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121
Draw a circuit that has 3 capacitors in series to a 10V cell.
Draw three capacitors in parallel to a 10V cell.
The Electric Battery
Alessandro Volta – produces the
first battery made of zinc,
silver, and cloth soaked
in salt solution
Electric Cell – two plates or rods
(electrodes) of dissimilar
metal placed a solution (like
dilute acid)
Battery – several cells connected
together 18.1
The Electric Battery
The potential difference (voltage) between the terminals of a cell depend on
what the electrodes are
made of.
Remember half-cell reactions
from chemistry
When two cells are placed
end to end, or in series, their
voltages add up
18.1
Electric Current
Circuit – continuous conducting path between terminals of a battery (or other source of EMF)
Electric Current – flow of charge (electrons)
I – current (amperes)
Q – charge (coulomb)
T – time 18.2t
QI
Electric Current
Ampere (for Andre’ Ampere)
Usually called an amp
Open Circuit – break in the
circuit, no current flow
18.2
sCA 11
Electric Current
Short Circuit – when the load is bypassed
Current increase
Ground – allows for a
continuous path for charge
flow
18.2
Electric Current
For historical reasons, current is defined as being in the direction that positive charge flows
18.2
Ohm’s Law
George Simon Ohm
The actual values depend on the resistance of the conductor
Called Ohm’s LawR – resistance measured in Ohms ()
18.3
I V
IR V
Ohm’s Law
Only true for Ohmic materials
Vacuum Tubes, Transistors, Diodes are
nonohmic
18.3
Ohm’s Law
A graph of current vs. potential difference
The metallic conductor is ohmic
The diode and filament are not
18.3
S-122
A squirrel is working on a high tension line when he accidentally touches both wires. If the wires have a potential difference of 10,000V and the squirrel experiences a current of 2850A, what is the resistance of the squirrel?
Ohm’s Law
Resistor – anything that uses
electric energy
Resistor – device used to control
current
The symbol for a resistor is
18.3
Ohm’s Law
Misconceptions
1. Cells (batteries) do not put out a constant current. They maintain a constant potential difference.
2. Current passes through a wire and depends on the resistance of the wire. Voltage is across the ends of the wire.
3. Current is not a vector, it is always parallel to the conductor. The direction is from + to -.
18.3
Ohm’s Law
Misconceptions
4. Current or charge do not increase or decrease. The amount of charge in one end of the wire comes out of the other end.
18.3
Resistivity
Resistance is found to be directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross sectional area.
is called the resistivity (m)
Longer extension cords must
be thicker to keep
resistance low
A
LR
18.4
Resistivity
Some common resistivity values
18.4
Material Resistivity
(Wm)
Temperature Coefficient
(Co-1)
Silver 1.59x10-8 0.0061
Copper 1.68x10-8 0.0068
Gold 2.44x10-8 0.0034
Aluminum 2.65x10-8 0.00429
Tungsten 5.6x10-8 0.0045
Platinum 10.6x10-8 0.00651
Nichrome 100x10-8 0.0009
Electric Power
The rate of energy flow for an electric circuit
That is more commonly written as
Combining with Ohm’s Law it can also be written
18.5
Vt
q
t
qV
t
WP
IVP
RIP 2R
VP
2
Electric Power
The power company charges by the kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Just a cool picture
18.5
JsWkWh 000,600,3)3600)(1000(1
Power in Household Circuits
Household circuits – wires will heat up as current increases
In a 20A household circuit
In a 15A household circuit
Circuits are typically designed to run at 80% of the rated power output
Different circuits have different gauge wires (diameter)
18.6
WVAIVP 2400)120)(20(
WVAIVP 1800)120)(15(