02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia

7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia

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UnitedNationsInternationalStrategyforDisasterReductionsecretariat(UNISDR)

AsianDisasterPreparednessCenter(ADPC)

10

NationallevelInstitutionalandPolicy

Landscape,ProjectEffortsandGood

PracticesinSoutheastAsia

Project:Enablingenvironmentforintegrating

disasterriskreduction(DRR)andclimatechange

adaptation(CCA)inSoutheastAsia

PreparedbyA.R.SubbiahandXiaoliWang,RIMES


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NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010

2

TableofContents

1. THECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK .........................................................................................................4

2. THEEXISTINGINSTITUTIONALMECHANISMANDPOLICYONDRRANDCCAATNATIONALLEVEL ..5

2.1 Cambodia .....................................................................................................................................8

2.1.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ..................................................................................8

2.1.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR ...........................................................................9

2.1.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ................................................................................11

2.1.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA .........................................................................13

2.2 Indonesia....................................................................................................................................13

2.2.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................132.2.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................14



2.3 LaoPDR ......................................................................................................................................18

2.3.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................18

2.3.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................20



2.4 Myanmar....................................................................................................................................23



2.4.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA(notavailable) .......................................................25

2.4.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA(notavailable) ................................................25

2.5 Philippines ..................................................................................................................................25





2.6 Vietnam......................................................................................................................................33



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3. REVIEWOFDRRANDCCAENVIRONMENTINSOUTHEASTASIA .....................................................38

3.1 MappingOutDRRandCCAEfforts............................................................................................38

3.2 ReviewofPoliciesandInstitutionsonDRRandCCA ................................................................39

3.3 ReviewofProjectsEffortsonDRRandCCA..............................................................................40

4. ENABLINGENVIRONMENTANALYSISINSOUTHEASTASIA ..............................................................52

4.1 TheEnablingEnvironmentinCambodia ...................................................................................53

4.2 TheEnablingEnvironmentinIndonesia ....................................................................................54

4.3 TheEnablingEnvironmentinLaoPDR ......................................................................................55

4.4 TheEnablingEnvironmentinMyanmar ....................................................................................56

4.5 TheEnablingEnvironmentinPhilippines ..................................................................................57

4.6 TheEnablingEnvironmentinVietnam ......................................................................................58

5. GOODPRACTICELINKINGDRRANDCCAATNATIONALLEVEL ........................................................59

5.1 Indonesia....................................................................................................................................59

5.2 Myanmar....................................................................................................................................62

5.3 Philippines(AngatReservoir) ....................................................................................................64

5.4 Vietnam......................................................................................................................................67

ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................69

ANNEXI ......................................................................................................................................................75

REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................................81


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1. THECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK

TheexpressionsDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)andClimateChangeAdaptation(CCA)

representpolicygoalsthataimtostimulatestructuralorbehavioralchanges,throughconcrete

investmentsthatensure/protectdevelopmentandhumanwellbeingdespitetheoccurrenceof

physicalhazardsandchangingtemperatureandrisingsealevels.DisasterRiskReductionisthe

conceptandpracticeofreducingdisasterrisksthroughsystematiceffortstoanalyzeand

managethecausalfactorsofdisasters,includingthroughreducedexposuretohazards,lessened

vulnerabilityofpeopleandproperty,wisemanagementoflandandtheenvironment,andthe

improvedpreparednessforadverseevents(TheInternationalStrategyforDisasterReduction

systemofUnitedNationsUNISDR,2009).Adaptation,meanstheadjustmentinnaturalor

humansystemsinresponsetoactualorexpectedclimaticstimuliortheireffects,which

moderatesharmorexploitsbeneficialopportunities(UnitedNationsFrameworkConventionon

ClimateChangeUNFCCC).IthasbeencommonlyperceivedthatDRRdealswithexistinghazard

riskwhileClimateChangeisconcernedmoreaboutthefuturerisk.However,all

characterizationsofriskpresumeafutureorientation.Moreover,inprinciple,DRRinstruments

alreadytakeadvantageofthebestavailableinformationincharacterizinghazardriskthese

DRRinstrumentscouldberefinedtoaccommodatenewinformationderivedfromclimate

projectionsandrelatedmodels.

