02 Enhanced Prot

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EnhancedTransmission Line

Protection usingPMUs

Faraz Z. Khan,

Raghavendra. G, R. Nagaraja and H.P. Khincha


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Contents

Introduction

Proposed scheme

Basic architectureCase Studies

Conclusion

Power Research and Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.


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Introduction

Transmission line protection is majorly dependent on Distance

relay operation

Existing Distance relay operation is affected by various factors

such as :

Presence of Infeed

Presence of FACTS devices

Load encroachment

Fault resistance

Power swing

Parallel line operation

Mutual coupling effect



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Proposed Scheme

Proposed scheme is concentrated to control zone 2 and zone 3

operation of relay as zone 1 operation is generally instantaneous.

The scheme utilizes PMU data, double ended fault location

algorithm and communication infrastructure for its operation.

It does not modifies the existing zone settings thus in case of

communication failure, the conventional scheme will be intact.

Phasor information has to be transmitted to the PDC only upon

detection of fault in zone 1 of slave locations.

Zone 3 setting is restricted to secondary line end for simplicity.



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Basic Architecture



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Flowchart



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Flowchart (contd)



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Case Study - Infeed operation


Zone 2 reach of the Master relay is set to cover 50% impedance of

the line between buses 2-4 (i.e. 10 km from Bus 2)

A three phase to ground fault is simulated at 8 km on line 2-3 from

slave 1 location

Slave 1 relay detected fault in Zone 1

Computed fault distance = 7.98 km


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Case Study - Infeed operation


Apparent impedance seen by

Master relay

Apparent impedance seen bySlave1 relay


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Sequence of operation

1 Zone 1 of Slave 1 triggered

2 The voltage and current phasors at slave 1 and slave 2 are

communicated to PDC by the respective PMUs

3

The fault location is estimated by PDC (i.e. 7.8 km) anddecision is taken for master relay to trigger

4 The decision is communicated to the PMU at master

location

5 The signal received by PMU at master location is

transferred to the master relay for triggering zone 2 operation



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Case Study - SVC operation


Zone 2 reach of the Master relay is set to cover 50% of the line

between buses 2-3 (i.e. 55 km from Bus 2)

Zone 3 covers the entire length of the line between buses 2-3

A three phase to ground fault is simulated on line 2-3 at 90 km from

slave 1 location and 20 km from slave 2 location

Slave 2 relay detected fault in Zone 1

Computed fault distance = 90.31 km


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Case Study - SVC operation



Master relay


Proposed scheme triggers the Master relay zone 3


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Case StudyLoad encroachment



Master relay


Proposed scheme blocks the Master relay Zone 3


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Conclusion


Proposed scheme is simple and utilizes basic PMU

architecture

It can effectively solve existing issues faced by distance

relaying

It retains the existing setting of the relays thus in case of

communication failure, the conventional scheme will be

intact.

Proposed scheme also performs well for double circuitlines, mutual coupling effect and in presence of fault

resistance


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ReferencesqAlstom T&D, Network Protection and Automation Guide, 1st edition, Alstom Grid, July 2002.

q S. H. Horowitz, A. G. Phadke and J. S. Thorpe, Adaptive Transmission System Relaying, IEEE Trans.

on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, October 1988.

q Tarlochan Singh Sidhu, Rajiv K. Varma, Pradeep Kumar Gangadharan, Fadhel Abbas Albasri and German

Rosas Ortiz Performance of Distance Relays on Shunt-FACTs Compensated Transmission Lines, IEEE

Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 3, July, 2005.

q Fadhel A. Albasri, Tarlochan Singh Sidhu and Rajiv K. Varma, Performance Comparison of Distance

Protection Schemes for Shunt-FACTs Compensated Transmission Lines, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,

Vol. 22, No. 4, October, 2007.q Report of the Enquiry Committee on Grid Disturbance in Northern Region on 30th July, 2012 and in

Northern, Eastern and North-Eastern Region on 31st July, 2012.

qNERC, August 14, 2003 Blackout: NERC Actions to Prevent and Mitigate the Impacts of Future

Cascading Blackouts, February 10, 2004, North American Electric Reliability Council, Princeton, New

Jersey.

q S. H. Horowitz and A. G. Phadke, Third Zone Revisited, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, January 2006.

q Seong-Il Lim, Chen-Ching Liu, Seung-Jae Lee, Myeon-Song Choi and Seong-Jeong Rim,Blocking of

Zone 3 Relays to Prevent Cascaded Events, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 23, No. 2, May, 2008.

qAmr El-Hadidy and Christian Rehtanz, Blocking of Distance Relay Zone 3 Under Load Encroachment

Conditions: A New Approach Using Phasor Measurements Technique, Proceedings of the 14th International

Middle East Power System Conference (MEPCON), Cairo University, Egypt, December 19-21, 2010.

q MiPowerTM User Manual, www.prdcinfotech.com.



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Thank You


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02 Enhanced Prot