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CHAPTER 1 INTRO. TO A&P
Intro to A&P
• Anatomy –
• Physiology – deals with functions & how body parts operate
Levels of Organization
• Living organisms are composed of different levels of organization:• Atom- particles which make up matter• Organelle-• Cell- basic unit of structure and function• Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers or
masses that have specific functions.• Organs-• Organ systems- groups of organs that function closely
together• Organism-
Levels of Organization
Requirements of Living Organisms
1. Water2. 3. Oxygen4. 5.
Water
•Used in metabolic reactions-
•Necessary for transport•Body temperature regulation
Food
• Supplies energy• Supplies raw materials
Oxygen
• Used to release energy from food in cellular respiration
Heat (a product of metabolism)
•Determines
•Most body heat is produced by themuscular system
Pressure (an application of force)
Two types:
Atmospheric – the force exerted against a surface by the weight of the air above that surface; necessary for breathing
• Hydrostatic –
Homeostasis• Definition – maintenance of a stable, balanced
internal environment
• Use homeostatic mechanisms:• Receptors-
• Control Center- includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6°F)• Effectors-
Negative Feedback
• Most use negative feedback – changes that causes responses in the opposite direction; returns the body to normal (set point)
• Examples – blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose level
Blood Glucose Level
Homeostasis - Positive Feedback
• Definition –
• Examples – blood clotting, breastfeeding, childbirth
Anatomical Terminology
• Terms used to describe body position, body planes, etc.
Anatomical Position
When these terms are used, it is assumed the body is in Anatomical position:• Standing • Facing forward
• Palms facing forward
Relative Position – describes the location of 1 body part
w/respect to another
• Superior vs. Inferior
• Anterior vs. Posterior
• Medial vs. Lateral
• Distal vs. Proximal
More Anatomical Positions
• Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral
• Deep vs. Superficial • Peripheral
Body Sections – planes along which the body may be cut to observe
locations of organs
•
Major Body Cavities – axial portion of body – includes two:1. Dorsal – has 2 smaller cavities: a. Cranial – includes:
- Nasal - - Oral - Middle ear
- Sinuses b. Vertebral -
- includes s.c.
Major Body Cavities2. Ventral – has 2 smaller cavities:
a.Thoracic – includes: - pleural cavity –
MediastinumMediastinum – the space separating the two lungs;includes:
- pericardial cavity –
DiaphragmDiaphragm – separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities b.Abdominopelvic - includes:- abdominal cavity -- pelvic cavity -
Body Cavities
Membranes
• 2 types:1. visceral – covers an organ2. parietal –
• Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities:• Example – visceral pleura
parietal peritoneum
Characteristics of Life (traits shared by all living things)
•Movement
• Growth• Reproduction
Characteristics of Life
• Digestion
• Circulation
• Excretion
Together. these activities constitute an living thing’s metabolism (all the chemical & physical changes that occur)
Organ Systems (11 total)• Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs
(hair, nails and sweat glands). • Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp and contains sensory
receptors• Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage• Provides framework and protective shields for soft tissue.• Production of blood cells
• Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and tracheatrachea• Exchange gases between air and bloodExchange gases between air and blood
• Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive organs.organs.• Production of new organismsProduction of new organisms
• Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glandsglands• Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic functionSecrete hormones which trigger metabolic function
Organ Systems
• Muscular system- Provide forces that cause movement.
• Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord and nerves• Stimulates muscles to contract and activates glands
• Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries, capillaries and blood. • Transports products throughout body.
• Lymphatic System-Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen• Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from
digestive tract.
Organ Systems
• Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines.• Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed.
• Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra• Remove waste from blood and maintain water
balance
Review• Membranes
Review – Relative PositionsReview – Relative Positions
1. The gall bladder is _______ to the diaphragm.1. The gall bladder is _______ to the diaphragm.2. The lungs are ______ to the heart.2. The lungs are ______ to the heart.3. The esophagus is ______ to the stomach.3. The esophagus is ______ to the stomach.4. The wrist is _______ to the shoulder.4. The wrist is _______ to the shoulder.5. The uterus is ______ to the ovaries.5. The uterus is ______ to the ovaries.6. The ribs are ______ to the vertebrae.6. The ribs are ______ to the vertebrae.7. The esophagus is ________ to the trachea.7. The esophagus is ________ to the trachea.8. The elbow is _____ to the wrist.8. The elbow is _____ to the wrist.