BothDRRandCCAsharecommongoalsforbuildingresilience.Itisfairtosaythatadaptation

requiresarangeofstrategies,ofwhichDRRisoneofthebestdefinedandpracticedapproaches.

TheintegrationofDRRintoCCAhasalreadytakenplaceinmanyprojectsandplansfor

adaptation.WhattendstobedifferentisthatadaptationprojectswithaDRRfocustendtolook

atearlywarning,preparednessbuthavelessfamiliaritywiththeotheraspectsofDRRoutlined

intheHFA(HyogoFrameworkforAction20052015,HFA41inparticular).Ontheotherhand,

almostallDRRpracticeshavesomeadaptivevalue.Andviceversa,namely,almostallCCA

projects/programmeshaveriskreductionvalue.

Inmanyways,wemaysaythatDRRandCCAareonlydifferentbecauseofthedifferentpolitical

historythatshapedcurrentinstitutionalstructures.Inmostcountries,DRRistheconcernof

NationalDisasterManagementOffices,whileCCAiswiththeDepartmentsorMinistriesof

Environment.Interactionsbetweenthesetwoareusuallyadhoc,forexamplemeetingsfor

reportpreparation.Therearestillverylimitedeffortstosustainandinstitutionalizethese

interactions.Thereallimitationtoadaptationisthepoliticaldimensionassociatedwithissuesof

compensationforcingpolicymakerstoisolateclimaterisksattributabletoanthropogeniccauses

fromnaturalclimatevariability.Astheisolationofcausesduetoanthropogenicandnatural

1TheFrameworksetsoutfiveprioritiesforaction.Thefourthpriorityaimstoreducetheunderlyingriskfactors,in

suchareasasnaturalresourcemanagement,socioeconomicdevelopment,physicalplanningandconstruction.


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climatevariabilityentailhugescientificlimitations,integrationofadaptationandDRRisbeing

madedifficult.

TheoverwhelmingviewoftheGlobalPlatformisthaturgentactionisrequiredtoharmonize

andlinktheframeworksandpoliciesfordisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptation,

andtodosowithinthebroadercontextofpovertyreductionandsustainabledevelopment.Apriorityistoincorporatebothdisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptationascore

policyandprogrammaticobjectivesinnationaldevelopmentplansandsupportingpoverty

reductionstrategiesandcountryassistanceplans(SecondsessionoftheGlobalPlatformforDRR,

20091).Achievementsinthedisasterriskreductiondomainhavebeenhighlyaddressedinthe

BaliActionPlan2(2007)asstrategiesandmeanstoenhanceactiononadaptationinacoherent

andintegratedmanner.

RiskreductionisacommonconverginggoalforCCAandDRR.BothCCAandDRRhavean

objectiveofreducingfactorsthatcontributetoclimaterelatedrisk.Bothapproachesenvisage

proactiveanticipatoryactionstoreduceclimateriskofdifferenttimescales.Thenotionofnon

stationarityofclimaterisksduetoclimatechangecouldentaildisasterriskmanagementtodeal

withuncertaintyandnewpatternofrisks.Disasterriskmanagementhasahistoryofevolving,

adaptingandapplyingnewtoolsandpracticestodealwithnewinformationandemergingsocial

andeconomicdemands.IPCCFourthAssessmentReportemphasizestheimportanceofiterative

riskmanagementapproach.

Respondingtoclimatechangeinvolvesaniterativeriskmanagementprocessthatincludes

bothadaptationandmitigation,andtakesintoaccountclimatechangedamages,co

benefits,sustainability,equityandattitudestorisk.(IPCC,2007).

DRRandCCAwillincreasinglyadaptiterativeriskmanagementstrategiesasandwhennew

informationisavailableforallemergingclimateriskpatterns.

