1. Identify DOD Customer

2. Understand DOD problem

4. Talk to a Program Manager

5. Brief Tony Tether

SEEDLING Stage

3. Set Requirements

Homework(~200 k)

IdentifySolution

Benchmark

Program Stage

Technology and Application Requirements

5 Slides

Program BAAAnnouncement

Life CycleDARPA Program

Active LegworkFlexible Requirements and Agile TechnologyMake PM Successful (Us versus Tony)

Good Idea

Wrong: Great Solution Need a Problem

Right: DOD Needs RequiresInnovative Technology Breach

Bridging Technology

  

Protection of Soldiers and Vehicles•New blast and/or ballistic protection concepts that protect soldiers and/or vehicles at significantly reduced weight and cost. It is expected that significant improvements will require a paradigm shift away from the materials and designs currently used with an emphasis on developing mass efficient, multifunctional materials that exploit new mechanisms of protection.

•Biology and Biomedical•New approaches to understand and mitigate the deleterious effects of environmental stresses (stress, fear, etc.) that address both the physiological and the psychological effects of those environments.•Research to advance the understanding of neuroscience for the improvement of learning, memory, and training.•New approaches for developing a fundamental understanding of the response of the body to blast in order to improve the design of protection.

•Biological Warfare Defense•New concepts for reliable and minimally invasive pre-symptomatic diagnosis.•New ideas to revolutionize the large-scale manufacture of vaccines and therapeutics such that millions of doses can be produced within a few months of the discovery of a threat.

•Training and Simulation•New concepts for enabling a real-world simulation to enhance training and simulation, including the seamless use and manipulation of real terrain data, the handling of large numbers of entities in the same place, and interactive (not just pictorial) representations.•Quantitative, mathematical models of behavior (individual and crowds) and cultures.•Approaches to automatically generate new simulation and/or training scenarios from lessons learned.

DARPADSO Office

 Biology encompasses a vast array of interconnected phenomena spanning many decades in spatiotemporal scale.  Every biological system, whether as complicated as the human body or as simple as a virus, exists within and interacts in a complex way with a complex environment. This implies that characterization of even simple biological systems can only be accomplished through acquisition of enormous data sets, built through observations within a coordinate space of very high dimensionality.

The Fundamental Laws of Biology (FunBio) Program has assembled a well-balanced team of biologists, mathematicians, and physicists to develop a synergistic community and common language to —bring new mathematical perspectives to biology, use the stimulus of those challenges to create new mathematics that will reveal unanticipated structures in large complex systems, explain biological organization at multiple scales, and discover the fundamental laws of biology that span all biological scales.

The initial phase of the Program focuses on identifying key fundamental problems in biology and promising innovative mathematical techniques to approach these problems.  Later phases will translate this new mathematical language into testable theories of biological phenomenon with the goal of establishing fundamental, predictive laws of biology.  The Program will impact DoD and national security by developing a rational and predictive basis for doing biological research to combat bioterrorism, maintain healthy personnel, and discover new vaccines and medicines

Fundamental Laws of Biology Program Manager: Dr. Benjamin Mann

The Human-Assisted Neural Devices (HAND) Program is developing the fundamental research basis to enable the use of brain activity to provide closed loop (motor commands out, sensor feedback in) for prosthetic devices. Additional technical challenges include methods for non-invasive sensors of brain activity and approaches for inputting sensory feedback into the nervous system. This program will also include new methods, processes, and instrumentation for accessing neural codes either through peripheral nerves or non-invasively at appropriate spatiotemporal resolution. Other aspects of the program examine memory storage as a means for improving learning and training. This fundamental research effort has formed the basis for establishing a new program in Revolutionizing Prosthetics that will incorporate advanced materials, actuation, and a power concept with neural control and sensory feedback to create a dramatically improved artificial limb for military amputees.

Human-Assisted Neural DevicesProgram Manager: COL Geoffrey Ling, M.D., Ph.D.

