1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationpshs.psd202.org/documents/jwoods/1566952133.pdf · The Human Body –An Orientation ... Midsagittal –divides the body into right and left,

ELAINE N. MARIEB

EIGHTH EDITION

1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS

OF HUMAN

ANATOMY

& PHYSIOLOGY

PART A

The Human Body: An

Orientation


The Human Body – An Orientation

▪ Anatomy – study of the structure

and shape of the body and its

parts

▪ Physiology – study of how the

body and its parts work or

function


Anatomy – Levels of Study

▪ Gross Anatomy

▪ Large structures

▪ Easily observable


Figure 14.4

Anatomy – Levels of Study

▪ Microscopic Anatomy

▪ Very small

structures

▪ Can only be

viewed with

a microscope


The Language of Anatomy

▪ Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding

▪ Exact terms are used for:

▪ Position

▪ Direction

▪ Regions

▪ Structures


Body Landmarks

▪ Anterior

Figure 1.5a


Body Landmarks

▪ Posterior

Figure 1.5b


Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1


Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (cont)


Superficial: Closer to the

surface of the body

Deep: Further away (more

internal) from the surface of the

body


4-legged Specimen

Caudal: Towards the tail end of a 4-legged

specimen

Cephalad/Rostral: Towards the head end of a

4-legged specimen


What’s the name of this fin? Where’s it at?


Body Cavities

Figure 1.7


Naming Help

Dorsal Ventral


Midsagittal – divides the body into right and left, midline cut on the dorsal or ventral surface

Frontal – divides the body into front and back, Ventral/dorsal, midline cut on the lateral surface

Transverse – divides the body into superior anterior, cephalad/caudal

You are told to cut an animal along two planes so that the paired lungs are observable (cut) in both sections.

What two dissection planes would meet this requirement?


Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.8b



Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Figure 1.8a


Abdominopelvic Major Organs

Figure 1.8c


Levels of structural organization

▪ Try to organize the levels of structural

organization from smallest to largest

Cellular

Chemical

Organismal

Organ

Organ System

Tissue


Figure 1.1

Levels of Structural Organization


Survival Needs…

What do we need to survive?


Survival Needs

1) Nutrients

▪ Chemicals for energy and cell building

▪ Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

vitamins, and minerals

2) Oxygen

▪ Required for chemical reactions


Survival Needs

3) Water

▪ 60–80% of body weight

▪ Provides for metabolic reaction

4) Stable body temperature

5) Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate


Necessary Life Functions

▪ Maintain Boundaries (Which body system?)

▪ Movement (Which body system?)

▪ Locomotion

▪ Movement of substances

▪ Responsiveness (Which body system?)

▪ Ability to sense changes and react

▪ Digestion

▪ Break-down and delivery of nutrients



▪ Metabolism – chemical reactions within the

body

▪ Production of energy

▪ Making body structures

▪ Excretion (Which body systems)

▪ Elimination of waste from metabolic

reactions



▪ Reproduction

▪ Production of future generation

▪ Growth

▪ Increasing of cell size and number


Figure 1.2a

Organ System Overview

▪ Integumentary

▪ Forms the external body

covering

▪ Protects deeper tissue from

injury

▪ Synthesizes vitamin D

▪ Location of cutaneous

nerve receptors


Figure 1.2b


▪ Skeletal

▪ Protects and supports

body organs

▪ Provides muscle

attachment for movement

▪ Site of blood cell

formation

▪ Stores mineral


Figure 1.2c


▪ Muscular

▪ Allows locomotion

▪ Maintains posture

▪ Produces heat


Figure 1.2d


▪ Nervous

▪ Fast-acting control

system

▪ Responds to internal and

external change

▪ Activates muscles and

glands


Figure 1.2e


▪ Endocrine

▪ Secretes regulatory

hormones

▪ Growth

▪ Reproduction

▪ Metabolism


Figure 1.2f


▪ Cardiovascular

▪ Transports materials in body

via blood pumped by heart

▪ Oxygen

▪ Carbon dioxide

▪ Nutrients

▪ Wastes



▪ Lymphatic

▪ Returns fluids to blood

vessels

▪ Disposes of debris

▪ Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g



▪ Respiratory

▪ Keeps blood supplied

with oxygen

▪ Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h



▪ Digestive

▪ Breaks down food

▪ Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood

▪ Eliminates indigestible

material

Figure 1.2i



▪ Urinary

▪ Eliminates nitrogenous

wastes

▪ Maintains acid – base

balance

▪ Regulates water and

electrolytes

Figure 1.2j



▪ Reproductive

▪ Production

of offspring

Figure 1.2k


Homeostasis

▪ Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a

dynamic state of equilibrium

▪ Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body

functioning and to sustain life

▪ Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in

homeostasis resulting in disease


Overview of Homeostasis

Figure 1.4


Maintaining Homeostasis

▪ The body communicates through neural and hormonal

control systems

▪ Receptor

▪ Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

▪ Sends information to control center

▪ Control center

▪ Determines set point

▪ Analyzes information

▪ Determines appropriate response

▪ Effector

▪ Provides a means for response to the stimulus


Feedback Mechanisms

▪ Negative feedback

▪ Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

▪ Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its

intensity

▪ Works like a household thermostat


Feedback Mechanisms

▪ Positive feedback

▪ Increases the original stimulus to push the

variable farther

▪ In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and

birth of a baby

Documents

1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationpshs.psd202.org/documents/jwoods/1566952133.pdf · The Human Body –An Orientation ... Midsagittal –divides the body into right and left,