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1
The P o w e rP o w e rof Positive Deviance
Solutions before our very eyes
The Premise:
In every community there are certain individuals whose uncommon practices/behaviors enable them to find better solutions to problems than their neighbors who have access to the same resources
2
Positive Deviance (PD) Approach
What enables some members of the community(the “Positive Deviants”) to find better solutionsto pervasive problems than their neighbors who
have access to the same resources?
• Identifying Solutions to Community Problems Within the Community Today
The Key Question?
3
The Positive Deviance Inquiry
The PD Inquiry is the tool that
enables the community to discover the uncommon PD
behaviors/strategies
• The community must discover what the PDs are doing that is different from their neighbors
4
PD Inquiry
Establishes community behavioral normsnorms related to the problem to beaddressed
Uncovers successful uncommonuncommon behaviors/ strategiesbehaviors/ strategies practiced by the Positive Deviants
5
Analyzing PD Findings
PDI findings are passed through a PDI findings are passed through a conceptual “accessibility sieve”conceptual “accessibility sieve”
Only those behaviors/strategies accessible to all are kept
The rest are “TBU,” True but Useless (i.e. not accessible to all) and are discarded
PD
Behavio
rs
PD
Behavio
rsst
rate
gie
stra
tegi
ess
pract
ices
pract
ices
Accessible to
Accessible to
AllAll
6
Focus on PD Focus on PD
BehaviorBehavior• We can’t (yet) clone people
• But we can adopt their successful behaviors/strategies
7
PD Focus on Practice Rather than Knowledge
“It’s easier to ACTACT your way into a new way of THINKING, than to
THINK your way into a new way of ACTING”
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PD Enables us to Act TODAY
The presence of Positive Deviants demonstrates that it is possible to find successful solutions TODAY before
all the underlying causes are addressed!
Although most problems have complex, interlinked underlying causes . . .
9
PD Inquiry PD Inquiry is an “Ends” as well as is an “Ends” as well as “Means” and “Means” and MUSTMUST be repeated in each be repeated in each
CommunityCommunity
To discover successful, replicable PD behaviors
MEANS
ENDS
To empower community to discover and “own” their own solution, based on their own resources
The Six Ds of Positive Deviance Approach
D
DD
D
D
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DDefineefine
• Define the problem, its perceived causes and related current practices (situation analysis)
• Define what a successful solution/outcome would look like (described as a behavioral or status outcome)
StakeholdersStakeholders
community
community
12
Determin
e• Determine if there are any individuals/entities in
community who ALREADY exhibit desired behavior or status (PD identification)
13
Discover
• Discover uncommon practices/behaviors enabling the PDs to outperform/find better solutions to the problem than others in their “community”
14
esign• Design and implement activities enabling
others in “community” to access and PRACTICE new behaviors (focus on “doing” rather than transfer of knowledge)
D
15
Discern• Discerns the effectiveness of activities or
project through ongoing monitoring and evaluation
community
16
Disseminate• Disseminate successful process to
appropriate “other” (scaling up)
DisseminateDisseminate
17
DDefineefine
• Define the problem:
Children from poor families are malnourished
Commercial sex workers (CSWs) are unable to get clients to use condoms
• Define successful solution/outcome (behavior or status):
Children from poor families are well nourished
Commercial sex workers are able to get clients to always use condoms
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• Determine if there are any individuals who already exhibit desired behavior (Identify PDs) :
There are some children from poor families who are well nourished
Some commercial sex workers are always able to negotiate condom use
Determine
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• Discover PDs successful practices/strategies :
PD families using active feeding and feeding children uncommon but nutritious foods, and feeding more frequently
Commercial sex workers carry their own condoms, possess special negotiating strategies, including taking onus off client and relating risk to own status
Discover
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• Design intervention enabling others to practice new behaviors :
Create a Nutrition Program to which parents of malnourished children bring daily contributions of uncommon PD foods, practice active feeding
Enlist willing commercial sex workers as peer educators, sharing and role playing successful condom use strategies with other CSWs
esignD
21
DDiscerniscern
• Discern effectiveness of intervention (M/E):
Measure change in nutritional status of children in program and spillover effect on all children in community over time
Measure CSW’s reported increase in exclusive condom use
22
DDisseminateisseminate
• Disseminate to Appropriate Others:
Create a “Living University” (Social Laboratory) where others wishing to replicate the program come for hands-on participation in successful ongoing programs
Create a “Living University” (Social Laboratory) where others wishing to replicate the program come for hands-on participation in successful ongoing programs
Positive Deviance
DDetermineetermine
DDiscoveriscover
DDesignesign
DDiscerniscernDDisseminateisseminate
DDefineefine
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ISSUE
HIV/AIDS GOOD NUTRITION STATUS ETHNIC CONFLICT TRAFFICKING OF GIRLS EXCLUSIVE BF HEALTHY PREGNANCY ACCESS GIRLS EDUCATION ERRADICATION FGC
“COMMUNITY” Brothel Clients Commercial Sex Worker Drug Users Adolescents Law Enforcement Agents Widows of AIDS victims Residents w/ high obesity Poor Villages with high
incidence of malnutrition Communities with high
incidence of conflict Communities with high
incidence of trafficking Mothers of infants <6mos. Pregnant women Husbands of Pregnant
women School age girls Girls 8-13 years old Parents/ grandparents Husbands Religious leaders
PD BEHAVIOR/STATUS Exclusive condom use Exclusive condom use Use of clean needles Exc. condom use/ Abstinence No punishment condom
poss. Able support children Well nourished/ non-obese Poor well nourished child Community w/ no conflict Families with no girls
trafficked Mothers exclusively BF Resting last mo. pregnancy Doing work for wives Girls attending school Not circumcised Against FGM Married uncircumcised
women Openly opposed to practice
Illustrative Uses Of Positive Deviance