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1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer had no control.

1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Page 1: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Push logistics

Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer had no control.

Page 2: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Pull logistics

In a pull environment, a customer's purchase sends replenishment information back through the supply chain from retailer to distributor to manufacturer, so goods are "pulled" through the supply chain.

Page 3: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Push

Page 4: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Pull

Page 5: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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The de-coupling pointAlso called “push-pull boundary”, where partial products are built up to and where they wait until actual order signals are received to complete the products.

The physical flow in a manufacturing process is between "manufacture-to-supply" or inventory-based logistics ("push" logistics) to "manufacture-to-order" or replenishment-based logistics ("pull" logistics).

The reliance is shifting from maintaining inventories aimed at approximately satisfy the forecasted demand to an information system insuring, mainly through on-demand that supply matches with demand.

Page 6: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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More integrationWhile a push logistics system involves a limited level of integration between suppliers, manufacturers and distributors, a pull logistics system tries to achieve a higher level of efficiency through integration.

Freight flows between components of the supply chain tend to be more frequent and in smaller batches.

In addition, the sharing of demand dependant data (such as sales) helps better synchronize supply with demand.

Reverse logistics also tends to be better integrated in the system to achieve a higher level of customer service as well as to promote environmental strategies such as recycling.

Page 7: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Il ciclo di produzione

Il ciclo comprende l’approvvigionamento delle materie prime e prodotti intermedi, fino alla distribuzione.

Il ciclo è composto di fasi di produzione, che possono essere in parallelo, ma esiste sempre un percorso critico da cui dipende la durata del ciclo.

Page 8: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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La regolazione della produzione con degli stock intermedi

fase P 1

fase P 2

richiesta fornitore

consegna cliente

Stockstrat.

distribuz.

fase P 1

fase P 2

distribuzionerichiesta fornitore

consegna cliente

flusso tirato dagli ordiniflusso spinto dalle previsioni

Il flusso della produzione è composto da una parte tirata (pull) dalla domanda e una parte spinta da rigidità tecnica e da considerazioni economiche

Flusso produttivo e stock

Page 9: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Posizione dello stock strategico

La produzione in generale necessita di uno o più stock

Occorre posizionarli nel ciclo di produzione (supply chain)

Sono possibili tre casi in funzione del tempo del ciclo di produzione (P) e del periodo di tempo lead time della consegna dei prodotti al cliente (L)

Page 10: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Gestione del ciclo di produzione all’ordine

P<L

lead timedata dell’ordine data di ricevimento

fase P 1

fase P 2

distribuzionerichiesta fornitore

consegna cliente

• nessuna necessità di stock• produzione all’ordine• es.. aeronautica, cantieri navali

inizio produzione tempo di produzione fine produzione

Page 11: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Gestione parziale del ciclo all’ordineP>L

• stock teoricamente unico• dimensionato sull’errore delle previsioni• es. industria auto, tessile, elettronica

lead time

data dell’ordine data di ricevimento

fase P 1

fase P 2

richiesta fornitore

consegna cliente

Stockstrat.

flusso tirato dagli ordiniflusso spinto dalle previsioni

distribuz.

Page 12: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Gestione del ciclo di produzione su previsioni e distribuzione all’ordine

P>L

• stock in un deposito centrale o regionale• dimensionato sulle previsioni di vendita• distribuzione e consegna all’ordine• es. industria auto, tessile, elettronica

Lead time L

data dell’ordine data di ricevimento

fase P 1

fase P 2

richiesta fornitore

consegna cliente

flusso tirato dagli ordiniflusso spinto dalle previsioni

distribuzione con stock strategico

Page 13: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Posizione e valore dello stockLo stock a valle delle lavorazioni ha un valore superiore di quello a monte.I prodotti in magazzino valgono di più della somma delle componenti e materie prime di cui sono composti, perché presentano il valore aggiunto della lavorazione.La loro giacenza in magazzino equivale ad un maggiore immobilizzo di capitale.

