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Design of a small scale stand-alone solar thermal co-generation plant for an isolated region in Egypt Suzan Abdelhady a,c , Domenico Borello b,, Eileen Tortora b a Dipartimento di Ingegneria Astronautica, Elettrica ed Energetica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy b Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy c Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayoum University, 63514 Fayoum, Egypt a r t i c l e i n f o  Article history: Received 14 June 2014 Accepted 28 August 2014 Available online 29 September 2014 Keywords: Solar energy Parabolic trough Stand alone distributed cogeneration system Transient simulations LCOE Isolated region in Egypt a b s t r a c t Most of Egypt’s population is concentrated in the Nile Valley (5% of Egypt’s area), while the western desert occupies an area of 50% of the total area of Egypt with a small number of inhabitants. The New Valley is the largest governorates in Egypt which occupies 45.8% of the total area of the Country and 65% of the Western Desert and it is the least densely populated governorate in Egypt. However, New Valley has started to receive the migrated people from the Nile valley and Delta region and the demand for the energy is continuously increasing. However, the rural area in New Valley still suffers from lack of access to energy services. The very high transmission losses and costs are the main challenges for elec- tri catio n in this are a. The n, it is wo rth to invest iga te the opp ort uni tie s for dis tri but ed ene rgy gen era tio n. This area of Egypt receiv es some of the highest sola r radiation in the world (up to 3000 kW h per square meters per year), making it a prime location for use of this resource. In this study, performance and eco- nomic assessment of a small scale stand-alone solar thermal co-generation plant using diathermic oil is presented. This conguration is considered as a promising and sustainable solution to provide electricity and heat to an iso lat ed are a sat isfy ing thelocal loa ds. Par abo lic tro ugh pla nt has bee n mo del ed in TRNSYS simulation environment integrated with the Solar Thermal Electric Components (STEC) model library. Both solar and power cycle performances have been modeled based on the solar energy data of the plant site. The mirrors area and the solar collectors have been designed to optimize the incident solar energy. As a result, the parab olic troug h solar power plant can produce 6 MW of electric powe r and 21.5 MW of heat power with an overall efciency of about 85%. The analysis demonstrated that the solar operation time of the CSP plant in the selected site can be expanded to run during the all day without recurring to fossil fuel backup. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the proposed power plant is estimated to be equal to 1.25 USD/ kW h. The avoide d GHG emissio ns are equal to about 7300 toe/y ear.  2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The fast growth in energy demand and depletion of fossil fuels represents a severe challenge for the development of the national economy in Egypt. For supplying energy demand, Egypt depends mainly on fossil fuels (oil 45% and natural gas 50%)  [1]. In recent year s, Egy pt starts facing powe r shor tfall probl ems due to the declining of the Egyptian crude oil production and natural gas reserve  [2] . Furthe rmore , Egy pt’ s gre en house gas emiss ions (GHG) growth is among the fastest in the world. The energy sector is the major source of GHG emissions, contributing about 46% of the national total amount [3] . As a result, the Gove rnment of E gypt in 2008 pur sue d a str ate gy pla n aimingto ach iev e a contributi on of ren ewable ene rgi es by 20% of the tot al electrici ty gen era tio n by the year 2020, and to diversify its energy source through the develop- ment of new and renewable energy resources. Egypt is the largest oil and natural gas consumer in Africa, accounting for almost 25% of total oil consumption and almost 50% of tota l dry natural gas cons ump tion  [4] . Most of Egypt’s energy consumption comes from the growth of industrial activity. The industry energy consumption represents 39% of the total pri- mary energy consumption in Egypt, while transport counterpart is 28%, and residential one is 22% [5] . On the other ha nd, com bined heat and pow er (CHP ) system s (i.e. cog eneratio n), de mon strate d to represent a signicant opportunity for increasing energy savings and GHG emission mitigation, both in residential and industrial sectors [6–10]. Furth ermo re, rene wab le ener gy base d coge nera tion http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.066 0196-8904/  2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 06 44585263. E-mail address:  [email protected] (D. Borello). Energy Conversion and Management 88 (2014) 872–882 Contents lists available at  ScienceDirect Energy Conversion and Management journal homepage:  www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman

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