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igaTurk,Assoc.Prof.
[email protected]
UniversityofLjubljana,FacultyofCivilandGeodeticEngineering
IstambulTechnicalUniversity
MBAinConstructionInformaticsinConstructionManagement
CMIT558:
InformationSystemsforConstruction
Management
Themodelling
method
Themodelling
method
2
Whenwemeantobuild,
Wef
irstsurveytheplot,thendrawthemodel,
And
whenweseethefigureof
thehouse,
Then
mustweratethecostoftheerection,
Whichifwefindoutweighsability,
Wha
tdowedothenbutredrawanewthemodel
Infeweroffices,oratleastdesist
Tobuildatall?
WilliamShakespeare,
KingHenryIVPart2
CMIT558Map
CMIT558Map
s
oftware
eng
ineering
ana
lys
isan
d
des
ign
deve
lopmen
t
use
managemen
t
visions,
stra
teg
ies,
requ
iremen
ts
pro
duc
t
mo
de
lling
process
mo
de
lling
clien
t-server
tec
hno
logyW
eb
tec
hno
log
ies,
Java,
XML
thesauri
class
ifica
tion
sys
tems
cons
truc
tion
asanew
economy
ITs
tra
teg
ies
limitso
f
tec
hno
logy
compu
ter
integra
ted
cons
truc
tion
distan
ce
working
pro
duc
t
da
tabases
documen
t
managem
en
t
informa
tion
retrieva
l
mo
de
lling
me
tho
d
newwayso
f
work
ing
Learningobjective
Learningobjective
modellingisakeystepincreatingITsupportfor
modellingisakeystepincreatingITsupportfor
areal
worldproblem
arealworldproblem
requiredbyallleversofmanage
rsandsoftware
requiredbyallleversofmanage
rsandsoftware
engine
ers
engine
ers
essent
ialactivityinhumanproblemsolving
essent
ialactivityinhumanproblemsolving
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5
Contents
Contents
Definitions
Definitions
Evolutionofmodellin
ginconstruction
Evolutionofmodellin
ginconstruction
Foundationsofmode
lling
Foundationsofmode
lling
Modellingformalisms
andtools
Modellingformalisms
andtools
Modellingmethods
Modellingmethods
6
Literature
Literature
Books:
Books:
Eastman,C.M.(1999).
Eastman,C.M.(1999).Bu
ilding
Pro
duc
tMo
de
ls
Bu
ilding
Pro
duc
tMo
de
ls,CRC
,CRC
press,ISBN0
press,ISBN0--8493
8493--0259
0259--5.5.
Sowa,J.F.(2000).
Sowa,J.F.(2000).Know
ledgerepresen
tation
Know
ledgerepresen
tation,,
Brooks/Cole,ISBN0
Brooks/Cole,ISBN0--534534--94965
94965--7.7.
Sowa,J.F.(1984).
Sowa,J.F.(1984).Concep
tua
lStru
ctures:
In
forma
tion
Concep
tua
lStruc
tures:
In
forma
tion
P
rocess
ing
inMindan
dMac
hine
P
rocess
ing
inMindan
dMac
hine,
AddisonWesley,ISBN
,
AddisonWesley,ISBN
Pressman.
Pressman.
Papers
:
Papers
:
Turk,AIinEngineering.
Turk,AIinEngineering.
Definitions
Definitions
model:
model:
reproductionofsome
thing[
reproductionofsome
thing[mm--ww]]
perfect:deservingto
beimitating
perfect:deservingto
beimitating
modelling:aprocess
duringwhichmodelsare
modelling:aprocess
duringwhichmodelsare
created
created
modeller:apersonw
hoismodelling
modeller:apersonw
hoismodelling
examples:
examples:
modelrailroads,modelbuildings,finiteelements
modelrailroads,modelbuildings,finiteelements
models
models
Evolutionofmodelling
in
construction
Evolutionofmodelling
in
constr
uction
constructionisaboutbig3Dobjects
constructionisaboutbig3Dobjects
communicationisessential
communicationisessential
communicationthroughdrawing
s
communicationthroughdrawing
s
contrib
utors:
contrib
utors:
Brun
elleschi
Brun
elleschi,15thcentury,scaled
drawings
,15thcentury,scaled
drawings
Mon
ge
Monge,18thcentury,projections
,18thcentury,projections
exchangeofdrawings:vitalinfo
rmation
exchangeofdrawings:vitalinformation
techn
ology!
techn
ology!
drawin
gisalsoamodel
drawin
gisalsoamodel
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9
Drawingwithcomputers
Drawingwithcomputers
Sutherland,1963,sketchpad.
