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1
Property ValueJarred McGinnis
Research Scientist Assistant
May 13, 2002
2
Motivation• In the component library, There
exists entities and events and relations between the two
• Allows the representation of things that exist and occur
• The need to express more more developed and richer representations of entities and events
3
Outline
I. Property Value BasicsII. Appearance in ShakenIII. ConstraintsIV. Increase and DecreaseV. Open Issues
4
Why Properties are not Entities
• Entities are independent• Properties are not independent• Dependent on entities and events• Entities are derived from nouns• Properties arise from adjectives
and adverbs
5
InventoryFrom node property To node
Entity age Age-Value
Entity animacy Animacy-Value
Tangible-Entity area Area-Value
Tangible-Entity breakability Breakability-Value
Tangible-Entity brightness Brightness-Value
Tangible-Entity capacity Capacity-Value
Tangible-Entity color Color-Value
Tangible-Entity consistency Consistency-Value
Tangible-Entity density Density-Value
Tangible-Entity depth Depth-Value
Event direction Direction-Value
Event distance Distance-Value
Event duration Duration-Value
Event frequency Frequency-Value
Tangible-Entity height Height-Value
Tangible-Entity integrity Integrity-Value
Tangible-Entity length Length-ValueEvent manner Manner-ValueTangible-Entity mass Mass-ValueChemical-Object pH PH-ValueChemical-Object polarity Polarity-ValueEvent rate Rate-ValueOrganism sentience Sentience-ValueOrganism sex Sex-ValueTangible-Entity shape Shape-ValueTangible-Entity size Size-ValueTangible-Entity smell Smell-ValueTangible-Entity taste Taste-ValueTangible-Entity temperature Temperature-ValueTangible-Entity texture Texture-ValueTangible-Entity thickness Thickness-ValueTangible-Entity volume Volume-ValueTangible-Entity wetness Wetness-ValueTangible-Entity width Width-Value
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Property-Group Hierarchy• Property-Group
– Constant• Age-Constant
– *old
– Property-Value• Age-Value
– Scale• Age-Scale
– *young-old-scale
– Unit of Measurement• UoM-Area
– *square-inch
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Three Kinds of Properties• Cardinal
– (:pair <number> <unit of measurement>)
– Ex: 5o Celsius
• Scalar– (:pair <constant> <class>)– Ex: a truck is wide with respect to cars
• Categorical– (<constant>)– Ex: red shirt
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Scales and Scalars
Cold to Hot scale -(:seq *cold *warm *hot)
Freezing to Boiling scale - (:seq *freezing *cold *warm *hot
*boiling)
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Representation in KM
(*yourshirt has (instance-of (Object))(color ((a Color-Value with
(value (*white)) ))
))• constants go to values, values go to properties
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(*mywater has (instance-of (Drink)) temperature ((a Temperature-Value
with (value ((:pair 20 *Celsius) (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)
))))))
Single Value with Multiple Representations
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Less than/Greater than/Same as
(*mywater has (instance-of (Drink)) temperature ((a Temperature-Value
with (value((:pair 20 *Celsius) (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)))
(less-than (the temperature of
*myhotwater)))))
12
Outline
I. Property Value BasicsII. Appearance in ShakenIII. ConstraintsIV. Increase and DecreaseV. Open Issues
13
Appearance in Shaken
• Link a concept to a property value via a property arc
• Add specific information about the property value
• Encode information comparing two property values
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Results of adding Values to a Property
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Comparison of Property Values
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Outline
I. Property Value BasicsII. Appearance in ShakenIII. ConstraintsIV. Increase and DecreaseV. Open Issues
17
Constraints
• Syntax – the value formats are legal
• Semantic – the input is meaningful and relevant
• Bounds Checking– The value is within a user defined
range
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Constraints (Context)
(Property-Value has(min-value (constraint . . .(value (constraint . . .(max-value (constraint . . .
)
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Example
(*mywater has (instance-of (Drink)) temperature ((a Temperature-Value
with (value ((:pair 20 *Celsius) (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)
))))))
20
Constraints (Syntax)(constraint ( (if (has-value (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self))) then (
(((the1 of TheValue) isa Number) and (oneof (the cardinal-unit-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the2 of TheValue)))) or ((oneof (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and ((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by (the domain of (the property-slot of Self))))) else ( (oneof (the categorical-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers TheValue)))) ))))
21
Constraints (Syntax)(constraint ( (if (has-value (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self))) then (
(((20) isa Number) and (oneof (the cardinal-unit-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the2 of TheValue)))) or ((oneof (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and ((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by (the domain of (the property-slot of Self))))) else ( (oneof (the categorical-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers TheValue)))) ))))
22
Constraints (Semantic)(temperature has (instance-of (Property))
(superslots ()) (subslots ()) (domain (Tangible-Entity)) (range (Temperature-Value)) (scale-class (Temperature-Scale))
(scalar-constant-class (Temperature-Constant)) (cardinal-unit-class (UoM-Temperature)) (inverse (temperature-of)) (fluent-status (*Inertial-Fluent)) (situation-specific (t)) (cardinality (N-to-N)))
23
Property-Group Hierarchy• Property-Group
– Constant• Temperature-Constant
– *hot
– Property-Value• Temperature-Value
– Scale• Temperature-Scale
– *hot-cold-scale
– Unit of Measurement• UoM-Temperature
– *Fahrenheit
24
Constraints (Context)
(Property-Value has(property-slot ((the range-of of
(the instance-of of Self)))) (property-of-slot ((the domain-of of
(the instance-of of Self))))(min-value (constraint . . .(value (constraint . . .(max-value (constraint . . .