2. THEEXISTINGINSTITUTIONALMECHANISMANDPOLICYONDRRANDCCA

ATNATIONALLEVEL

DRRINSOUTHEASTASIAAccordingtotheSecondSessionGlobalPlatformforDisasterRiskReduction

3,riskprone

countriesarenowgivinghighprioritytodisasterriskreductionandwishtomoveaheadquickly

inthedesignandadoptionofpoliciesandstrategiestoaddresstheirrisks.Avarietyof

nationalandregionalplatformsandorganizationsarebeingrapidlydevelopedorstrengthened

toguideandcoordinatethisaction.Thereisapressingneedtobuildinstitutions,including

legalframeworks,tosustaindisasterriskreductionactionasanongoingconcern,andseveral


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countriesstressedtheneedfortechnicalassistance,tohelpgrowtheircapacities.The

developmentofplatformsfordisasterriskreductionatbothnationalandsubnationallevels

needstobeacceleratedinordertocreateanenablingenvironment,andtoinclusivelyengage

variedgovernmentandcivilsocietyinterestsandaddresscrosscuttingissues.

TheinstitutionalmechanismandpoliciesonDisasterRiskReductionintheSoutheastAsiavaries

fromcountrytocountryduetotheirdiversityingeophysical,hydrometeorological,political,

economical,andculturalaspects,yetfacingcommonchallengestoenableenvironmentfor

integratingDRRintoCCAatnationallevel.

CCAINSOUTHEASTASIA

Asshowninthefigure21,adaptivecapacitiesvaryamongcountries,usingtheequationformas

follows:AdaptiveCapacity=f(socioeconomicfactors,technology,infrastructure)2

.Limiting

factorsincludepoorresourceandinfrastructurebases,povertyanddisparitiesinincome,weak

institutions,andlimitedtechnology.ThechallengeinAsialiesinidentifyingopportunitiesto

facilitatesustainabledevelopmentwithstrategiesthatmakeclimatesensitivesectorsresilient

toclimatevariability(UNFCCC,2007)4.IntheGlobalAssessmentReportonDisasterRisk

Reduction,fivegroupsofcountrieswereidentifiedthatsharecommoncharacteristicsinterms

oftheirvulnerabilityandresiliencetodisasterlossandtheirdevelopmentlimitations,

particularlytheircapacitytobenefitfrominternationaltrade.Thehigherthevulnerabilityofa

grouptonaturalhazardrisks,thehigherthenumberofdevelopingcountriesinitthatsuffer

extremetradelimitations.

Priorto2003therewaslittleconsiderationofclimatechangegiveninpolicyformulationand

mostnationalplanninganddevelopmentprogramsarenotableintheirlackofreferenceto

climatechange.Asof2004/2005,theLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)weregivencapacity

buildingsupportthroughtheUNDP/GEFfacility,whichfundedaseriesofNationalAdaptation

ProgrammesofAction(NAPA).5NAPAprovideaprocessforLDCstoidentifypriorityactivities

thatrespondtotheirurgentandimmediateneedstoadapttoclimatechangethoseforwhich

furtherdelaywouldincreasevulnerabilityand/orcostsatalaterstage.Themaincontentof

NAPAsisalistofrankedpriorityadaptationactivitiesandprojects,aswellasshortprofilesof

eachactivityorproject,designedtofacilitatethedevelopmentofproposalsforimplementation

oftheNAPA.TofacilitateaccesstoprojectdetailsfromtheNAPAs,thesecretariathas

developedaNAPAProjectDatabase6.

Fornow,allcountriesofSoutheastAsiahaveratifiedtheUNFCCCandbecomePartiestothe

Conventionduringthepastdecade.Thesecountrieshavealsoofficiallycommittedthemselves

totheKyotoProtocolsince2000.Thesedevelopmentshavespurredthemomentumfor

initiatingtechnicalstudiesonclimatechange,vulnerabilityandadaptationinpreparationof

NationalCommunications(NCs)andNAPAsthatarerequiredofPartiesoftheConvention7.

Thailand,Indonesia,VietnamandthePhilippineshavesubmittedtheirFirstNCs,presenting

plansandoptionsformitigatingGreenHouseGas(GHG)emissions,withrelativelylessattention


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toadaptationmeasures.LaoPDRandCambodia,asLDCsintheregion,havealsocompleted

theirrespectiveNAPAs(ISETN,20088).Althoughthosecountriesarechallengedwithalackof

humanresources,alingeringtopdownapproachinthegovernmentandweakunderstandingof

boththetechnicalandadaptationaspectsofclimatechange,still,significantadaptivecapacity

couldbebuiltsimplythroughimplementationoftheDRRrelatedmeasuresalreadyidentifiedas

urgentneedsinthecurrentNAPAs.