Sutherland,1963,sketchpad.
PCs,1980s,AutoCAD
PCs,1980s,AutoCAD
severalkindsofdraw
ingprograms
severalkindsofdraw
ingprograms
thedifferenceisinth
eelementsofwhicha
thedifferenceisinth
eelementsofwhicha
drawingiscomposed
drawingiscomposed
10
Kinds
ofdrawingapplications
Kinds
ofdrawingapplications
painto
rphotoprograms
painto
rphotoprograms
drawo
rillustrationprograms
drawo
rillustrationprograms
CADprograms
CADprograms
2Dd
rafting
2Dd
rafting
3Dg
eometricdesign
3Dg
eometricdesign
3Dp
rofessionaldesign
3Dp
rofessionaldesign
4Dd
esignandplanning
4Dd
esignandplanning
Paintorphotop
rograms
Paintorphotop
rograms
entityapixel
entityapixel
spaceisraster,
spaceisraster,
bitmap
bitmap
PhotoShop,
PhotoShop,
PaintShop
PaintShopProPro
Draw
orillustrationpro
grams
Draworillustrationpro
grams
entityisa2Dgeometric
entityisa2Dgeometric
elemen
t,usuallywith
element,usuallywith
severalformatting
severalformatting
attribut
es(colour,
attribut
es(colour,
thickness,pattern...)
thickness,pattern...)
spaceis2Dpaperspace
spaceis2Dpaperspace
precise,scaleddrawing
precise,scaleddrawing
notpos
sible
notpos
sible
PowerP
oint,CorelDraw,
PowerP
oint,CorelDraw,
AdobeIllustrator
AdobeIllustrator
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CAD:Specialise
dDesignand
PlanningApplications
CAD:Specialise
dDesignand
PlanningApplic
ations
3D+time=4Dentities
3D+time=4Dentities
placedin3Dspacewith
placedin3Dspacewith
constructionplanning
constructionplanning
dataincluded
dataincluded
researchworkinStanford
researchworkinStanfor
d
andStrathclyde
andStrathclyde
18
Lessonsaboutdrawing
sbythe
early1980s
Lessonsaboutdrawingsbythe
early1
980s
geome
tricinformationshouldbe
standardisedin
geome
tricinformationshouldbe
standardisedin
ordertobeexchanged
ordertobeexchanged
searchforstandardformatstoencodegeometry
searchforstandardformatstoenc
odegeometry
(DXF,IGES...)
(DXF
,IGES...)
geome
tricinformationisimportantbutnot
geome
tricinformationisimportantbutnot
enough
enough
e.g.
materialproperties,weights,Emodulus,cost,
e.g.
materialproperties,weights,Emodulus,cost,
sche
dule,supplier,
sche
dule,supplier,conreactor
conreactoretc.etc.etc.
etc.etc.etc.
