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April 10, 2023 1
AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN ACCRAAIR QUALITY MONITORING IN ACCRA
EBENEZER FIAHAGBEEPA
April 10, 2023 2
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
Major air pollution problemsAir quality monitoring project in AccraProgress of implementationConclusion Way forward
April 10, 2023 3
Accra-capital city of GhanaAccra-capital city of Ghana Accra is a medium-size city
with a population of approximately 2.0 million people
Located in the southeastern part of Ghana on the Gulf of Guinea Coast
land elevation ranges from 10 to 100 feet above sea level.
Accra has a total area of approximately 2,592 km2 and is the fastest growing urban area in Ghana
April 10, 2023 4
Major Sources of Air Pollution in AccraMajor Sources of Air Pollution in Accra
The major sources of ambient air pollution are :Vehicular exhaust emissions: the largest emitters
being older unmaintained vehicles Emissions from Industrial sources
Open burning of waste and other materials
Road and wind blown dustDry harmattan winds
April 10, 2023 5
April 10, 2023 6
AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME IN ACCRAIN ACCRA
The US EPA, USAID and UNEP in July 2004, selected Accra, Ghana as one of two cities in Africa to benefit from an Air Quality Monitoring Capacity Building Project.
REASON
Ghana has successfully phased out lead in gasoline
April 10, 2023 7
Goals of the ProjectGoals of the Project build and establish local capacity on air
quality monitoring,
collect and analyse air quality data on key pollutants..
provide policy-makers with information on the air quality in Accra and its impacts on health
April 10, 2023 8
Goals of the project ( cont.)Goals of the project ( cont.) Formulate a basis to further develop an air
quality management strategy for the abatement of air pollution in Accra
provide recommendations on next steps in developing a broad base air quality program for Ghana.
April 10, 2023 9
Institutional Arrangement -Core Implementing Institutional Arrangement -Core Implementing PartnersPartners
EPA-GHANA: local institution responsible for the coordination and implementation of the project
USEPA: Provided training, information materials, and references, as well as providing monitoring equipment and technical support
USAID: Provided the key financial and short-term contractor support for the project
UNEP: Provided funding support to facilitate in-country implementation
Research Triangle Institute : RTI was the technical consultant to USEPA on air monitoring strategies and implementation.
April 10, 2023 10
TASK 1: ESTABLISH STAKEHOLDER TASK 1: ESTABLISH STAKEHOLDER COMMITTEECOMMITTEE
An institutional Stakeholder Committee was constituted in November 2004 to be responsible for decision making on all aspects of the project
comprises representatives from relevant stakeholders including: EPA, MEST, CSIR, GMA, FOE, AMA, GHS, UG, DVLA, MRT, TCPD
The committee held progress meetings on the project
April 10, 2023 11
TASK 2 : DEVELOP QUALITY ASSURANCE TASK 2 : DEVELOP QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN(QAPP)PROJECT PLAN(QAPP)
The QAPP defines the project’s goals and objectives, illustrates the procedures for selection, sample collection and analysis; data quality objectives and validation protocols and management plans
Draft QAPP was generated, finalized and adopted for the programme
April 10, 2023 12
Task 3. ESTABLISH AIR QUALITY Task 3. ESTABLISH AIR QUALITY MONITORING SITESMONITORING SITES
Establish Air Quality Monitoring Sites– Seven permanent sites at residential, industrial, and
commercial locations– Four roadside sites along major traffic routes
OUTCOME To date there are10 monitoring sites established made of Residential (3) Commercial(2) Industrial (2) Roadside (4) (2)
April 10, 2023 13
April 10, 2023 14
April 10, 2023 15
TASK 4: IMPLEMENT AIR QUALITY TASK 4: IMPLEMENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING PLANMONITORING PLAN
Air pollutants being monitored:A) Particulate matter (PM10)
B) Ozone (O3)
C) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
D) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
E) Carbon Monoxide (CO)
F) Lead (Pb) and Manganese (Mn) in PM10
April 10, 2023 16
Draeger DiffusionTube for CO
Ogawa Passive Badges for SO2, NO2, and O3
SSI PM10
Sampler
Airmetrics MiniVol PM10
Sampler
April 10, 2023 17
OUTCOME AND OUTCOME AND PROGRESS OF PROGRESS OF
IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION
April 10, 2023 18
Monitoring ScheduleMonitoring Schedule Monitoring follows a six-day schedule PM10 –24- hour sampling every 6 days SO2/NO2/O3 –6-day sampling every 18 days CO – 24 hours to 3-day sampling at roadside locations Pb/Mn –24-hour sampling every six days Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer used for the
