delete empty models

• Click <Delete all>

6.3 Create Tin

• Ensure that all your data is turned on in plan view 1

• Open the Triangulate a Data Source panel using option Tins �� Create �� Triangulate data

• Select the General tab

Type in function name TIN GROUND

Type in tin name GROUND <Enter>

Click the down arrow to see a list of the empty models

Select colour green


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• Select the Data tab

• Select the Nulling tab

• Click on <Triangulate>

• Change the contour interval as shown previously back to 1 and 5 metres

Select view 1

Tick on Apply Nulling

Change the length to 50


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• Turn on the model tin GROUND in Plan view 1 and toggle off the contours

• Move the Retriangulate Tin panel off the screen, but do not shut it down


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6.4 Editing Tin

Tin model to back

When looking at the triangles, it is often difficult to determine whether it is a triangle or a string. For this reason it is a good idea to move the tin to the back of the model list.

• Zoom in to the bottom of the road

• Open the Models to Back panel by selecting Menu �� Models �� Models to Back and select model tin GROUND

The survey line work will now be shown over the top of the triangulation

We can now more easily determine which triangles are not supposed to be part of the triangulation.


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Nulling single triangles

Open the Null by points panel by selecting Tins �� Null �� By points and select model tin GROUND

• Zoom in to the bottom of the road

Immediately to the left of the road there is a triangle that should not be part of the triangulation.

• Zoom in close to the centre of the triangle (so that a point is not snapped to) and pick and accept anywhere inside the triangle.

• By holding the <Ctrl> key down on the keyboard, we can use the middle mouse button to pan around the entire job and check for other triangles that need nulling.

Select the tin GROUND


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At the northern end of the road you will find three triangles that need to be nulled.

• To exit out of the pan mode, press the right button on the mouse once (this will then return us to the null triangles mode) and then pick and accept each triangle

• Continue around the entire job paying particular note to the end of the drainage strings. A triangle should not join between the opposite tops of banks


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6.5 Create Tin Boundary

We will create a boundary string around the outside of our survey and incorporate it into the triangulation so that if we ever need to recalculate our triangulation then the work we did with the nulling will not be lost.

• Open the Create Boundaries for Tin panel using option Tins �� Boundary

• Click on <Create> and <Finish>

• Call up the Retriangulate Tin panel from the bottom of the screen and select the Nulling tab

The reason for clearing the original nulling values is that the values are still used in addition to the nulling boundary. If a triangle was reset (undeleted) at the edge then although the tin boundary is formed out on the reinstated triangles the reset triangle will be deleted as per the nulling values. See example below

Select the Tin to “shrink-wrap” the boundary around

For the Model for boundaries, it is a good idea to select the tin model and add the suffix BDY. This way we always know which boundary relates to which tin.

Adding “,1” after the model name will automatically turn the model on in View 1

Clear the previous values prior to selecting the null polygon

Select the pick icon then pick and accept the boundary string


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• Click on <Retriangulate>


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6.6 Internal Tin Boundaries

If you zoom into the house that we created earlier, you will notice that there are triangles running through the house polygon.

We could now make the house string an exclusion boundary similar to the dam strings so that when triangulating, no triangles appear inside the house.

• Open the Tin Include/Exclude Boundaries panel using option Tins �� Null �� Include/exclude

• Click on <Pick> and pick and accept the house string

• Set the Boundary mode to exclude

• Click on <Set>

• In the Recalc panel, walkright on Recalc �� TIN GROUND.


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The triangulation will be recalculated and the triangles inside the house will be removed


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6.7 Checking Contours

• Toggle on the Tin contours using the toggle icon

Zoom and pan around the data and make a visual check for any errors in the contours.

The things to check for are that the contours change direction when crossing a breakline, and that there are no strange “pyramids” where the contours appear to run to a point.

The steeper the ground the more uniform the contours appear to be and the flatter the ground the more jagged or irregular they appear. It is often difficult to check the flat ground for this reason

Tin Flow

• To help see the actual flow of the ground, toggle on the Tin flow using the Toggle icon.


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This will produce an arrow for each triangle with the direction that surface is flowing indicated.

• You can also toggle off the Tin contours to show only the flow arrows


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Flipping Triangles

• Set the graphics up so that the Tin contours and Tin edges are the only things toggled on.

• Zoom in to point 3613

• Open the Flip Triangle panel using option Tins �� Edit �� Flip triangle

• Pick and accept the edge of the triangle that you want to flip (From pt 3563 to 3354). A breakline will be added to your data ensuring the triangles run along the flipped line.

If you are unhappy with the result of the flip, simply delete the breakline string and recalculate the triangulation.