hugeinterestinmodellingsince
mid1980s
hugeinterestinmodellingsince
mid1980s
Modelvs.drawingor3Dmodel
Modelvs.drawingor3Dmodel
drawingora3Dmod
elareakindofabstraction
drawingora3Dmod
elareakindofabstraction
ofreality
ofreality
drawingisspecialon
e,dealingwithshapeand
drawingisspecialone,dealingwithshapeand
looksonly
looksonly
modellingshouldbemuchmoregeneric
modellingshouldbemuchmoregeneric
SYMBOL
OBJECT
CONCEPT
B-E-A-M
Philos
ophicalfoundationsof
modelling
Philos
ophicalfoundationsof
modelling
howwe
understandthe
howwe
understandthe
worlda
roundus
worlda
roundus
themeaningtriangle
themeaningtriangle
Aristotle
Aristotle
thing
s
things
word
s
words
experiencesinthepsyche
experiencesinthepsyche
Ogden
andRichards:
OgdenandRichards:
objec
t
objec
t
symb
ol
symb
ol
concept
concept
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Meaningtriangle:
Object
Meaningtriangle:
Object
Theobjectisanyentity
Theobjectisanyentity
fromsomerealor
fromsomerealor
imaginedworldabout
imaginedworldabout
whichanideaisheld.fo
r
whichanideaisheld.fo
r
examplethebeaminthe
examplethebeaminthe
NadaWardMuseumof
NadaWardMuseumof
ModernArtinKobe
ModernArtinKobe
damagedbyan
damagedbyan
earthquake
earthquake
SYMBOL
OBJECT
CONCEPT
B-E-A-M
22
Meaningtriangle:
Symbol
Meaningtriangle:
Symbol
Thesym
bolisan
Thesym
bolisan
auditory,visual,orother
auditory,visual,orother
formof
utterancethatis
formof
utterancethatis
takentostandforthe
takentostandforthe
objectwhen
objectwhen
commu
nicatedaspartof
commu
nicatedaspartof
alangu
age
alangu
age
SYMBOL
OBJECT
CONCEPT
B-E-A-M
Meaningtriangle:
Concept
Meaningtriangle:
Concept
Theconceptistheideaor
Theconceptistheideaor
thoughtoftheobjectas
thoughtoftheobjectas
heldinthemindofa
heldinthemindofa
person,forexamplea
person,forexamplea
structuralconceptofa
structuralconceptofa
beam.asillustrated.
beam.asillustrated.
SYMBOL
OBJECT
CONCEPT
B-E-A-M
Mindandmachine
Mindandmachine
Ithasb
eensuggestedthatintelligent
systemsachieve
theirint
elligencebymanipulatingsym
bolsofrealworld
objects.
Humansdoitbymanipulating"experiencesin
thepsyche",conceptsor"mindmodels".Computers
couldm
anipulatesymbolicrepresenta
tionsofthemodels.
Therefo
re,computerscouldachievein
telligence,justas
humans
do,ifonlythemodelsandthemanipulationrules
couldbecomplexenough.humansare
intelligent,
humansare
intelligent,
because
theyandcomputershandles
ymbols.
because
theyandcomputershandles
ymbols.
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Mentalmodels
Mentalmodels
whenwethink,wecreateamodelofthemess
y
whenwethink,wecreateamodelofthemess
y
realworldsituation
realworldsituation
wemanipulatethem
odel
wemanipulatethem
odel
wesolveaproblem
wesolveaproblem
modelscanbe
modelscanbe
representedas
representedas
semantic
semantic
networks
networks
26
Semanticnetworks
Seman
ticnetworks
nodes:
concepts
nodes:
concepts
arches:
relationsbetween
arches:
relationsbetween
concepts
concepts
example:
example:
PS:sim
ilarto
PS:sim
ilarto
hyperte
xt
hyperte
xt
networks!
networks!
