02 Mud Types,Mud Data Hydraulics

8/3/2019 02 Mud Types,Mud Data Hydraulics

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MUD SYSTEMS, MUD DATA

&HYDRAULICS


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A. Fresh Water MudsB. Inhibited MudsC. Water Base EmulsionD. Oil Base & Synthetic Muds

I- MUD SYSTEMS


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((is that mud with water as its continuous

phase.))

1- Spud mud.2- Low solids mud.

3- Lignite mud.

4- Lignite surfactant systems.

5- Lignosulfonate mud.

6- Lignite/ Lignosulfonate mud.

A- Fresh water Base Mud


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Advantages over conventional water base mud:-

1- will Telerate a higher concentration of clays beforedeveloping high viscosity,

2- less drastic effects by contaminants such as cement,anhydrite, ..

3- can be raised to a higher mud weights before developingexcessive viscosity,

4- less progressive gelling tendency.

B- Inhibited Mud (continue)


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C- Water Base Emulsion Mud

((Is that mud with oil & water being

emulsified together)).

Advantages over conventional water base mud:-1- Reduction of pipe torque & drag.

2- Increased ROP & bit life.

3- Reduction of bit balling.4- Alleviation of differential sticking.

5- Better filtration control & production zone.


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((Is that mud with oil as its continuous

phase with not more than 1 5% water)).

Advantages of oil base mud:-1- protection of production horizon,

2- drill water sensitive formations; salt, clays..

3- allowing longer bit runs than water base mud of

the same weight.4- less viscosity problems in deep hot holes.

D- Oil Base & Synthetic Mud


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Disadvantages


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Water Base Mud1- Shales.

2- Soluble Salts (cement).

3- Acid Gasses (H2S & CO2).

Oil Base Mud1- Salt water.

2- Green cement.

3- Acid Gases (H2S & CO2).

MUD CONTAMINATS


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II- MUD DATA

1- DENSITY

2- RHEOLOGY


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((Any acceptedterminology that

indicates the weight

per unit volume ofdrilling fluid))

-Pounds per gallon (ppg).

-Pounds per cubic feet

(pcf).-Gram per cubic centimeter(g/cc).

-Kilogram per liter (kg/l).

1- DENSITY


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((The laboratory measured mud parameters))

a-Funnel Viscosity (vis)

b-Plastic Viscosity (PV)

c- Yield Point (YP)

d- Gel strength

e- ph

f- Filtration

g- Alkalinityh- Chloride Content

i- Calcium

j- Retort

2- RHEOLOGY


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VISCOSITY

((Viscosity is ameasure of the

internal resistanceof a fluid to flow))

1- Funnel ViscosityApparent Viscosity (vis)

is the measured times ittakes for one quart of

mud to gravity feedthrough a hole of aspecific diameter.


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viscosity

2- Multi Speed rheometr relates viscosity to

shear rate andshear stress.

i. Newtonian fluids

ii. Non Newtonian fluids


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b-Plastic viscosity (Pv)

is that part of flow resistance in a mud caused

primarily by the friction between the suspendedparticles and by the viscosity of the continuousliquid phase. i.e. it is a representation of the

concentration, size and shape of the solidparticles.

c-Yield point (Yp)

is a measurement under flowing conditions of the

forces in the mud which cause gel structure todevelop when the mud is at rest.

2- RHEOLOGY ((continue))


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Gel strength

d-Gel strength (Gel)

is a measurement under static conditions of theforces in the mud which cause gel structure to

develop when the mud is at rest.


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e- pHis a measure of acidity or alkalinity of drilling mudas expressed in the hydrogen ion concentration .It is used as an aid in determining for type of mudtreatment and as indication of contaminants suchas cement, gypsum .

f- Filtration (Wl)

is a measurement liquid filtrate of the drilling mud.It measure the ability of the solid components to

form a thin, low permeability filter cake.

2- RHEOLOGY ((continue))


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III- HYDRAULICS

((Deals with the behavior of mud with specificRheology in moving))

a- Flow PATTERN.

b- PRESSURE DROP.

c- ECD.

d- SLIP VELOCITY

d- SURGE & SWAP.

e- BIT HYDRAULICS.


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a- Flow Pattern

((Refers to the relation between the differentlayers to each other in moving))

1- Plug flow.2- Laminar flow.

3- Turbulent flow.

This depends on the relation between the Fluid Velocity & the CriticalVelocity

i- Fluid Velocity.

ii- Critical Velocity.


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b- Pressure Drop

((Refers to the pressure required to overcomethe friction between the drilling fluid and

specific system section))

1- Drill String Pressure Drop.

2- Annulus Pressure Drop.

3- Bit Pressure Drop.


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1- Drill string pressure drop

((Refers to the pressure required to

overcome the friction between thedrilling fluid and drill pipe))


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2- Annulus Pressure Drop

((Refers to the pressure required toovercome the friction between thedrilling fluid and annulus))

ECD (Equivalent Circulating Density):-is the combined pressure being exertedhydrostatically by the mud and the mudpump when the system is circulating.

Slip Velocity:-is the rate at which cuttings fall backtoward bottom.


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((Reology in Bingham model concerned withPV & YP))

PV = C 600

C 300

YP = C 300 PV

It is more accurate in Oil Base Mud than in Water base mud.

BINGHAM PLASTIC


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It allows for more plastic or pseudo fluidbehavior.

Power law slip velocity is generally lessthan Bingham one. Calculating slipvelocity by Bingham provide adequatehole cleaning

More accurate in water base mud.

POWER LAW


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Swap pressure is a negative value

produced by pipe movement up ward. Surge pressure is a positive value

produced by pipe movement down

ward.

3- Swab & Surge Pressure


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4- Bit Hydraulics

Bit Pressure Drop.

Jet Velocity. Hydraulic Horse Power.

Impact Force

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02 Mud Types,Mud Data Hydraulics