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Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri.

Wet outdoor lab – wear closed-toed shoes

Week ofSept. 29 Oct. 3

Exam 1

Week ofOct. 6

Indoor lab – bring calculator

Week ofOct. 13

No labs – Fall Break

Week ofOct. 20

Wet, muddy outdoor lab – wear closed-toed shoes

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Outline for organisms

Introduction and review of adaptation

What do organisms need to survive and reproduce?

How do organisms cope with variability?-example of variability

in food resources

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optimal foraging theory – organisms will forage in a way that maximizes energy intake per time while minimizing risk

In lab – had to forage in way that maximized bean capture and minimized getting tagged by predator

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Central place foraging- bigger area, more food- bigger area, more travel time

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Figure 9.16

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Figure 9.17

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Figure 9.18Do starlings forage optimally?

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Risk-sensitive foraging- balancing benefit of food with

cost of predation

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Figure 9.19

Should an organism risk predation to forage in an area with a lot of food?

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1. Which of the following biomes have water deficits during the growing season?

a. tundrab. desertc. woodland/shrubland (chaparral)d. both b and c

 2. Only one of the following lists correctly ranks four terrestrial biomes from most to least productive. Which is it? a. tropical rain forest, temperate seasonal forest, savanna, tundra

b. tropical rain forest, temperate seasonal forest, tundra, savanna

c. temperate seasonal forest, tropical rain forest, tundra, savanna

d. temperate seasonal forest, tropical rain forest, savanna, tundra

e. temperate seasonal forest, savanna, tropical rain forest, tundra

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3. Of the following types of adaptations, which is/are reversible? a. developmentalb. behavioralc. physiologicald. both a and c 4. On an island off the east coast of central Africa, wind blows over the Indian Ocean from the east and then goes over a tall mountain range that runs from north to south down the length of the island. As a result,  a. tropical seasonal forests occur on the east side of the island, and

tropical rainforests occur on the west.b. tropical rainforests occur on both sides of the island.c. tropical rainforests occur on the east side of the island, and tropical seasonal forests occur on the west.d. tropical seasonal forests occur on the east side of the island, and woodland/shrublands occur on the west.

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5. Which of the following systems has the most clearly defined boundaries?  a. organismb. populationc. communityd. ecosysteme. all of the above have clearly defined boundaries 6. Which of the following phenomenon triggers an ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) event?  a. development of an unusually cold high-pressure air mass in the Antarctic region b. a volcanic eruption, which cools global climate by several degrees

Celsius c. reversal of high and low pressure areas in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean d. any of the above can trigger an ENSO event.

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7.The formulation of hypotheses represents a critical step in the scientific process. In the simplest terms, what is a hypothesis?  a. an explanationb. an experimentc. an observationd. a proven fact  8. Coral reefs can be found on the southeast coast of the United States but not at similar latitudes on the southwestern coast. Differences in which of the following most likely account for this?

a. sunlightb. salinityc. day lengthd. ocean currents

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9. Many populations of different species living in the same place make up an ecological __________. 10. The earth's atmosphere circulates in massive belts, three each in the northern and southern hemispheres. These belts account for some climate variability and are referred to as __________.

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Structure of course

Environmental variability

Organisms

Ecosystems

Populations

Species interactions

Communities

Applied Ecological Issues

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Outline for ecosystems

Introduction

How does energy move through an ecosystem?

How does matter move through an ecosystem?

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Ecosystem – communities of organisms and

the physical and chemical components of their

environment

Ecosystem approach – focus is on movement

of energy and matter through different

compartments of ecosystems

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Questions asked by ecosystem ecologists

How productive are ecosystems? What controls their productivity?

How are primary and secondary productivity related?

How are nutrients transformed and cycled in ecosystems?

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Ecosystem services / ecosystem functions

-processes carried out in ecosystems that benefit humans

- e.g., food production, nutrient regeneration, degradation of pollutants, erosion control

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Ecosystem Management

- process of sustaining ecosystems, their processes, and the services they provide for future generations

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Ecosystem Management

1. People must manage ecosystems

2. Ecosystem processes and services can be reasonably self-sustaining under some but not all management regimes.

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Figure 6.3

Biomass = stored energy

= energy lost

Gross production

Net production

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Figure 6.8

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Net photosynthetic efficiency = percentage of

energy from sunlight that is converted to net

primary production.