Figure21:AdaptivecapacitymapofSoutheastAsiain2005(Source:EEPSEA,20099)

Figure22:MapofthemostvulnerableareasinSoutheastAsia(countrystandard,ibid10

)


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2.1Cambodia

2.1.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR

TheStrategicNationalActionPlanforDisasterRiskReductioninCambodia20082013

(SNAPDRR)waslaunchedinMarch2009,preparedbytheNationalCommitteeforDisaster

Management(NCDM)andMinistryofPlanning(MoP).ItmarksamilestoneforDisasterRisk

ManagementintheRoyalGovernmentofCambodia(RGoC),toserveastheroadmapfor

developmentandstrengtheningofinstitutions,operationalmechanismsandcapacitiesof

disastermanagementcommitteesatalllevels.TheSNAPDRRidentifiessixkeyDRR

componentsandoutlinesDRRprioritiesinfourlevelscritical,first,secondandthirdlevel.It

isthecriticalprioritytoensurethatDRRformsanintegralpartofthegovernments

developmentagenda.

TheNCDMwasestablishedastheleadingcoordinatingagencyin1995bySubdecree

35ANKRBKsignedandchairedbythePrimeMinister.TheNCDMisresponsiblefor

managingdisasterriskdataandprovidingreportingondisaster,securingresourcesfor

emergencyresponses,DisasterRiskManagement(DRM)capacitybuildingandhuman

resourcedevelopmentinDRM,aswellasdisastercoordination,responseandrecovery.At

nationallevel,22governmentministriesandagenciesarethemembersofNCDM,knownas

theDisasterManagementWorkingGroup(DMWG),suchasMinistryofNationalDefence,

MinistryofEconomyandFinance,MinistryofWaterResourcesandMeteorology,Ministry

ofAgricultural,ForestandFisheries,MinistryofHealth,MinistryofRuralDevelopmentand

soon.AndNCDMisreplicatedatloweradministrativelevels,whicharechairedrespectively

byprovincial/municipalgovernorsandthecommitteemembersfromlinegovernment

departmentsandagencies.Pleaseseetheflowchart211.

ThemissionoftheNCDMistoleadthedisastermanagementinCambodia.Majorfunctions

andresponsibilitiesinclude:1)TocoordinatewiththeMinistriesoftheRoyalGovernment,

UNagencies,IOs,NGOs,InternationalCommunities,NationalAssociations,andLocal

DonorsinordertoappealforaidforEmergencyResponseandRehabilitation;2)Tomake

recommendationstotheRoyalGovernmentandissueprinciples,mainpoliciesandwarnings

onDisasterPreparednessandManagementcumthemeasuresforEmergencyResponseand

interventionsinevacuatingpeopletohaven;3)TodisseminateDisasterManagementwork

toCommunitiesandstrengthenthelinefromtheNationallevel(Ministries/Institutionsconcerned)totheprovincial/Municipal/District/Precinctlevelalongwithhumanresource

developmentaimingtomanageDisasterworksfirmlyandeffectively;4)Toputforwarda

proposaltotheRoyalGovernmentonreserves,funds,fuel,meansofworking,equipment

andhumanresourcesforDisasterPreventionandinterventioninEmergencyResponseand

Rehabilitationbefore,during,andafterdisaster.


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TheDisasterManagementWorkingGroup(DMWG)isleadbytheNCDM,incooperation

withCambodianRedCross(CRC),InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescent

Societies(IFRC),andUnitedNationDisasterManagementTeam(UNDMT).TheDMWG

operatesinfivesubgroups,theEmergencyReliefAssistanceSubgroupleadbyNCDMand

CRCwithsupportofIFRC;theFoodSecuritySubgroupleadbytheMinistryofAgriculture,

ForestryandFisherywithsupportofWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)andFoodand

AgricultureOrganization(FAO);theHealthSubgroupleadbytheMinistryofHealthwith

supportofWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)andTheUnitedNationsChildrensFund

(UNICEF);theSmallscaleInfrastructure,WaterandSanitationSubgroupleanbythe

MinistryofRuralDevelopmentwithsupportofWHO,UNICEFandWFP,andthe

PreparednessandMitigationSubgroupleadbytheMinistryofPublicworkandTransport

andMinistryofWaterResourcesandMeteorologywithsupportofpartners.Aspointedin

theNationalProgressReportontheImplementationoftheHyogoFrameworkforAction

(NPR20072009)11

,itisagreatinitiativeofestablishmentofthemultisectoralworking

groups.Itisalsoagoodopportunitytomobilizethejointeffortsfromdifferentactors.

