11 Personality

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Personality



Introduction: What is

Personality?Personality derives from the Latin wordpersona, which translates into Englishas mask.

A persons general style of interactingwith the world



What is Personality? An individuals unique and relativelyconsistent patterns of thinking, feeling,and behaving

Personality an attempt to describe andexplain how people are similar, how they

are different, and why every individual isunique?

Tries to explain the whole person



Personality

Four major perspectives on Personality

Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations

Trait - specific dimensions of personality

Humanistic - inner capacity for growth

Social-Cognitive - influence of environment



The PsychoanalyticPerspective

From Freuds theorywhich proposes that

unconsciousmotivationsinfluence personality



Psychoanalytic Approach

Conscious

Unconscious

Superego Preconscious

Id

Ego

Informationwhich can

easily bemade

conscious

Thoughts,feelings,urges, and other

informationthat is difficult

to bring toconscious

awareness

Informationin your

immediateawareness

Rational,planful,mediatingdimensionof personality

Moralistic, judgmental,perfectionistdimension of

personality

Irrational,illogical,impulsivedimension of personality




Conscious -

all thingswe areaware of at

any givenmoment

Conscious

Unconscious


Id

Ego




Preconscious -

everything that can, with a littleeffort, bebrought into

consciousness

Conscious

Unconscious


Id

Ego




Unconscious -

inaccessiblewarehouse of anxiety-producing

thoughts anddrives

Conscious

Unconscious


Id

Ego



Psychoanalytic

Divisions of the MindId - instinctual drives present at birth

does not distinguish between reality and fantasy

operates according to the pleasure principle

Ego - develops out of the id in infancyunderstands reality and logic

mediator between id and superego

Superegointernalization of societys moral standards

responsible for guilt



Defense Mechanisms

Id

SuperEgo

EgoWhen the inner war

gets out of hand, the

result is Anxiety

Ego protects itself via

Defense Mechanisms

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms reduce/redirectanxiety by distorting reality



The Trait Perspective on

PersonalityThe trait approach to personality focuses primarily ondescribing individual differences

Trait theorists view the person as a unique combination of

personality characteristics or attributes, called traits A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in acertain way

Trait theory is a theory of personality that focuses onidentifying, describing, and measuring individual differences



Personality Structure:The Big Five Personality Factors*

(Each factor is a continuum of many related traits)



The Humanistic Perspective

Maslow¶sMaslow¶s

Self Self--ActualizingActualizing

PersonPerson

Roger¶sRoger¶s

PersonPerson--CenteredCentered

PerspectivePerspective

³Healthy´ rather than ³Sick´

Individual as greater than the sum of test scores



Maslow & Self-Actualization

Physiological

Safety

Love Needs

Esteem

Self-Actualizationthe process of fufilling our potential

Studied healthy, creative people

Abe Lincoln, Tom Jefferson &Eleanor Roosevelt

Self-Aware & Self-Accepting

They love to perform

Loving & Caring

Problem-Centered not Self-Centered



oger s erson- enterePerspective

People are basically goodwith actualizing tendencies.

Given the right environmentalconditions, we will develop

to our full potentials

Genuineness, Acceptance, EmpathySelf ConceptSelf Concept - central feature

of personality (+ or -)



Social-Cognitive Perspective

Behavior learned throughconditioning & observation

What we think about our situation

affects our behavior

Interaction of

Environment & Intellect



Reciprocal Determinism

Personal/Personal/CognitiveCognitiveFactorsFactors

BehaviorBehaviorEnvironmentEnvironmentFactorsFactors

Internal World + External World = Us



Personal ControlInternal Locus of ControlInternal Locus of ControlYou pretty much control your own destiny

External Locus of ControlExternal Locus of Control

Luck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny

Methods of StudyMethods of Study

Correlate feelings of control with behavior Correlate feelings of control with behavior Experiment by raising/lowering people¶s sense of Experiment by raising/lowering people¶s sense of

control and noting effectscontrol and noting effects



Self-Efficacy

Belief

you will dowell

Greater

effort &

persistence

Success



Self-Efficacy

Belief

you will dopoorly

Less

effort &persistence

Failure



THANK YOU

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11 Personality