1 2 HKDSE Biology curriculum framework: 3 School-Based Assessment (SBA) is a component of the HKDSE examination for. It refers to assessments administered

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HKDSE Biology curriculum framework:

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•School-Based Assessment (SBA) is a component of the HKDSE examination for. It refers to assessments administered in schools and marked by the students’ own teachers.

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•How much does SBA account for?

• (a) BiologyThe SBA mark accounts for 20% of the final subject mark20% of the final subject mark. The SBA comprises the assessment of:

Mainly practical related tasks which refer to students’ laboratory work and field work.

About SBA

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The examination and weightings

•Component of HKDSE •Outline •Weighting •Duration

•Public examination

•Paper 1 Compulsory Part •60% •2.5 hours

•Paper 2 Elective Part•20% •1 hour

•School-based assessment (SBA) •Practical related tasks

•20% •S5–S6

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Moderation

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They are made based on the structure of burdock ( 蒡 )!

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1What is biology

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2things differ from non-living things

How do living

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3 Why study Biology?

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1.1 What is biology?

Biology (生物學 ) is the study of organisms.

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• many branches:

- study of biology at molecular levelmolecular biology (分子生物學 )


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• many branches:

- study of cellscytology (細胞學 )


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• many branches:

- study of structure of organismsanatomy (解剖學 )


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• many branches:

- study of classification of organismstaxonomy (分類學 )


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• many branches:

- study of interactions between organisms and their environment

ecology (生態學 )


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Biology is .the study of organisms


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1.2 The characteristics of organisms

organismnon-living thing

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organismnon-living thing

How are organisms different from non-living things?

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1 Nutrition (營養 )

• organisms have certain characteristics:

food


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2 Respiration (呼吸作用 )


energy


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3 Movement (運動 )



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4 Growth (生長 )


size & complexity increase


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5 Irritability (感應性 )



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6 Reproduction (生殖 )


parent

offspring (後代 )


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7 Excretion (排泄 )


waste

CO2 urine

waste


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8. Evolutionary adaptation

• Species changes and become adapted to long term environmental changes

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• break down food to get energy by

Organisms can

nutrition• obtain food by

respiration

move•

grow•


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• sense the environment and respond to it ( )

• produce offspring ( )

Organisms can

irritability

reproduction

• remove waste from the body byexcretion


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• Theme 1: There is a hierarchy of biological organisation

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• From the biosphere to organisms

Figure 1.3

1 The biosphere

2 ecosystem

3 community

4 Population

5 species

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• From cells to molecules

Cell

8 Cells

6 Organs and organ systems

7 Tissues

10 Molecules

9 Organelles

50 µm

10 µm

1 µm

Atoms

Figure 1.3

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• Theme 2: Organisms interact continuously with the environment

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Human takes so much from the environment…food, water, air, raw materials, drugs, enjoyment…

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•An albatross chick with a stomach full of plastic


Human takes so much from the environment…food, water, air, raw materials,

drugs, enjoyment… but as the same time causing so much damage to it..

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• Theme 2: Organisms interact continuously with the environment – sustainable development

•Sustainable development refers to a mode of human development in which resource use aims to meet human needs while ensuring the sust___________ of natural systems and the environment, so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for fut____ generations to come.

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Theme 3: Cells are the structural and functional

units of life

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Theme 3: Cells are the structural and functional

units of life

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Theme 3: Cells are the structural and functional units of life

– A cellcell Is the basic unit of life that can perform all

functions necessary for life including:1. Regulate its internal environment

2. Take in and use energy

3. Respond to its local environment

4. Develop and maintain its complex organization

5. Divide to form new cells

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• Theme 4: Regulatory mechanisms ensure a dynamic balance in living systems

Producers and consumers

– a delicate balance

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• Theme 4: Regulatory mechanisms ensure a dynamic balance in living systems – feedback systems

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• Theme 4: Regulatory mechanisms ensure a dynamic balance in living systems

The hunter (predator) and the hunted (prey)

– a delicate balance

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• Theme 5: Living things show diversity and unity

The diversity of living things

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The unity in all living things as shown by an evolutionary tree of life


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DNA /RNA is the genetic code for ALL living things

Genetic instructions are coded in the sequences of the four building blocks making up DNA.

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– All living things on Earth share the same common genetic language

– Each species’ genetic instructions

• Are coded in the sequences of the four building blocks making up DNA’s two helically coiled chains

A

C

T

A

T

A

C

C

G

T

A

G

T

A

Figure 1.4A

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The limbs of vertebrates show similarities in the basic plan -- suggest a common origin.

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• Theme 6: Evolution accounts for life’s unity and diversity

Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life

– Charles Dar win

• Evolution: Descent with modification

• Evolution: by natural selection

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“descent with modification.”

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The concept of evolution unites all living things and suggest that all living things might have a common ancestor


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•Did human descend from apes?

• Theme 6: Evolution accounts for life’s unit and diversity – evolution try to answer BIG questions….

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• Theme 6: Evolution accounts for life’s unit and diversity – evolution try to answer BIG questions….What will happen to the human species?

?

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• Theme 6: Evolution accounts for life’s unit and diversity – evolution try to answer BIG questions….What will happen to the human species?