Military operators frequently encounter complex computer-based interactive environments.  It has been demonstrated that during times of significant stress the warfighter’s ability to process information is compromised.  The AugCog Program seeks to enhance operational effectiveness by developing technologies capable of extending the information management capacity of the warfighter. This will be accomplished by developing a closed loop computational system in which the computeradapts to the state of the warfighter to significantly improve performance. Program objectives include adaptive strategies that will mitigate specific information processing bottlenecks that are roadblocks to increased performance and information flow. Strategies include—Intelligent interruption to improve limited working memory. Attention management to improve focus during complex tasks. Cued memory retrieval to improve situational awareness and context recovery. Modality switching (i.e., audio, visual) to increase information throughput. These technologies have the potential to enhance operational capability currently beyond reach (e.g., the control of multiple entities by one operator), support the reduction in the numbers of persons required to perform current functions, and improve human performance in stressful operational environments.

Improving Warfighter Information Intake Under Stress (AugCog)Program Manager: Dr. Amy Kruse

The purpose of the Intelligent Multi-modal Volume Angio Computed Tomography (IM-VAC) Program is to create a digital imaging system that is capable of performing a total body scan of a person using the multiple scanning techniques of computed tomography (CT), Positron EmissionTomography (PET), and Single Positron Emission Tomography (SPECT) on a single detector. Such a capability will be able to produce a single image that represents both anatomic (CT scan) and functional (PET and SPECT scans) information about the person in an image that will be automatically registered (data fusion) from the single detector plate. This capability will provide revolutionary new insight into the functioning of the human body as well as provide patient-specific (and soldier-specific) information in treating injury or disease. The first critical tasks of this effort are to develop the multi-modal detector capable of acquiring all three modalities and integrating the detector into a rapid scanning system to provide images in less than a minute

Intelligent Multi-modal Volume Angio Computed Tomography Program Manager: Dr. Joseph Mangano

 Sleep deprivation is a fact of modern combat. Current operations depend upon the warfighter’s ability to function for extended periods of time without adequate sleep. The widespread operational demand for optimal performance in sleep-deprivingconditions demonstrates the necessity for development of methods to safely combat sleep deprivation and to prevent the associated degradation of performance. The goal of the Preventing Sleep Deprivation Program is to define and implement approaches to prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation, and to provide methods for recovery of function with particular emphasis on cognitive and psychomotor impairments. Among the approaches currently under investigation include novel pharmaceuticals that enhance neural transmission, nutraceuticals that promote neurogenesis, cognitive training, and devices such as transcranial magnetic stimulation. The approaches discovered in this program will greatly increase our soldiers’ ability to function more safely and effectively despite the prolonged wakefulness inherent in current operations.

Preventing Sleep DeprivationProgram Manager: Dr. Amy Kruse

The goal of this program is create technologies that allow the warfighter to maintain peak physical and cognitive performance despite the harsh battlefield environment. The program currently has several areas of interest including tolerance to extreme climates (heat and cold), improved nutrients and supplements to support the physical stresses of combat, as well as broad basic science explorations into the biochemical etiology of muscle fatigue. In addition, the program will determine whether it is possible, and then beneficial, to provide highly customized vitamins based on each individual’s unique metabolism. This program, now in its last phase, has had numerous successes. In the area of thermoregulation, the investigators have developed a novel device for core body cooling/warming based on efficient heat transfer from evolutionarily conserved arterio-venous anastomoses in the palms and soles. In addition, the program has identified several candidate nutrients with important effects on mitochondrial metabolism and biogenesis. In preliminary laboratory experiments, these nutrients improve the content and efficiency of mitochondria following short term dietary supplementation. The effects of these nutrients are now being validated in randomized, double blind, controlled clinical studies. Perhaps most importantly, the program has recently identified a key biomolecule that is altered by stress, and may be causative for muscle fatigue following rigorous exercise. Overall, this program seeks to develop safe and effective methods to maintain combat performance under the stressful conditions of combat, and to enhance the basic science foundation so that additional important breakthroughs might be catalyzed once the program is complete.

