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CONCEPT OF SAME AND DIFFERENCE
Researcher: Jean-Remy HochmannRA: Melody Wu
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PREVIOUS STUDIES
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GIURFA ET AL. (2001)
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GIURFA ET AL. (2001) - CONTINUE
Paradigm: Training and transfer tests Method: Y-shaped maze
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GIURFA ET AL.(2001) - CONTINUE
Result: Bees have the concept of same and difference!
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MERCADO III ET AL. (2000)
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MERCADO III ET AL. (2000) - CONTINUE Paradigm: Training and transfer
test Method: use two paddles to
represent same or difference
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MERCADO III ET AL. (2000) - CONTINUE
Dolphin # 1: Training: 89% accuracy Transfer Test: 76% accuracy
Dolphin # 2: Training: 85% accuracy Transfer Test: 80% accuracy
Dolphins have the concept of same and difference!
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WRIGHT AND KATZ (2006)
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WRIGHT AND KATZ (2006) - CONTINUE
Paradigm: Training and transfer tests Method: show a pair of same or
different stimuli
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WRIGHT AND KATZ (2006) - CONTINUE
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WRIGHT AND KATZ (2006) - CONTINUE
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WRIGHT AND KATZ (2006) - CONTINUE
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THOMPSON AND ODEN (1996)
Human infantsInfant chimpsMonkeyspigeonsBees etc.
Human infantsInfant chimpsPigeons (256 different exemplars)
Monkeys (128 different exemplars)
Monkeys Human adults
Linguistically trained chimps
Alex the parrot
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GENERAL PROBLEMS OF THIS LITERATURE
Symmetry interpretation is not always controlled for. Symmetry applies to the overall visual
pattern. ‘Same’ is a relation between two objects.
Usually no different results between ‘Same’ and ‘Different’.
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KOVACS AND MEHLER (2009)
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KOVACS AND MEHLER (2009) - CONTINUE
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KOVACS AND MEHLER (2009) - CONTINUE
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KOVACS AND MEHLER (2009) - CONTINUE
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QUESTIONS
Is the concept of difference harder or impossible for infants to learn?
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WHAT ARE THE TWO REQUIREMENTS? 1. Mental representation of stimulus
2. Association between a side of screen and each representation
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CURRENT STUDY - STAGE 1
Hold 1st requirement constant
Test whether 14 month-old can associate a side to each representation
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PARADIGM
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GOAL OF STAGE 1
Determine at what age infants can associate each side with a representation
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WHAT ARE THE TWO REQUIREMENTS? 1. Mental representation of stimulus
2. Association between a side on screen and each representation
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CURRENT STUDY - STAGE 2
Hold 2nd requirement constant
Test infants’ ability to represent structure AA and AB (same vs. difference)
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PARADIGM
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PREDICTED RESULT
Successful: associate AA to one side while AB to another
Infants have concept of same and difference
Unsuccessful: only associate AA to one side but not AB to another
Infants might only have the concept of same Concept of difference might be more difficult
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FUTURE EXPERIMENT
Effect of speech labels
Effect of auditory attention cues
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The End
