1

Show your work, so I can give partial credit

Turn it in early in case you need to make corrections

Don’t forget about the Math Center if you need help

2

Weight – gram (g, gm)

Volume – liter (L)

Length – meter (m)

3

______ mL = 4 L

_____ g = 200 mg

______ cm = 0.5 m

_____ L = 300 mL

4

Remember 1kg=2.2lbs

How much will a 160lb patient weigh in kilograms? __________

How much will a 37.6 kg patient weigh in lbs? ________

5

Questions

6

ANTIMICROBIALS, ANTIFUNGALS, ANTIVIRALS

7

Antimicrobial Broader class includes: antibiotics, antifungals,

antiparasitics, antivirals

Antibiotic is anti (against) + Greek bios (life) Antibiotic is: against life.

Produced from natural substances including molds and bacteria.

Inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms. There are families of antibiotics all similar to the

original chemical, with various prosperities that make them useful for treating different types of infections. 8

-cidal Causes the ________ of the organism Causes the ________ of the organism

-static Inhibits the ________ of organism Allows body’s own defenses to remove the

organism

Both Agents may be –cidal or –static Depending on dosage or concentration of drug. Depending on virulence of organism

9

Want maximum effect with minimal harm to patient.

Match bug to drug, if possible by knowing: What the organism is, What drugs is it sensitive to, The host factors at the site. Also health status of the patient,

including immune status.

10

The main reason for the development of drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics.

The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance develops.

Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute.

No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Can lead to a:

______________

11

First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s Remain the most effective and least toxic of

available antimicrobials. Changes in the chemical structure of the

penicillins over the years have increased their usefulness and effectiveness in controlling disease.

Most generic names for penicillins end in –cillin while many trade names have pen in their names

penicillin V (generic) Pen-VEE-K (trade)

12

Narrow-spectrum First generation

Narrow-spectrum anti-staphylococcal Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains

Broad-Spectrum Second generation Effective against a broader spectrum

Extended-spectrum Third generation Wider antimicrobial action than second

13

SIDE EFFECTS Nausea and Vomiting Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and

tongueWhy? ________________________________________,

ALLERGIC REACTION Rashes and hives Tend to precipitate more severe allergic

reactions than other medications A patient allergic to one should be considered

allergic to all Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.

14

Derived from mold – related to penicillin Give with caution to patients with pcn allergy

Four Generations increased activity against gram-negative

bacteria Patient education:

Take with food if gastric upset occurs Keep medication refrigerated Do not drink alcohol Can intensify bleeding tendencies

15

“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak), Clarithromycin (Biaxin), Erythromycin

Useful in treating atypical infections (ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes disease)

Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with added atypical coverage Side Effects: GI symptoms, headaches

First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline Short Acting : Tetracycline Do not give with dairy products or antacids.

Can decrease effectiveness Harmful if used after the expiration date. Side effects

Sun sensitivity Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8

yrs. Broad spectrum can cause super-infection

17

Floroquinolones Generic ends in –floxacin Broad spectrum Cipro (ciprofloxacin), Levaquin (levofloxacin) Antimycrobial

Lincomycins Vancomycin:

Toxic drug reserved for treating serious infections MRSA (methicillin resistant

staph aureus) Bacteriocidal VRE – Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci

For topical use – dermatologic infections Bacitracin Neomycin Neosporin Polymyxin B

19

Antibacterial drug (not antibiotic) Used in areas of the body that can flush

away wastes of infection - kidneys Long term use has resulted in resistance Used in combination to increase action Patient education:

Drink large amounts of fluids to flush kidneys avoid soda and citrus fruits – make urine

alkaline Take medication on empty stomach May cause photosensitivity

20

Used to treat fungus (mycotic) infections Resulting from overuse of antibiotics Immunosuppressed patient Can be systemic or topical

Antifungals can be fungistatic or fungicidal

Prescription and OTC

21

Less successful than antibiotics

Very limited use, narrow spectrum

Must adhere very closely to schedule

22

ANTISEPTIC DISINFECTANT

Applied to living skin Decreases number of

bacteria & allows normal body defenses to work

Used to eliminate disease Limited use in treatment Types

Alcohol Hexachlorophene Hydrogen peroxide Silver and mercury

preparations

Applied to inanimate objects to reduce bacteria growth

May not kill all types of microorganisms (spores, viruses, fungi)

Types Formaldehyde Bleach Alcohol

23

Germicides kill microorganisms on either living or nonliving objects