wa
ll
door
window
open
ing
white
has
has
is-a
n
is
streng
th
reduces
is-an
Reuseofseman
ticnetworks
Reuseofsemanticnetworks
frames[
frames[Minsky
Minsky]]
semanticnetworksarenot
semanticnetworksarenot
builtfromscratcheachtime
builtfromscratcheachtime
alibraryofsuchpartly
alibraryofsuchpartly
populatednetworksisstored
populatednetworksisstored
acloselymatchingoneis
acloselymatchingoneis
selectedandadaptedto
selectedandadaptedto
currentproblem
currentproblem
suchanemptynetworkisa
suchanemptynetworkisa
frame
frame
framesareapopularconcept
framesareapopularconcept
inknowledgerepresentation
inknowledgerepresentation
andAI
andAI
wa
ll
door
window
open
ing
white
has
has
is-an
is
s
treng
th
reduces
is-an
Movin
gsemanticnetworksintoa
computer
Movin
gsemanticnetworksintoa
computer
repetition,reuse,framesorsimilar
repetit
ion,reuse,framesorsimilar
compu
terprogramshouldbego
odathelpingin
compu
terprogramshouldbego
odathelpingin
severa
lsituations
severa
lsituations
instances
instances
1:1mappingtorealworldproblem
1:1mappingtorealworldproblem
this
wallinthisroom
this
wallinthisroom
genericconcepts
genericconcepts
one
genericconceptcorrespondstoseveralrealworld
one
genericconceptcorrespondstoseveralrealworld
item
s
item
s
wallsingeneral
wallsingeneral
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Modellifecycle
Modellifecycle
create
create
observerealworld
observerealworld
createdatabaseschema
createdatabaseschema
implementdatabaseandsoftware
implementdatabaseandsoftware
useuse
observerealworld
observerealworld
mapuniquesituation
intointodatabaseschema
mapuniquesituation
intointodatabaseschema
filldatabasewithdata
filldatabasewithdata
manipulate,analyse,
synthesisemodel
manipulate,analyse,
synthesisemodel
30
REALWORLD
Un
iverseo
fDiscourse
(scope
)
Doma
ino
finteres
t
CONCEPTUALMODEL(pro
duc
tda
ta
mo
de
l):
Forma
l,imp
lemen
tation
indepen
den
t
descrip
tiono
ftherepresen
tationo
f
the
informa
tionrequ
iremen
tsw
ithin
thescope.
IMPLEMENTATION:
De
fin
itiono
fthe
da
tas
truc
tures
(phys
ica
lmo
de
l),
an
dapp
lica
tion
func
tiona
lity,
us
ingaspec
ific
programm
ingpara
digm
for
represen
tingan
dmanagemen
t
ofda
tacon
form
ing
totheconcep
tua
l
mo
de
l.
DATABASECONTENT(pro
duc
tmo
de
l):
Spec
ificins
tanceso
fen
titieso
fthe
concep
tua
lmo
de
lrepresen
tedw
ith
da
tava
lueso
fthe
irpropert
ies.
UoD
TheWorld
SQL:
CREATE
TABLE
person
(
id
STRING
NOT
NULL,
fname
STRING,
lname
STRING,
PRIMARY
KEY
(id)
);
OOP:
class
person
{
char
*id;
char
*fname;
char
*lname;
}; O
ODBMS
RDBMS
Information
modelling
using
amodelling
langua
ge
Implem
ent-
atio
n
Popul-
ation
Usage
LifeC
ycleIllustration
LifeC
ycleIllustration
Layersofmodels
Layersofmodels
realworld
realworld
conceptualisation
conceptualisation
semanticnetworks
semanticnetworks
......
schemamodel
schemamodel
datamodel
datamodel
house
roo
f
w
indow
door
wa
ll
Modellingformalismsandtools
Modellingformalismsandtools
metho
d
method
langua
ge
langua
ge
resour
ces,references
resources,references
tools
tools
mod
ellingtool
mod
ellingtool
deve
lopment/implementation
deve
lopment/implementation
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Modellingmeth
od
Modellingmeth
od
breakintopieces
breakintopieces
reconstructthewhole
reconstructthewhole
method:
method:
howtobreakup
howtobreakup
howtoputtogether
howtoputtogether
34
Modellinglanguage
Modellinglanguage
langua
geinwhichmodelsaredescribed
langua
geinwhichmodelsaredescribed
formallanguage
formallanguage--alanguageth
athasawell
alanguageth
athasawell
definedform
definedform
providesasymbolicnotationfor
theconcepts
providesasymbolicnotationfor
theconcepts
beingmodelled
beingmodelled
compu
ter
compu
terparseable
parseable
based
onmathematicallogic
based
onmathematicallogic
textua
lofgraphical
textualofgraphical
Modellinglanguage(cont)
Modellinglanguage(cont)
differentlanguagesfordifferentmodellayers
differentlanguagesfordifferentmodellayers
differentlanguagesfordifferentkindsofmode
ls
differentlanguagesfordifferentkindsofmode
ls
modelsofproducts
modelsofproducts
modelsofprocesses
modelsofprocesses
examples:
examples:
EXPRESS,NIAM,IDEF0,XML...