Select the Tin to edit

The Models for breaklines needs to be included in your tin, so to make things easier add the new breaklines to the TOPO CHANGE GRADE


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Slope Contouring

Another option that we can use to analyse the slope of the ground is to colour each triangle based on the slope.

• Toggle off the Tin edges and Tin Contours

• Open the Slope Analysis Colour panel using option Tins �� Colour �� Slope Colouring

• Click on the <Write> then <Finish> button to save the file

• Back in the Slope Analysis Colour panel, pick the new slope file in the Range file field

• Click on <Slope>

Select the Tin

We will create a new Range file so click on the icon and select [Open]

Give the Range file a name

Fill the panel as shown. This is a simple example that could be used to show areas that cannot be built on. That would be areas shown as red are too steep.


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Each triangle will be give its own colour based on the range file.

• To give a more dynamic view toggle on Tin Solid

• To reset the colour of the tin, open the Reset Colour of Triangles panel using option Tins �� Colour �� Reset

• Click <Reset>


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6.8 Create Survey Data tag

A tag (grouping) of all of the survey data along with the ground tin can be created to make it easy to turn the survey on or off. Tags can also be used when filtering data.

Create Tag

• Select option Project �� Management �� Tags

• Click on Tags then select the Insert icon


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• Select the Details tab

• Select the Tag objects tab

For Tag name type in DETAIL SURVEY

Click on [Update details]

Select view 1

Click on [Update details]

Click on Tag Objects

The computer name and date are included in the tag


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The tag SURVEY DATA has been created

• Click on <Finish> to exit the panel


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6.9 Perspective View

We will now analyse the data in a perspective view

Set up new view

• Open a new Open GL perspective view using option View �� New �� Perspective Open GL

• Add the DETAIL SURVEY tag models using option Menu �� Models �� Add tagged models

Select the tag DETAIL SURVEY


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Orbit Button

• Click on the Orbit button

• By holding the left mouse button down you can rotate around the graphics up and down or left and right

You can zoom in on the graphics using the scroll wheel on the mouse the same as you would in a plan view or use the options in the Orbit panel


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Shading

• Toggle on the Shade

• To change the angle of the shading open the Shade View panel using option Menu �� Settings �� Shade

• Select the Angle tab

• Select the Sun position by time tab

We can manually enter an Angle to change the contrast

If we are in a published coordinated system such as the one being used in this job, then you can set the angle according to the position of the sun as shown


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Pipes

• Zoom in on an area where the pipes go under the road

• Toggle off the Shading

Note that the pipe is shown in the perspective view as a solid circular string


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Drive along a String

• Toggle back on the Shading

• Assuming that the crown of the road was joined correctly to be one complete string, we can drive along this string. Open the String Drive for View panel using View Drive icon

• Click on <Drive>

• To pause the drive simply click Right button or press <Escape> anywhere in the view

In the perspective view, the selected string does not highlight. It is therefore important that you look at the information panel to see that you have selected the correct string.

In this example we are looking for the model ROAD CROWN

Change the eye height to make it easier to see along the road

Pick on the String to drive along icon

Zoom in on the road and pick and accept the crown string

Tick on Repeat so that once we get to the end of the road 12d will start the drive again.


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6.10 Section View

We will now check parts of the survey in a section view

Create section view

• Close down the Orbit panel and minimize the perspective view

• Select menu View �� Create �� Section view

• Click on <Create> to create the view

• Tile view 1 and section view LONG to make it easier to navigate between them using option Windows �� Tile Vertical

Type in LONG for the long section view name


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Settings

Before profiling any string in the section view we need to turn on any models that we wish to see included in our profile.

• Add the models DRNGE PIPE, SEWER PIPE and tin GROUND. Note that even if we zoom all, nothing will show in the section view until we have profiled a string

• Set the vertical exaggeration to 2x

• Turn off the tin in plan view 1

Profile a String

The first profile we have a look at will be the long section of the road centreline.

• Click on the View Profile icon

• Zoom into anywhere along the road and pick and accept the centreline


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• As we move the mouse back and forth along the section view, you can see a dynamic link to the plan view to show exactly where the vertical matches the horizontal geometry


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Pipes

• In the section view move your mouse, back and forth until the cross in the plan view passes over one of the culverts in the road

• Zoom into this area in both the plan and section view

Note that the pipe is shown in the section view and that the cursor in the section view matches the cross in the plan view

We will now profile the sewer pipe

• Zoom into the area where the sewer pipe crosses under the road and note that you can see the same thing

• In the section view, pick on the View Profile icon and pick and accept the sewer pipe

• Change the exaggeration to 5x

• Toggle on the Grades to see the as-constructed grades


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• To see the coverage of the pipe, open the Depth From String to Tin Inquire panel using option Tins �� Inquire �� Depth from string