However,therearesomecriticalchallengesoftheworkinggroupsarenotwellfunctioning,

duetolackofmanagementmechanismandappropriateplanningandresources.

2.1.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR

Nationalpolicyandlegalframeworkondisastermanagementhelpstoensuresubstantial

andcomprehensiveachievementsofthedisasterriskreductioninthecountry.SinceNCDM

establishedin1995,NCDMhasbeingcollaboratingwithlocal,internationalandregional

partneragenciestoimplementthedisasterriskreductionmeasuresatalllevels,especially,

atcommunitylevels.

In2005,NCDMissuedthePolicyDocumentCambodia:NationalReportinPreparationfor

WorldConferenceonDisasterReduction(WCDR)2005,whichprovidedacomprehensive

approachtodisastermanagementthatconsiderstheentirerangeofpossibledisastersthat

couldoccur,aswellasoutliningtheresponserequiredinanygivenemergencysituation.

Alongwiththeestablishmentoffacilities,themobilizationoftechnicalresources,aswellas

thecapacitybuildingmechanism,thisdocumentservesasafoundationfromwhichtobuild

anefficientandeffectiveprocessfordisastermanagement.

AsabroadframeworkforprovidingtheroadmapandguidelinesforCambodiafrom2006to

2010,theNationalStrategicDevelopmentPlan20062010(NSDP)wasapprovedin2006.It

hasbeenframedastheimplementationoftheRectangularandthesynthesesofvarious

policydocuments,suchasCambodiaMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(CMDG),National

PovertyReductionStrategy(NPRS),andNationalPopulationPolicy(NPP).NSDPprovides

theframeworkforgrowth,employment,equity,andefficiencytoreachCMDGsandwell

focusedanddirectedfutureequitabledevelopment,propoorandprorural.


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Since2001,NCDMdevelopedadraftNationalEmergencyManagementPolicy(NEMP).

However,duetotheinsufficientsupport,thedrafthasnotbeenfinalized.Currently,NCDM

isdevelopingaNationalDisasterManagementBill(NDMB)withactivelyparticipationfrom

itslineministrymembers.AccordingtotheNPR20072009,theformalizationofNEMP

andNDMBarethefundamentalstepstowardsstrengtheningthedisastermanagement

processthroughoutthecountry.Thedocumentsprovideacomprehensiveapproachto

disastermanagementthatconsiderstheentirerangeofpossibledisastersthatcouldoccur,

aswellasoutliningthenationaldisastermanagementframeworkrequiredbefore,during

andafteremergencysituation.AstheNCDMbecomesoperationalatalllevelsofCambodian

society,inthisrespect,thedocumentswillserveasafoundationfromwhichtobuildan

efficientandeffectiveprocessfordisastermanagement.

Figure211:InstitutionalMechanismonDRRinCambodia


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2.1.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA

In2004theRGoCadoptedtheRectangularStrategyforGrowth,Employment,Equityand

Efficiencyastheframeworkforthecountry'ssocioeconomicdevelopment(RGoC,200412

).

TheNationalStrategicDevelopmentPlan(NSDP)wasapprovedin2006andhasbeen

framedastheimplementationoftheRectangularStrategy,linkingthevisionintheRectangularStrategytoconcretegoals,targetsandstrategies(RGoC,2006b

13).

InOctober2006theRGoCestablishedtheNationalClimateChangeCommittee(NCCC)

undertheMinistryofEnvironment(MoE).TheNCCCisaseniorpolicymakingbody

operatingasaninterministerialmechanismwiththemandatetoprepare,coordinateand

monitortheimplementationofpolicies,strategies,legalinstruments,plansand

programmesoftheRGoCtoaddressclimatechange.TheNCCCiscrosssectoralandis

composedofSecretariesandUnderSecretariesofStatefrom19Ministriesandgovernment

agencieswhosemandatesarerelevanttoclimatechangeadaptationormitigationactivities.

