Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

10-Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Emotional developmentEmotional regulationThe main psychosocial accomplishmentDevelopment of limbic system and prefrontal cortexEriksons third stageInitiative vs. guilt (Shame and doubt)Emotional developmentSelf-conceptAppearance, personality, genderConnected to parents confirmationMotivationIntrinsic = Internal (e.g. personal enjoyment)Extrinsic = Outside (e.g. praise or paycheck)Seeking emotional balanceExternalizing problems = Physical or verbal outburstsMale aggressionInternalizing problems= guilt, shame, worthlessnessFemale anxietyPlayUniversal & timelessBest playmates are peers (Which children prefer)Types of playSolitaryChild plays aloneOnlookerChild watches others playParallelChildren play side-by-sideNo interactionAssociativeInteract, share materialNot reciprocalCooperativeInteractiveTaking turnsSociodramatic playCooperative playAct out roles, themes & storiesE.g. playing house or dress-upCops & robbersHelpsRehearse social rolesRegulate emotions by pretendingDevelop self-conceptChallenges for parentsParenting stylesBaumrinds 3 parenting stylesAuthoritarianParent expects unquestioning obedienceOften in low income familiesChildren are often: Obedient (but not happy), guilty, depressed, leave home before age 20PermissiveNever disciplinesChildren are often: Unhappy (lack self control), immature, continue living at homeAuthoritativeParent listens to child, sets limits, and enforces rulesChildren are often: Successful, articulate, happy, generousNeglectful/uninvolved parentingParents dont careNot quite the same as being permissiveChildren are often: Immature, sad, lonelySocial & cognitive problemsMoral developmentEmpathy & AntipathyParental disciplinePhysical punishmentPsychological controlExclusion & conversationMoral emotionsEmpathyLeads to pro-social behaviorHelping othersAntipathyLeads to antisocial behaviorIntentional desire to harm othersFour types of aggression:Instrumental aggressionUsing aggression as an instrument to get somethingReactive aggressionRetaliation for an actionRelational aggressionNon-physical (verbal)Destroys anothers self-esteem and social support systemBullyingDone to dominate someoneUnprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attackGenerally on someone unlikely to defend themselvesParental disciplineChildren gradually come to understand things from another persons point of viewExplanations and discussion after misbehavior help children learnChildren may disconnect a misdeed from the punishmentWait until your dad gets home!Physical punishment (Spanking)Increases obedience temporarilyLater negative effectsIncreases possible later aggressionIncreases resentmentBecomes less effectivePsychological punishment (& control)GuiltGratitudeExclusion & conversationTime out (Exclusion)One minute for each year of ageOnly works if child wants to be with othersConversationCreates an internal standard of right and wrongBecoming boys and girlsSex and genderSex = BiologicalGender = CulturalBased on sex rolesSex role developmentPsychoanalyticBehaviorismCognitivePsychoanalyticPhallic stagePenis becomes the focusOedipus ComplexBoys unconscious desire to replace dad for mothers loveElectra ComplexGirls unconscious desire to replace mother for dads loveWants to marry daddyBoth sexes cope with this by identifying with the same-sex parent and trying to become like themSuperego developsConscienceBased on parents moral standardsBehaviorismOperant conditioningGender-appropriate behaviors are rewarded (reinforced)Social learning theoryChildren internalize the roles they observe in othersCognitive theoryFocuses on childrens understandingGender schemaGeneral beliefs about sex differencesBoys are like thisGirls are like thisChildren then think and behave accordingly