The depths to the Invert, Centre and Obvert of the pipe will be shown as you move your mouse back and forth along the string. The pipe diameter, and coordinates are also shown in the message box at the bottom of the panel

Select the Tin to calculate the depths from

Select the String to calculate the depths to


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Dynamic Profiling

• Use the right mouse button to click on the View Profile icon in the section view. select 2 points from the menu

• Click on the <Start End pts>

• Select a point in the lower left of the data. A profile from the first point to the cursor position is automatically calculated and displayed in the section view as the cursor is moved around the view


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7.0 PLOTTING

Create new view

• Create a new view using option View �� Create �� Plan view and call it PLOT SETUP

• Turn on all the survey models (either use the button or adding tagged models)

• Turn off the models tin GROUND and tin GROUND BDY

Set plot scale

The proposed plot scale is to be 1:500 and this needs to be set prior to any placement of the text

• Select the Set plan Plot Scale icon from the Xtra Display toolbar

• Click on the <Set> then <Finish>

Type in PLOT SETUP for the plan view name

Type in 500 for the scale


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7.1 Label Contours

Create labels

• Label Contours using the panel Tin: Contour, Smooth and Label by selecting Tin �� Contour �� Contour, Smooth and Label

Type in function name CONTOUR GROUND

Select the Tin to contour

Type in contours for the model name


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• Click on the Major Contours tab

• Click on the Labels tab


• Turn on the two new models contours and contours major

Type in contours major for the model name

We only want to Label major contours so tick this on

Select Line removal and centred line uphill

Set the Textstyle data to CONTOUR LABEL 1:500 which has been stored as a favourite

Set the Start dist and Separation to a value that will be the distance between each label


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Use Label Lines

Under the Labels tab we also have the option to use label lines. These are lines that are drawn through the survey and the labels will only be placed where they cut the contour.

• Set the Cad ControlBar as shown

• Use the Create line icon from the Cad Lines toolbar to draw a series of lines through the data, along the ridges

• In the Tin: Contour, Smooth and Label panel, under the Label tab, select the model in the Model of label lines

• Click on <Process> again and note the labels now follow the lines created

You can delete the model cut labels, remove it from the panel and reprocess the contours


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7.2 Label Map File

The next step is to label the data. A Label Map File is used to label the data with heights, point numbers, codes etc.

Label Survey

• Open the Label Data by Label Map File panel using option File I/O �� Use Label map file

This option creates models for all the data whether there are labels to be applied or not so we need to delete the empty models first

• Select option Models � Delete � Delete empty models

The data to label will be everything on view PLOT SETUP

From the [User Lib] select the label map file DETAIL SURVEY TRAINING.lmf

As we want to put all the labels into separate models, untick Use models for labels to prefix the existing models

Give the models a prefix to place the labels into

• Click on the <Label> button

Open the Label Map File by clicking on the Mapping info icon and selecting [Open]

Take a look at the Point ID Text Data, Height Text Data, Name Text Data and Vertex Attribute Text Data tabs to see how 12d will place the labels in the graphics.


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• Turn on the following models

• Zoom in to a sewer manhole

Labelling uses the following parameters

Manhole name

Manhole level

Manhole attribute (Depth to invert)

Pipe level


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• Zoom in to a photo point


Point id of photo point

• Zoom in to a survey station


Station Point id

Station attribute (type)

Station level

• Zoom in to group of trees to the left of the dam at the left of the survey


Tree attribute (Comment)


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7.3 Grid Creation

• Toggle on the Grid

• To set how the grid will look when it is plotted out, open the Grid on View panel using option Menu �� Settings �� Grid

• Click on <Set> and you will see a preview of what the plot will look like. The grid labels will obviously sit just inside the plot frame

Change the grid mode to marks and crosses

Change the grid to 50m x 50m

Give the labels a Pre and postfix of E*m and N*m

Change the text plot height to 3.5

Set the cross size to 5


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7.4 Text Edits

Default Text settings

• In the Cad ControlBar click on the Name icon and select .TEXT ROAD NAMES

This will setup the model, colour and textstyle for the road labels we are about to create

Add Text

• Click on the Create simple text icon

• Pick and accept a point in the graphics near where you would like to insert the text

• In the Typed Input panel, enter the name of the road

• Click on <Ok>

Type in the road name


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Once the text is placed, the text has three locks which allow you to edit the position, rotation and size of the text

• To move the text, click the Position lock and pick and accept the new location.

• To rotate the text, click and accept the Rotation lock. As you move the cursor, the text will rotate.

• If you wish to align the text with another feature of the graphics you can use the keyboard shortcuts described in the message window at the bottom left of the screen

• To make the text parallel to the centerline of the road, type ‘t’, then pick and accept the road centreline

• If the text appears upside-down, type ‘n’ to flip it over

• To scale the text, click on the Size lock and move the cursor. To set the height to an exact value, simply type the value in. The Typed Input panel will appear as soon as you start typing

• To finish editing the text click on <Escape>

Size

Rotation

Position


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Edit Simple Text

• Zoom in to one of the drainage pipes.

