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•  Dennett and Dixon state that Hoover’s ultimate failure in regards to the

Depression was his incapacity to experiment with the economy and spend more 

•  Catchings and Foster claimed that “The economy produced more than itconsumed, because the consumers did not have enough income. Thus the unequal

distribution of wealth throughout the 1920s caused the Great Depression” 

• 

Mellon (secretary of treasury), “a decrease in taxes causes an inspiration to tradeand commerce” 

•  Saloutos and Hicks believe the decline of foreign markets due to protection was

the main reason for the slump in farming in the 1920’s 

•  Ferrell said only the richest 2% of taxpayers paid any federal income tax  

Impacts of Industrialisation and Consumerism on Society:•  Coolidge, “the chief business of the American people is business” 

•  According to Mellon, the era was defined by an unequal distribution of income

and wealth, where “the upper class prospered” 

•  Calder states, “most Americans had experimented with instalment buying.” 

• 

According to Eric Miller, instalment packages allowed the middle class to“ purchase something new that will speak of their place in the tradition of

affluence”, thus the consumption of expensive products acted as a mechanism to

 blur the social stratifications of the 1920’s

•  Sinclair Lewis describes the conformity, materialism and hollowness of the

middle class, as he believed young people with automobiles spent more time inentertainment outlets than with their families

•  Hirschhorn contends that the assembly line meant that “experiences and potentials are lost forever, as intelligent people are robbed of their ability to

think, puzzle out and discover” 

• 

George Schuyler “ African-Americans had been in depression since the 1920’s” •  Mencken claimed that a corollary of consumerism was the fomentation of women

who would “revolt against the against the precepts and admonitions of her

elders” 

•  F Scott Fitzgerald’s said women in the 1920’s were “lovely and expensive” 

•  Madeleine Levine criticised the impact of consumerism on US society, stating

that it represented a “shift away from the values of community, spirituality and

integrity towards competition, materialism and disconnection” 

•  F Scott Fitzgerald claimed “the parties were bigger and the morals were

looser”, in the 1920’s as a corollary of consumerism

American Conservatism and Social Tensions:•  F Scott Fitzgerald , “the buildings were higher, the parties were bigger and

the morals were looser” –  on the 1920’s 

•  S Rigge labelled prohibition as an “exercise in Protestant religious

 fundamentalism” 

•  Richard Hofstadter wrote that prohibition, "was a pseudo-reform, a pinched,

 parochial substitute for reform"  that "was carried about America by the rural-

evangelical virus"  

•  Herbert Hoover described prohibition as a “noble experiment” 

•  The Congressional Committee 1931 “the higher paid workingmen and their

 families are drinking in large numbers in quite frank disregard of the declared policy of the National Prohibition Act” 

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•  Author David Goetz claimed that the majority of Christians denounced

evolution in the 1920’s 

•  Prendergast said the KKK’s “ support for prohibition represented the singlemost important bond between Klansmen throughout the nation”

•  The Klan opposed bootleggers, sometimes with violence, sociologist Harry

Pratt, “most of the bootleggers…appear to be foreigners” •  F. Scott Fitzgerald, “flirting, kissing, viewing life lightly, saying damn without a

blush”

•  J Briggs suggests the American conservatives wanted “no more foreign wars” 

and therefore “no more foreigners” 

•  General Mitchell Palmer wanted to purge the land of what he called “ foreign

born subversives and agitators” 

•  J. Patterson described the Palmer Raids as “the most evident depravation of civil

liberties in US history” 

The Depression and New Deal:• 

D. Nasaw said the New Deal ushered in “the birth of the American welfare state” 

•  Hofstadter, the New Deal was a “drastic new departure…in the history of American reformism” 

•  David Kennedy, “the country was in measurable degree, remade” 

•  FDR said, “take a method and try it…if it fails try another. But above all, try

 something” 

•  WPA was assigned the derogatory label, “we piddle around” 

•  Eleanor Roosevelt to all women: “get into the game and stay in it” 

•  Ed O’Neal (farmers union leader) 1933: unless something is done to help the

farmers, “we will have a revolution in the countryside within less than 12

months” •  Henry Wallace, “to hear them talk, you would have thought that pigs were raised

 for pets” 

•  Jim Powell says increased business taxes fundamentally discouraged employers

from hiring and indeed keeping staff, while the AAA both destroyed jobs and

forced prices higher still

•  Roosevelt: the Tennessee valley was “the nation’s number one economic

 problem” 

•  John L. Lewis, “ Labour gained more under President Roosevelt than any

 president in memory” 

•  Time Magazine 1936: “few exceptions, members of the so-called upper class

 frankly hate Franklin Roosevelt” •  Jim Powell says the New Deal “failed to resolve the most important problem

of the era; chronic unemployment” 

•  Republican Alfred Landon criticised Roosevelt for wasting money and not balancing the budget

•  William Leuchtenburg said FDR had become “the first modern president” 

•  David Kennedy, “Roosevelt had given the American people renewed faith in

their country and its way of life” 

•  Broadus Mitchell says the economic recovery “was like watching blood drain

back into a blanched face” 

•  George Shuyler maintains that African Americans “had been in depression

all the time” •  David Kennedy: “The war got us out of it, not the New Deal policies” 

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