)
25
Example
(*mywater has (instance-of (Drink)) temperature ((a Temperature-Value
with (value ((:pair 20 *Celsius) (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)
))))))
26
Constraints (Semantic, Cardinal)(constraint (
(if (has-value (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self))) then ( (((the1 of TheValue) isa Number) and
(oneof (the cardinal-unit-class of (the property-slot of Self))
where (It covers (the2 of TheValue)))) or ((oneof (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and ((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by (the domain of (the property-slot of Self))))) else ( (oneof (the categorical-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers TheValue)))) ))))
27
Constraints (Semantic, Cardinal)(constraint (
(if (has-value (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self))) then ( (((the1 of TheValue) isa Number) and
(oneof (the cardinal-unit-class of (temperature))
where (It covers (the2 of TheValue)))) or ((oneof (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and ((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by (the domain of (the property-slot of Self))))) else ( (oneof (the categorical-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers TheValue)))) ))))
28
Constraints (Semantic, Cardinal)(constraint (
(if (has-value (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self))) then ( (((the1 of TheValue) isa Number) and
(oneof (UoM-Temperature) where (It covers (*Celsius)))) or ((oneof (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and ((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by (the domain of (the property-slot of Self))))) else ( (oneof (the categorical-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers TheValue)))) ))))
29
Constraints (Semantic, Scalar)
((oneof
(the scalar-constant-class of
(the property-slot of Self))
where
(It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and
((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by
(the domain of (the property-slot of Self)))))
• (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)
30
Constraints (Semantic, Scalar)
((oneof
(the scalar-constant-class of
temperature)
where
(It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and
((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by
(the domain of (the property-slot of Self)))))
• (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)
31
Constraints (Semantic, Scalar)
((oneof
(Temperature-Constant)
where
(It covers *cold <*hot>)) and
((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by
(the domain of (the property-slot of Self)))))
• (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)
32
Constraints (Semantic, Scalar)((oneof
(the scalar-constant-class of
(the property-slot of Self))
where
(It covers (the1 of TheValue)))
and
((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by
(the domain of (the property-slot of Self))
)))
• (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)
33
Constraints (Semantic, Scalar)((oneof
(the scalar-constant-class of
(the property-slot of Self))
where
(It covers (the1 of TheValue)))
and
(Drink <Ice> is-subsumed-by
Tangible-Entity)
)))
• (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)
34
Example(*mywater has (instance-of (Drink))
temperature ((a Temperature-Valuewith (value
((:pair 20 *Celsius) (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)))
(min-value ((:pair –32 *Fahrenheit) (:pair *freezing Drink)))
(max-value ((:pair 173 *Kelvin) (:pair *boiling Drink)))
))))
35
Constraints (Bounding)
• Written in Lisp• Determine whether the bounding value
is a cardinal, scalar or non-existent• Returns t if bounds are respected or
value does not exist• Returns nil if bounds are compromised
36
Constraints (Bounding, Cardinals)
• Calls Novak conversion program• Compares the values (the value should
be greater than the minimum value but less than the maximum value
• Temperature values require a special function call
37
Constraints (Bounding, Scalars)
• Find a value with the same reference class
• Find the first instance of a Scale that contains the constant from the value and bounding value
• Compare the position of each constant in the scale (the value should have a higher position than the min-value but a lower position than the max-value’s constant)
38
Outline
I. Property Value BasicsII. Appearance in ShakenIII. ConstraintsIV. Increase and DecreaseV. Open Issues
39
Increase/Decrease
• Slots of an Inc/Dec action are an object and a property of that object whose value is to be Inc/Dec
• New value will be greater-than/Less-than the old value
• Unique names for particular Inc/Dec
40
Increase / DecreaseProperty (Increase/Decrease)
Age (-/Age)
Area(Contract/Expand)
Brightness(Dim/Brighten)
Length(Shorten/Lengthen)
Temperature(Cool/Heat)
Wetness(Dry/Wet)
Width(Narrow/Widen)
(every Heat has-definition
(instance-of (Increase))
(property (temperature)))
41
Increase / Decrease
(*mytea has (instance-of (Substance))
(temperature (*myteatemperature)))
(*myteatemperature has (instance-of (Temperature-Value))
(value ((:pair *cool Substance))))
42
Increase / Decrease[_Situation2] KM> (a Increase with (object (*mytea))
(property (temperature)))
(COMMENT: _Increase3 satisfies definition of Heat,)
(COMMENT: so changing _Increase3's classes from (Increase) to (Heat))
(_Increase3 #|"a Heat"|#)
[_Situation2] KM> (do-and-next (thelast Heat))
(_Situation5)
[_Situation5] KM> (the greater-than of (the temperature of *mytea))
(*myteatemperature)
43
Outline
I. Property Value BasicsII. Appearance in ShakenIII. ConstraintsIV. Increase and DecreaseV. Open Issues
44
Open Issues• Full implementation of Increase and
Decrease– Including integration with Shaken
• User-defined properties, constants, scales and actions that involve properties
• Full implementation of bounding– Back-end support
• Much stronger use of scales– Relating scales to cardinals
• (ex: *hot Drink = ? *Celsius)
– Possibility of a non-inclusive scale– Discrete scales vs. Non
45
References
• Ken Barker. Shaken Properties and Values. http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kbarker/working_notes/gpd01040201-Properties.html
• Ken Barker. An Inventory of Entity Properties. http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kbarker/working_notes/properties.html
• Guarino, Nicola and Welty, Christopher. 2001 Identity and Subsumption. LADSEB-CNR Internal Report 01/2001