EXPRESS,NIAM,IDEF0,XML...
UML,ERdiagrams
UML,ERdiagrams
Modellingresources
Modellingresources
buildin
gblocks
buildin
gblocks
relationsbetweenthem
relationsbetweenthem
both
both
theyfurtherrestricttheperspec
tiveontheworld
theyfu
rtherrestricttheperspectiveontheworld
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Resourcebuildingblocks
Resourcebuildingblocks
subatomic
subatomic
number,stringoftext...
number,stringoftext...
atomic
atomic
entity,object,attribute,type...
entity,object,attribute,type...
relations,relationtyp
es,abstractions
relations,relationtypes,abstractions
molecular
molecular
referencemodels
referencemodels
resourcemodels
resourcemodels
geometricobjects,bu
sinessobjects...
geometricobjects,bu
sinessobjects...
38
Gener
icrelations:
Abstractions
Genericrelations:
Abstra
ctions
toabstract
toabstract--totakeaway
totakeaway
specialisation:generalisation
specialisation:generalisation
AisAis--
ofof--typeB
typeB
wall
wallisis--ofof--type
typestructuralelement
structuralelement
compo
sition:decomposition
compo
sition:decomposition
Aha
s
Aha
s--partsB,C,D
partsB,C,D
wall
wallhashas--parts
partsmortar
mortar--brick
brick--insulat
ion
insulat
ion
charac
terisation
charac
terisation
Aha
s
Aha
s--characteristicsB,C,D
characteristicsB,C,D
wall
wallhashas--attribute
attributethickness,weigh
t...
thickness,weigh
t...
Highlevelresources:
referencemodels
Highlevelresources:
referencemodels
furthernarrowdown
howwemaythinkofthe
furthernarrowdown
howwemaythinkofthe
world
world
e.g.theworldismad
eoffunctionalunitswhich
e.g.theworldismad
eoffunctionalunitswhich
areimplementedwithatechnicalsolution
areimplementedwithatechnicalsolution
or:everythinghasa
form,afunction,anda
or:everythinghasaform,afunction,anda
behaviour.
behaviour.
alsocalledreference
models
alsocalledreference
models
Modellingtools
Modellingtools
compu
terprogramthatallowsformodelling
compu
terprogramthatallowsformodelling
kinds:
kinds:
conc
eptualmodelling
conc
eptualmodelling
sche
mamodelling
sche
mamodelling
diffe
renceunclear
diffe
renceunclear
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Implementation
tool
Implementation
tool
generatesdatabaseapplicationbasedon
generatesdatabasea
pplicationbasedon
schema
schema
createsSQLstatementsbasedonschema
createsSQLstatementsbasedonschema
createsfullapplicatio
n
createsfullapplicatio
n
4thGenerationLanguagesandTools
4thGenerationLanguagesandTools
42
Summ
ary
Summ
ary
todealw
ithcomplexsituations,wesimplifytheminto
todealw
ithcomplexsituations,wesimplifytheminto
models
models
models
havemanypartswhicharere
latedtoeachother
models
havemanypartswhicharere
latedtoeachother
partsshouldbeorganisedinsuchaw
ay,thatthemodel
partssh
ouldbeorganisedinsuchaw
ay,thatthemodel
canbe
observedatdifferentlevelsof
abstraction=~
canbe
observedatdifferentlevelsof
abstraction=~
simplification
simplification
kindsofabstraction:
kindsofabstraction:
typetype--
ofof
partpart--ofof
chara
cteristic
chara
cteristic
realwo
rld>model>schemamodel
>datamodel
realwo
rld>model>schemamodel
>datamodel
method
,language,resources,toolsh
elpusbutnarrow
method
,language,resources,toolshelpusbutnarrow
downthekindsofmodelswecanma
ke
downthekindsofmodelswecanma
ke
Credits
Credits
scannedsomedrawingsfrom[
scannedsomedrawingsfrom[sowa
sowa].].