TheNCCCmeetsatleasttwiceyearlyandmoreoftenifneeded.Itissupportedbythe

CambodianClimateChangeOffice(CCCO),whichwasestablishedin2003withinthe

DepartmentofPlanningandLegalAffairsoftheMoE.TheCCCOhasthebroadmandateof

carryingoutalltechnicalactivitiesrelatedtotheimplementationoftheUNFCCC,andall

otherassignedclimatechangerelatedtasks.(ACIAR,2009).Pleaseseefigure212andtable

213formoredetails.

Figure212:Cambodiainstitutionalarrangementsforclimatechange (source:MRC,

2009a14

)


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Table213:InstitutionsRelevantforClimateChange (Source:MFAD,200815

)

Institution Type Relevant Objective Remarks

Ministry ofEnvironment

GovernmentMinistry

Mandate over environmental issues,including conservation/protected areas,

environmental quality/environmental impactassessment, and rational use andmanagement of natural resources.

Focal Point for ClimateChange and Biodiversity

Conventions, and GEF.

CambodianClimate ChangeOffice

MinistryOffice

Carries out all technical activities related tothe implementation of the ClimateConvention. Facilitates and coordinatesdonor funded and private sector activities

relevant to climate change with othergovernment agencies. Supports andorganizes inter-ministerial technical workinggroups specialized in sectors (energy andforestry), and along climate change themes(GHG inventory, mitigation, vulnerability andadaptation)

Part of Ministry ofEnvironment. Department ofPlanning and Legal Affairs.Secretariat of the DNA for

CDM, and of the UNFCCCfocal point.

NationalCommittee on

Climate Change

Inter-ministerial

Committee

Prepares, coordinates and monitorsimplementation of policies, strategies, legal

instruments, plans and programmes toaddress climate change.

Composed of Secretaries andUnder-Secretaries of State

from 19 Ministries andgovernment agencies. Meetingat least twice yearly.

Ministry ofAgricultural,Forestry andFisheries

GovernmentMinistry

Mandate over agriculture, including forestryand fisheries.

Focal point of the UnitedNations Convention to CombatDesertification (UNCCD)

ForestAdministration

GovernmentDepartment

Responsibilities include forest and wildlifeinventory; protection and management offorest resource, and wildlife conservation.

Formerly known asDepartment of Forestry andWildlife. Part of MAFF.

CambodianAgriculturalResearch andDevelopmentInstitute

GovernmentResearchInstitute

Research body for sustainable agriculturaland economic development, with primaryaim of food security through increased riceproduction.

NationalCommittee on

DisasterManagement

Inter-ministerial

Committee

Provides emergency relief and developspreventive measures to reduce loss of life

and property from natural and humaninduced disasters.

Composed of members ofrelevant ministries and Armed

Forces.

Ministry ofIndustry, Minesand Energy

GovernmentMinistry

Develops and manages energy policy,strategy and planning, including renewableenergy.

Ministry of Water

Resources andMeteorology

Government

Ministry

Responsibilities include development and

implementation of water resource strategy,determination of water potential, collectionand management of meteorological data.

WMO focal point.

Ministry of PublicWorks andTransport

GovernmentMinistry

Manages execution of national policy onpublic works, including roads, bridges, ports,railways, waterways and buildings.

Ministry of Healthand NationalMalaria Centre

GovernmentMinistry

Mandate over public health. Ultimateobjective to eliminate vector borne disease.

Council for thedevelopment ofCambodia

GovernmentAgency

One-stop service for rehabilitation,development, and investment activities.Facilitates and coordinates government-donor relations.


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2.1.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA

Sofarnocomprehensivenationalplanorstrategyonclimatechangehasbeendrawnup.To

date,theonlyexplicitactivityundertakenbytheRGoCinrelationtoclimateadaptationwas

theUNDP/GEFfacilitatedNationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange

(NAPA)planningandreportingprocess.TheNAPAreportforCambodiawaspreparedin2006(RGoC,2006a).Itproposesatotalof39'noregret'adaptationprojects.