Page 14: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Riduzione dei costi delle scorte

Rimontare gli stock nella catena logistica

• ridurre la durata delle fasi a valle lasciando lo stesso lead time

• spostare alcune operazioni del ciclo a valle dello stock (post manufacturing)

• sincronizzare i flussi a monte e a valle con i fornitori che riforniscono più volte al giorno le linee (lo stock rimonta sui magazzini dei fornitori)

Page 15: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Riduzione dei costi delle scorte

Ridurre le quantità in stock

• migliorando le previsioni e le incertezze (la componente dello stock detta di sicurezza);

• aumentando la frequenza e la regolarità dei rifornimenti

Page 16: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Ridurre il numero dei modelli

La riduzione del numero dei modelli

comporta una diminuzione delle scorte in

magazzino a parità di sicurezza, cioè

maggiore probabilità di poter soddisfare i

clienti per la presenza di scorte sufficienti.

Page 17: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Postponement

Build partial products up to a “de-coupling point”, or “push-pull boundary”, and wait until actual order signals are received to complete the products

Postponement is a business strategy that maximizes possible benefit and minimizes risk by delaying further investment into a product or service until the last moment.

It requires fast and accurate information.

Page 18: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Postponement Benefits

Inventory Flexibility (Demand signals)

Freight efficiency (Bulk shipping)

Cost reductions (Local procurement)

Speed (Time-to-market)

Legal (Tax & duties, Export regulations)

Page 19: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Postponement and Forecasting

Rules of Forecasting:

1. The closer the event, the better the forecast

2. The less detailed the subject, the greater the accuracy

Delay the details so forecasts are accurate

Page 20: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Bulk Packaging

Delayed customer specific packaging

Don’t have to forecast sales by customer

Shortens order-to-delivery window (lead time)

Allows efficiency in in-bound transport

Page 21: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Inventory Pooling

Delays differentiation to customer specific inventory

Reduces stock and the value of the inventory

Page 22: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Build – to – Order (BTO)It is the capability to quickly build standard or mass-customized products upon receipt of spontaneous orders without forecasts, inventory, or purchasing delays.

These products may be shipped directly to individual customers, to specific stores, or as a response to assemblers’ “pull signals”.

Similarly, your suppliers may need to use spontaneous BTO to respond to your pull signals, which is a key element of flow manufacturing.

Page 23: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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The BTO advantage

Low finished goods (FG) inventory

Customizable product

Quick delivery

Short cash-to-cash cycle

Purchase components at last minute

Page 24: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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The BTO disadvantage

High manufacturing costs

• Can’t move desktops to China

High delivery costs

• Hard to consolidate last mile

Page 25: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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Functional Products

Innovative Products

Stable Process

Efficiency is king, high integration

Postponement, flexible system

Evolving Process

Decoupling point, dual sourcing

Build-to-order, flexible system

Demand Uncertainty

Sup

ply

Unc

erta

inty

Low

High

Low High

Strategies with uncertainties

Page 26: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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The new BMW system KOPV

Customer-oriented sales and a build-to-order production process KOVP (Kundenorientierter Vertriebs-und Produktionsprozess).

The main prerequisites for the realization of KOVP are a flexible production system and an advanced IT-environment.

Page 27: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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The main points

• Simple online ordering processes at the dealers,

• the prompt receipt of a binding confirmation of order,

• flexibility when altering individual customer orders,

• information on the order status, • quick and punctual delivery.

Page 28: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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The BMW Sales Assistant

The salesperson illustrates the

current BMW offer in a single medium

using films, pictures and explanations

Page 29: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

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During the Sales Process, a delivery date based on production capacity is available at any time

Following the Car Configuration an online check is preferred on whether the order can be build

Page 30: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

Production sequence set throughout manufacturing

Body Shop AssemblyPaint shop

Startcustomer order

Re-sort Re-sort

BMW-Production System

Assembly

Startcustomer order

‘Late order assignment’

The BMW Production System

Body Shop Paint shop

Re-sort

Component Control

‘frozen horizon’

Page 31: 1 Push logistics Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed: manufacturers produced goods and "pushed" them through the supply chain, and the customer

Reduction of lead timeOrdering Production/Distribution

minimum lead time:

28-32 working days

1513-17

up to now:

91

to be:flexibility until 10 days before the delivery date

10 working days

1 day Ordering4 days Frozen Horizon2 days Production2 days Distribution1 day Hand over