determination of lead and manganese Ion Chromatograph used for the determination of SO2,
NO2 and O3 Reporting period (April 2005 - April 2006) for ten
monitoring sites
April 10, 2023 19
0
50
100
150
200
co
nc
. (u
g/m
3)
Date
Residential areas PM10 conc. (ug/m3)
East Legon Dansoman Asylum down
EPA-Ghana Guideline (70ug/m3)
Commercial Areas PM10 conc. (ug/m3)
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
Date
Co
nc
. (
ug
/m3
)
Odorkor
EPA-Ghana Guideline (70 ug/m3)
April 10, 2023 20
Industrial Area PM10 conc.(ug/m3)
0
50
100
150
200
South industrial Area
EPA-Ghana guideline (70ug/m3)
Roadside sites PM10 conc (ug/m3)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Date
Co
nc 9
ug
/m3)
Kaneshie First Light Tetteh Quarshie Interchange Achimota
EPA Ghana Guideline(70 ug/m3)
April 10, 2023 21
Particulate lead conc at various sites
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3C
on
c.(
ug
/m3
Dansoman Asylum dow n Wire w eavng Odorkor First Light Shangrila
EPA Ghana Guideline (2.5 ug/m3)
Manganese concentration at various sites in Accra
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
03-A
pr
15-A
pr
27-A
pr
09-M
ay
21-M
ay
02-J
un
14-J
un
26-J
un
08-J
ul
20-J
ul
01-A
ug
13-A
ug
25-A
ug
06-S
ep
18-S
ep
30-S
ep
12-O
ct
24-O
ct
05-N
ov
17-N
ov
29-N
ov
11-D
ec
23-D
ec
04-J
an
16-J
an
28-J
an
09-F
eb
21-F
eb
05-M
ar
17-M
ar
29-M
ar
10-A
pr
22-A
pr
Sampling dates
Co
ncen
trati
on
s(u
g/m
3)
Dansoman Asylum Down Wire Weaving Odorkor First Light Tetteh Quarshie Interchange
EPA- Ghana Guideline ( 1.0 ug/m3)
April 10, 2023 22
April 10, 2023 23
April 10, 2023 24
Findings –PM10Findings –PM10
38 % of the samples collected at 3 residential sites exceeded the EPA-Ghana 24-hour PM-10 air quality guideline of 70 ug/m3.
79 % of the samples collected at 3 roadside sites exceeded the EPA-Ghana 24-hour PM-10 air quality guideline of 70 ug/m3
83 % of the samples collected at the commercial site and 31% of samples collected at the industrial site exceeded the EPA-Ghana 24-hour PM-10 air quality guideline of 70 ug/m3.
April 10, 2023 25
Findings –(Lead/Manganese)Findings –(Lead/Manganese) Significant reduction in the roadside lead levels
from a range of 2 – 188 ug/m3 in (2002-2003) before the phase out of leaded gasoline to a range of 0 – 0.38 ug/m3 in 2005/2006(below the Annual EPA-Ghana guideline of 2.5 ug/m3)
Particulate manganese concentration ranged from 0.0001 – 0.177 ug/m3 , all the results were below the 24-hour EPA guideline 1.0 ug/m3
April 10, 2023 26
Findings -Gaseous PollutantsFindings -Gaseous Pollutants ( Sulphur dioxide/Nitrogen dioxide) ( Sulphur dioxide/Nitrogen dioxide)
SO2 concentration measured at both the permanent sites and the roadside locations were below the 24-hour EPA guideline of 0.04ppm and the WHO guideline of 0.05 ppm
NO2 concentration measured at both the permanent and roadside sites were below the 24-hour EPA-Ghana guideline of 0.075ppm and the annual WHO guideline of 0.02 ppm. 12 of the 16 samples collected at the roadside locations were above the annual WHO guideline of 0.02ppm
April 10, 2023 27
Findings - ( Ozone / Carbon Monoxide)Findings - ( Ozone / Carbon Monoxide)
All the results for the permanent sites and the roadside locations were below the 8-hour WHO guideline of 0.06 ppm and the 8-hour US NAAQS of 0.08 ppm
the CO concentration ranged from 0.174 – 4.196 ppm. Results for the permanent sites and the roadside locations were below the 8-hour EPA and WHO guideline of 10 ppm
April 10, 2023 28
ConclusionConclusion roadside locations and the commercial site have high levels
of particulate. This can be attributed to road dust, wind blown dust and vehicular exhaust emissions in particular.
At present, lead and manganese do not seem to be a major issue in Accra’s ambient air quality
Low SO2 concentration measured at the roadside locations despite the heavy vehicular traffic at these sites could be attributed to the low sulphur content of the crude oil used by Tema Oil Refinery
April 10, 2023 29
Way ForwardWay Forward
Continue monitoring of PM10, SO2, NO2, O3, CO and lead and Manganese at ten (10)permanent and roadside sites
Establish similar air quality monitoring programme in other major cities in Ghana.
In collaboration with local stakeholders transform the EPA’s air quality guidelines into air quality standards.
Create awareness on the health effects of air pollution .
Source for funding to ensure long term sustainability of the monitoring programme.
April 10, 2023 30
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsExpress our gratitude to UNEP USAID RTI USEPA Stakeholders
April 10, 2023 31
Thank you