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APA Unit12 CP EnglishAPAAmerican Psychological Association (APA) style is an academic format specified in The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, a style guide that offers academic authors guidance on various subjects for the submission of papers to the publications of APA.

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association contains guidelines on many aspects of academic writing as it is regarded as appropriate by the APA.

APAAmong the topics covered are information on the structure of research papers of various kinds, spelling rules, an author-date reference style, construction of tables and graphs, plagiarism, formatting of papers, and much more.

APA style is widely used, not only by APA publications but by various other scientific journals (including medical and public health journals), textbooks, and academia (for papers written in classes).

Psychoanalytical TheoryAPA UnitWhat is psychoanalytical theory?Psychoanalytic theory is a method of investigating and treating personality disorders and is used in psychotherapy. Included in this theory is the idea that things that happen to people during childhood can contribute to the way they later function as adults.

Sigmund Freud (founder) believed that the mind is made of two parts the conscious mind and the unconscious mind and that the unconscious mind often prompts people to make certain decisions even if they dont recognize it on a conscious level. PsychoanalysisFirst attempt at trying to understand peoples thoughts in order to address mental issues According to Freud, psychological disturbances are due to anxiety caused by hidden conflicts among the unconscious components of ones personality.

Psychoanalysts believe that if patients can understand their unconscious motives, they have taken the first step toward gaining control over their behavior and freeing themselves of their problems: such understanding is called INSIGHTAnd now for a small preview of disorders Personality Disorders1. Inferiority ComplexPeople who compensate for feelings of inferiority by acting in ways that make them appear superior. They do this because controlling others may help them feel less personally inadequate

2. Antisocial Personality Disorder Chronic mental condition in which a person's ways of thinking, perceiving situations and relating to others are dysfunctional and destructive.

No regard for right and wrong and often disregard the rights, wishes and feelings of others.

Tend to antagonize, manipulate or treat others either harshly

They may often violate the law, landing in frequent trouble

They show no guilt or remorse.

3. Dependent Personality DisorderCharacterized by a long-standing need for the person to be taken care of and a fear of being abandoned

The person to will engage in dependent and submissive behaviors

Dependent behavior may be see as being clingy

Person fears they cant live their lives without the help of others.4. Histrionic Personality DisorderCharacterized by a long-standing pattern of attention seeking behavior and extreme emotionality.

Someone with histrionic personality disorder wants to be the center of attention in any group of people, and feel uncomfortable when they are not.

Individuals may have difficulty achieving emotional intimacy in romantic or sexual relationships (Victim role).

May crave novelty, stimulation, and excitement and have a tendency to become bored with their usual routine.5. Obsessive Compulsive DisorderCharacterized by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead you to do repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

The person may or may not realize that your obsessions aren't reasonable, and may try to ignore.This usually increases anxiety6. Paranoid Personality DisorderGrow up having excessive distrust and suspiciousness.

Core feature of this disorder is detachment (suspiciousness). This disorder is only diagnosed if: (1) it begins no later than early adulthood(2) these behaviors occur at home, work, and in the community (3) these behaviors lead to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.7. Anxiety DisorderAnxiety is a normal reaction to stress and can actually be beneficial in some situations.

Anxiety can become excessive.

May negatively affect their day-to-day living.8. Panic DisorderThis is different from the normal fearful and anxious reactions to stressful events.

A serious condition that strikes without reason or warning.

Symptoms include sudden attacks of fear and nervousness, as well as physical symptoms such as sweating and a racing heart.

During a panic attack, the fear response is out of proportion for the situation, which often is not threatening. 9. Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderA mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event either experiencing it or witnessing it.

Symptoms may include: flashbacksnightmares severe anxietyuncontrollable thoughts about the event. 10. Somatoform DisorderA mental illnesses that causes bodily symptoms, including pain.

Symptoms can't be traced back to any physical cause. they are not the result of substance abuse or another mental illness.

Not faking their symptoms.

11. Dissociative Identity Disorder A severe form of dissociation, a mental process which produces a lack of connection in a person's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity.

Thought to stem from trauma experienced by the person with the disorder.

Thought to be a coping mechanism -- the person literally dissociates himself from a situation or experience that's too violent, traumatic, or painful to assimilate with his conscious self.12. SchizophreniaIs a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that has affected people throughout history.

People with the disorder may hear voices other people don't hear.

They may believe other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them.

May not make sense when they talk.

They may sit for hours without moving or talking. Mood Disorders1. Major Depressive DisorderMarked by a depressed mood most of the day, particularly in the morning, and a loss of interest in normal activities and relationships

Some symptoms include:Fatigue or loss of energy almost every dayFeelings of worthlessness or guilt almost every dayImpaired concentration, indecisivenessInsomnia or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping) almost every dayMarkedly diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities nearly every day (called anhedonia, this symptom can be indicated by reports from significant others)Restlessness or feeling slowed downRecurring thoughts of death or suicideSignificant weight loss or gain

2. Bipolar Disordercauses extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

Mood shifts may occur only a few times a year or as often as several times a week.Optional Resources: http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/

http://education-portal.com/academy/course/psychology-101.html

http://www.webmd.com/

http://www.mayoclinic.org/