1 TRONDHJEM BIOLOGICAL STATION MARINE DATA SERIES TBS anno 1990 2 The Biological Station was founded in the year 1900 Plaice hatching and stock reinforcement important activity up to the 1960ies Systematic and detailed hydrographical data series initiated in 1963, monthly on fixed stations From 1970 marine zoology, botany, physiology, fisheries biology and population genetics series After 2000, also marine biodiversity in focus (ROV) A brief history of time A brief history of time 3 Through the years, TBS has owned a series of research vessels on its own. However, from ~ 2006 NTNU established a joint vessel, the R/V Gunnerus, which is now the platform for maintaining the marine data series at NTNU. R/V Gunnerus (~ 90 feet) RESEARCH VESSELS 4 Minerva (ROV) F/F "Gunnerus" Lightweight Video Profiling Platform (LVPP) constructed by Prof. Ulf Bmstedt, Ume University, Sweden LVPP Secchi disk (Trawling) 5 Already from the start in 1900, TBS started collecting information about the marine milieu and fauna in the Trondheimsfjord, although not in the same systematic way as from the 1960ies. The entire collection spans a multitude of data types: hydrographical profiles of temperature, salinity, O 2 fish species composition in beach seine catches species composition in plankton samples yearclass strengts fluctuations of the plaice photobiology and plant nutrient dynamics EXISTING MARINE DATA SERIES 6 fish From ~ 1973, extensive series of genetic and biologic data in fish from trawl and beach seine catches have been collected. This time series has two main focuses: cod 1.A close monitoring of biology and genetics of cod 2.Monitoring fish species composition on fixed locations marine fish series 7 marine fish during climate change Species composition change: The possibility to compare species composition in catches from the same locations and taken with the same gear over a period of more than 100 years is extremely valuable and informative with respect to the actual geographical distribution of fishes, and how it might be affected by e.g. temperature changes. Boreal-Arctic transition area: (> 100 fish species The Trondheimsfjord has traditionally represented the northern distribution limit for many boreal species, and as the southern distribution limit for many arctic species. This also applies to fish, for which the Trondheimsfjord is among the most species-rich waters in Norway (> 100 fish species ). Monitoring ecosystem changes: In the case of a general warming of the ocean in this region, the species composition of fish in this transition region can be a sensitive instrument for monitoring the ecological effects of a climate shift. 8 marine fish abundance series 9 Mean bottom temperatures at three stations in the Trondheimsfjord in the period hydrography series 10 Temperature St Rberg 400meter hydrography series 11 Oxygen saturation on 3 stations and various depths hydrography series 12 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION 13 WHAT ARE THE GATEWAYS TO THE TRONDHEIMSFJORD AND OTHER NORWEGIAN FJORDS AND COASTAL WATERS? Answer: The Norwegian coastal current and the Gulf Stream 14 The Trondheimsfjord, depths and bottom topography The Trondheimsfjord has 3 main basins which are separated by thresholds at Agdenes, Tautra and Skarnsundet. Atlantic water regularly (ca April each year) flows over the thresholds in the ford. This water is salt and heavy and renews the fjord bottom water. It brings with it organisms which in this way get a chance to establish themselves in the fjord. 600 m 15 There are 2 main inflows to the Trondheimsfjord each year: ~ April: A large inflow of water of atlantic origin ~ September: A smaller inflow of water from the Norwegian coastal current guests. Together with tidal currents, these inflows stand for the interchange of plankton and nekton between the coast and the fjord. Species which are becoming increasingly abundant outside the fjord will eventually enter the fjord as new species, permanently or as temporal guests. SPECIES INTERCHANGE WITH COASTAL WATERS The Trondheimsfjord, depths and bottom topography See next slide 16 ONE SUCH UNINVITED GUEST IS THE CORONATE JELLYFISH Periphylla periphylla 17 Rike : Dyreriket Rekke : Cnidaria (nesledyr) Klasse : Scyphozoa (stormaneter (500 MY): gresk skyphos = drikkebeger Orden : Coronatae (kronemaneter (ringmaneter) - 8 familier) Familier (8): Atollidae Atorellidae Collaspididae Linuchidae Nausithoidae Paraphyllinidae Tetraplatidae Periphyllidae Periphylla periphylla ---> Species: Periphylla periphylla ---> SYSTEMATIC POSITION 18 History of the invasion This is typical;t establishes itself in the inner parts of fjords with marked thresholds. After its first detection in a small fjord south of Bergen (Lurefjorden), P. periphylla has spread northwards along the Norwegian coast. During the last 10 years, this jelly has increased dramatically in abundance in the inner Trondheimsfjord, to the degree that it must now be regarded as a real threat to the traditional ecosystem of the fjord. Like in other Norwegian fjords earlier, it rapidly established itself as a top predator in the inner Trondheimsfjord, and is now reproducing intensively in the two inner of the three fjord basins. This is typical; it establishes itself in the inner parts of fjords with marked thresholds. The biomass of the Trondheimsfjord jellyfish stock was estimated at > tonnes in 2007, telling that it is a real contender for food with the traditional fish species. 19 Example in 2007: The codend of Gunnerus is filled with P. periphylla after a 40 min hawl in Verrasundet (6 tonnes) Foto: TBS 20 Example ctd: The 6 tonnes of jelly filled the aft deck of Gunnerus completely Foto: TBS 21 What does this jelly eat? Mesopelagic species: small fishes, squids Pelagic larvae and small codfish, flatfish and clupeoids Shrimps, copepods, krill (meaning it competes for food with cod, whiting, saithe o.a.) Small herring, sprat Codlings Krill Pandalus sp. Copepods (Calanus sp.) Squid Myctophidae Lantern fish Gonostomatidae Light fishes Shrimps 22 a serious predator on herring and sprat A serous threat: Fishing for jellies with a pelagic trawl revealed new information about the diet of P. periphylla. In 2007, hard evidence of predation on small clupeoids was obtained. Half-digested sprat was found in the stomach contents of jellies caught in the scattering layer in the inner Trondheimsfjord. Smoking gun" 23 In the inner Trondheimsfjord, P. periphylla of all sized are found, indicating a self- sustaining and reproducing population powerful local reproduction capacity 24 The effects of this jellyfish invasion for the ecosystem of the Trondheimsfjord is currently under monitoring and assessment. 25 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 26 Flemish Marine Data and Information Centre (FMDC) It is a young and modern data centre that archives data and information pursuant to the latest international standards (IODE) and furthermore puts this data and information at the disposal of scientists and policy makers. The FMDC is mainly a service centre. Within the scope of numerous cooperation projects the centre provides expertise and logistic support for the development of data and information systems, the archiving of datasets, the communication of projects (e.g. developing and hosting websites),... 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