We can use the Edit Simple Text icon to move and change the text

• Pick and accept the invert level text

• Using the Position lock move the text


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• Using the Rotation lock make the text parallel to the pipe

• Press <Escape> to finish the edit for that piece of text.

Note that the option is now ready to pick a new piece of text


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Legend & Scalebar

To add a legend and scalebar, we have created it in plotting coordinates, in the position it would appear in the title block and written the file out to a 12d ascii file. You can read the file back into your project.

• Open the Read 12d Solutions Ascii Data panel using option File I/O �� Data Input �� 12da/4da data

• Click on <Read> to import the file

• Check the data in the DATA INPUT view

• We will not use this model until we start plotting so ensure the model is not turned on in the PLOT SETUP view

Select the file LEGEND 500.12da from the User Lib folder


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7.5 Plot Frames

Place first plot frame

As we are going to plot this drawing at 1:500, we will insert one plot frame and then create a mosaic of frames to cover the entire drawing.

• Open the New Plot Frame Create panel using option Plot �� Plot Frames �� Create

• Click on <Create>

The New Plot Frame Edit panel will open

Browse back up to the folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY\SETUP and select the title block file DEMO TITLE FILE that we created earlier

Most of the panel is automatically filled in from the title file attributes

Type in plot scale 500

Pick on the Origin icon and pick and accept a point in the lower left of the graphics

Turn off the Draw viewport border and Draw viewport border


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• Turn on the model pfa1survey

• Use the <Translate> button to position the plot frame correctly

• In the New Plot Frame Edit panel, select <Set> and <Finish>


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Mosaic Plot Frames

Once the first plot frame is placed, we can then copy the frame to cover the entire drawing

• Open the Plot Frame Copy panel using option Plot �� Plot frames �� Copy

• Click on <Pick> and pick and accept the existing plot frame

• The New Plot Frame Edit panel will open. We don’t want to change any of the parameters, so click <Set> and <Finish>

• To copy the plot frames vertically, we can change the dx and dy to 0 247, and repeat the steps above

Select the model of the existing frame

Type in 390.5 <space> 0. The x value is the distance across the plot frame allowing for the margins and the scale of 1:500

Dist = (841 (A1 sheet)–60(margins))/2


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Move Plot Frames

The plot frames can be moved as one using the following option

• Open the Translate Strings panel using option Drafting �� Multi string translate

All the plot frames have the same name pfa1survey so click on <Name>

• Pick and accept any of the frames and they will all move together. Select a suitable position


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7.6 Quick Plotting

Quick Sheet Plot

An alternative to using the plot frames is to use a dynamic sheet frame to create a quick plot

• Turn off the plot frames model pfa1survey

• Zoom into the area of the house

• Open the Quick Sheet Plot panel using option View plotting �� Quick Sheet Plot

Initially the plot frame starts at a landscaped A4 size and is dynamically linked to the view port size As you zoom in and out the scale dynamically changes which is very useful to find a suitable scale for the required area


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Once the plot frame looks about right we can type in a scale and the plot frame is now locked into a scale and can be moved in ground coordinates

• Click on the <Plot> button

Select the plotter to plot to. In this case we will just plot it to a landscape A4 pdf file called QUICK PLOT

Set up the text parameters are shown here


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The pdf plot is viewed in the Acrobat reader


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Plotting using PPF Editor

• In the PLOT SETUP view turn on the plot frames

• Toggle on the Grid

• Open the Plot Frame PPF Editor using option View plotting �� Plot frames

• Click on Notes to enter plot parameter file details for future reference

• Type in relevant notes about the plot parameter file. These notes will be stored with the file once it is saved

Select the model pfa1survey

Select the view PLOT SETUP

Select your PDF writer to plot to a PDF file. Only click once and then click on <Preferences>. Set the orientation to Landscape. Click on the <Advanced> button and set your paper size to A1

Give the plot a file name THE VALLEY


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• Click on Title Block section to nominate using a title file and to select the model for the legend and scale bar

• Explode Title block

• Click on User title info

Click on Use title file

Select plot 1to500 legend and scale bar

Select the title block file DEMO TITLE FILE from C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY\SETUP

Enter the title block details


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Prior to plotting we will save the plot parameter file to the local folder

• Type in a file name at the top of the panel

• Click <Write> to save the file

If you have another plot to do later, you can call up this same file and click on <Read>

• Return to the Plot Frame section

• Click on <Plot> to produce the 6 PDF files


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Notes:

Documents

12d model Manual