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• Theme 7: Beauty and wonders are abound in living systems - chameleon

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• Theme 7: Beauty and wonders are abound in living systems- bee-orchid

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• Theme 7: Beauty and wonders are abound in living systems – bee on flower

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• Theme 7: Beauty and wonders are abound in living systems – baby panda

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1.3 How do scientists study biology?

We use scientific methods (科學方

法 )!

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THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature

– ScienceScience– Is a way of knowing– Seeks scientific explanation for natural

phenomena

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1. 1. DiscoveryDiscovery ScienceScience

– In discovery science Scientists describe some aspect of the world

and use inductiveinductive reasoning to draw general conclusions

InductiveInductive: : LOGIC reaching a conclusion based on observation: generalizing to produce a universal claim or principle from observed instances

The two main approaches to learn about nature

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2. 2. Hypothesis-BasedHypothesis-Based ScienceScience

– In hypothesis-based science Scientists attempt to explain

observations by testing hypotheses

The two main approaches to learn about nature

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With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses

– Hypothesis-basedHypothesis-based science involves: Observations, questions,

hypotheses as tentative answers to questions and

DeductionsDeductions leading to predictionspredictions, and then tests of predictions to see if a hypothesis is falsifiable / can be disproved

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a tentative explanation for a phenomenona tentative explanation for a phenomenon, used as a basis for further investigation.

•The hypothesis of the big bang is one way to explain the beginning of the universe.

•Can you give more example of hypothesis…

A Hypothesis is

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Question

• What are the required features of an hypothesis?

It must be testable

It must be falsifiable

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Hypothesis-basedHypothesis-based science

I am Francesco Redi.

Let’s see how I carried out an investigation.


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1 Making observations

Flies move around fresh meat and

worms appear on meat after a few

days.



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2 Asking a question

Do the flies produce the

worms?



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My hypothesis is ‘the flies produce

the worms’.

3 Proposing a hypothesis (假說 )



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Worms will not appear if I keep the meat away from the

flies.

4 Making a prediction (預測 )



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experimental set-up

control (對照 ) set-up

5 Doing experiments

After a few days …



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experimental set-up

control (對照 ) set-up

5 Doing experiments



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6 Drawing a conclusion

The result supports my hypothesis!

I conclude that the worms are

produced by the flies.



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Controlled experiment -- one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group.

– Ideally, the experimental and control groups differ only in the one factor the experiment is designed to test.

– Without the control group, one could not rule out certain test areas as the cause of the difference.

– This experimental design should leave only one factor to account for the difference in the two groups.

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Question

• Why is it difficult to draw a conclusion from an experiment that is not controlled?

Without a control you don’t know if the experimental outcome is due to the variable you are trying to test or due to some other variables.

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Basic steps of the scientific method:

making observations

proposing a hypothesis

asking a question



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making a prediction

doing experiments

drawing a conclusion

hypothesis supported

developing a theory

hypothesis supported

new or revised hypothesis



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A hypothesis must be testable.

A hypothesis becomes credible when repeated attempts to disprove it fail.

Hypothesis ---- theory ----- law


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Some once well-known but now falsified theories:

•Lamarckism, inheritance of acquired characteristics

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The theory was that disease was caused by “miasma:” bad smells from human waste, led to massive death of the cholera epidemic of 1848-49 in London.

Miasma theory of disease

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Two kingdom (plant and animal) classification

Fungi are no longer considered as ‘plants’ as they have entirely different mode of nutrition, Fungi is now put in a separate kingdom

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Excessive acid secretion causes Gastric ulcer

•Gastric ulcer is now largely attributed to infection by of the bacteria H. pylori and is treated with antibiotics

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Science may NOT give you the truth, but is a process of getting CLOSER to truth.

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1.4 Why should we study biology?

i) Helps develop scientific thinking skills

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ii) Understand how biology is applied in daily life

organisms help make foods


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iii) Better understanding of biology-related social issues

Swine flu hits HK


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iv) Prepare for a future career


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v) Biology is related to many aspects of our daily life

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1.5 Major biological discoveries and inventions

Before the 1900s

cells were discovered

theory of evolution was proposed

pasteurization was developed

1858 18621665

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The 1900s

3-D structure of DNA was discovered

first test tube baby was born

first cloned sheep was born

1978 19961953


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The 2000s

first completely implanted artificial heart was made

Human Genome Project was completed

first Chinese genome map was created

2003 20072001


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Biology is Beautiful, Wonderful and Fun!

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1Biology is the study of organisms.

What is biology?

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Organisms need food. They are able to get energy from food, move, grow, sense the environment, reproduce and excrete waste.

How do living things differ fromnon-living things?2

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The study of biology helps us develop scientific thinking skills, better understand social issues and the applications of biology in daily life, etc.

What are the benefits of studyingbiology?3

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possess / once possessed

Biology of which knowledge is usually discovered by

scientific method

is the study of

organisms

life

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life

has the following characteristics

nutrition

respiration

movement

growth

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life

has the following characteristics

irritability reproduction excretion

Documents

1 2 HKDSE Biology curriculum framework: 3 School-Based Assessment (SBA) is a component of the HKDSE examination for. It refers to assessments administered