Peak Soldier PerformanceProgram Manager: Dr. Brett Girior

The vision for the Restorative Injury Repair (RIR) Program is to fully restore the function of complex tissue (muscle, nerves, skin, etc.) after traumatic injury on the battlefield. These injuries include both kinetic (i.e., penetrating wounds) as well as other destructive injuries (chemical and thermal burns, musculoskeletal injuries, blast overpressure, etc.). RIR aims to replace the current concepts of “wound coverage” by fibrosis and scarring with true “wound healing” by regeneration of fully differentiated, functional tissue.The program will achieve its goals by developing a comprehensive understanding of the wound environment, including cellular elements, matrix, inflammatory mediators, growth factors, nutrients, substrate utilization, biofilms, and ultimately processes of morphogenesis leading to anatomic and functional restoration. This is an extremely aggressive, milestone-driven program, with a Phase 1 effort focused on defining the wound environment and generating a blastema in an otherwise non-regenerating animal. This will be followed by a Phase 2 effort, which will culminate in the restoration of a functional multi-tissue structure in a mammal.

Restorative Injury RepairProgram Manager: Dr. Jon Mogford

“Holistic” Application In Vivo CAD

Coupling of lumped parameter model of the entire cardiovascular system (based on the electric circuit

analogy) with a detailed model of the coronary bypass

RequirementsVirtual Human Soldier

Virtual Human Soldier Requirements:• Initial compilation of individual soldier’s biospecs.• Predictive triage assessment at site.• Electronic “Bio-” Dog Tag.• Real time analysis.• Cardio, Respitory, Cardio-Respitory Coupling, Chemical Breathing Mixing,

Bullet Wound Model• MRI Image-to-Model Compilation• Program Manager: Rick Satava (UW: Head of Surgery)• Wounded pig benchmark case.• Lifelog ties.• Lack of interest by Surgical Research Institute (DOD customer).• Little or no impact within community, no exit plan.

Review and Modify the Requirements

Wrong

RequirementsGeneral

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

Left Atrium

Pulmonary Circulation

Systemic Circulation

Baroreceptors

Airway Mechanics

Gas exchange

Heart

Blood gas handling

Blood gas handling

Blood gas handling

Blood gas handling

Chemoreceptors

Gas exchange

Additional Physiological Systems ?

Setting the Requirementsto Support Training

1. Monitoring Individual’s Physical Performance: Defining a High Performance Training Regimen.

2. Monitoring Individual under High Levels of Stress: Sleep Deprivation, food and calorie intake. Under fire, extreme fear, pain. Overcoming the “Fog of War”. Emotional quota (death in family, injury or death to friend), fanaticism and conflicting needs. Environmental conditions (high altitude, underwater, body weight, coffee). Long term affects of stress to the individual. Increasing the stress and lowering the performance due to evoked environment conditions.

3. Correcting the Performance: Self correction and dealing with extreme stress. Go/No-Go performance status of soldier-to-mission.

4. Improving the Performance: Higher levels of O2.

Reduction in injuries. Sustainability of a soldier’s performance in the field.

System Drivers: Lifetime of an aircraft carrier pilot. Advanced training regimen of boot camp. Advanced triage and at biological risk assessment training in the field.

Program Manager: Ralph Chattam

Empirical Evidence Supports Herd Dynamics, but NOT

the Sustainability and High Performance of the Individual

Performance Requirements

Right

Atrium

Right Ventri

cle

Left Ventri

cle

Left Atriu

m

Pulmonary

Circulation

Systemic

Circulation

Baroreceptors

Airway Mecha

nics

Gas exchange Heart

Blood gas handling

Blood gas handling

Blood gas handling

Blood gas handling

Chemoreceptors

Gas exchange

Performance Systems

Calorie Intake Systems

Emotional Quota

Worry

Fear Stress

EmotionalQuota

Sleep

MentalHealth

Sleep Deprivation

Grunt

Tactical Performance

TACtical Assessment Tool for Increasing Combative

Performance

Worry

Fear Stress

EmotionalQuota

Sleep

MentalHealth

Enemy

S1

S2

E I J D

C

R

α δ

2γ( )I qE lJ

N

β + +

( )p I qE lJ

N

β + +

αδ

Susceptibility

RequirementsSusceptibility of Biological Insults

RequirementsHuman-Computer Interface

• What are our strengths and weaknesses as a team in terms of future team efforts ?

• SYSTEM level drivers and planning and follow-through

• Bring in other faculty ?

• Exploiting past Program Managers (e.g.,Satava, Krishna)

Strengths and weaknesses

Action Items