ThemaingoaloftheCambodianNAPAistoprovideaframeworktoguidethecoordination

andimplementationofadaptationinitiativesthroughaparticipatoryapproach,andtobuild

synergieswithotherrelevantenvironmentalanddevelopmentprogrammes(MoE,RGoC,

200616

).Atthisstage,RGoCisworkingonthemobilizationofresources,theestablishment

ofamechanismforinterministerialcooperation,coordinationandmonitoringforthe

implementationofthisProgramme,aswellasraisingawarenessonclimatechangeissues.It

isprerequisitetoensuretheinvolvementofallkeystakeholders,includingvulnerable

groups,communecouncils,concernedGovernmentministriesandagencies,NGOs,and

donoragencies.

2.2Indonesia


Afterthe2004IndianOceanTsunami,IndonesiaenactedanewLawonDisaster

Management(LawNo.24/2007).TheLawNo.24/2007providedbasicrulesrelatedtoright

andobligationofstakeholdersondisastermanagement.Itpromotedtheestablishmentof

theNationalDisasterManagementAgency(BNPB)wherepreviouslyonlyanadhocinter

ministerialcouncilexisted.BNPBisempoweredwithastrongmandatetocoordinateline

ministriesontheentirecycleofdisastermanagementfrompretopostdisasterstages.

Whilethelawclearlymandatedthecreationofdisastermanagementagenciesatthe

provincial(mandatory)anddistrict(dependingonneedsandcapacity)levels,todate,only6

ofthe33provincesand6ofthemorethan450districtsandmunicipalitieshaveactually

establishedthelocaldisastermanagementagency(BDPB).Theorganizationalstructureof

BNPBisshowninthefigure222.

TheheadoftheBNPBisthedisastermanagementofficer(DMO)inchargeofalldisasterrelatedpoliciesanddecisionmakingatnationallevel.Intheprovincesanddistricts,BNPBis

representedbyatechnicaloperationsunit.TheBDPBwillbeestablishedandhandledbythe

localauthority(PEMDA).TheDMOsattheprovincialanddistrictlevelsarefollowing

instructionsbytheBDPBincooperationandcoordinationwithPEMDA.


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WithinBNPB,nationaldisastermanagementstakeholdersaredividedintofour

departmentaldeputies:a)preventionandpreparednessb)emergencymanagementc)

rehabilitationandreconstructiond)logisticsandequipment.Underthesupervisionofthe

deputyfordisasterpreventionandpreparedness,earlywarningstakeholdersarelinkedto

thedirectoratesofa)disasterriskreductionb)communitydevelopmentc)preparedness.

TheMeteorologyandGeophysicalAgency(BMG)anditsNationalTsunamiWarningCenter

(operatedbyBMG)arelinkedtotheBNPBdirectorateofpreparedness(Figure221).In

emergencies,thedirectorofemergencyresponsecoordinatesbetweenBMG,BNPBandthe

crisisoperationcentersatprovincialandlocallevel.(BGR,200917

)

AtthisstageinIndonesia,thepolicy,legalorregulatoryframeworkisnotfullyinplacethat

makesdisasterriskreductionanormalpartofthedecentralized,localleveldevelopment

process.In2009,IndonesianNationalPlatformforDisasterRiskReduction(NPDRR)was

establishedtosupportandfacilitatecooperationamongstakeholderondisasterrisk

reductioninIndonesia,whichwasbasedoninitialgeneralmeetingandacknowledgedby

theBNPB.TheelementsofNPDRRconsistofUniversity,massmedia,privatesector,NGOs,

Government,IndonesianRedCross,professionalinstitution,andotherorganizationsor

communityforums.Pleaseseethefigure221fortheinstitutionalmechanismofNPDRR.

ThemaingoaloftheNPDRRistoaccommodateallstakeholdersinrelationwithdisaster,

andalsosynchronizingvariousDRRpolicy,programandactivityatnationallevel,inorderto

achieveIndonesianDRRgoalsandnationalresiliencetowarddisaster,aswellastosupport

IndonesiainrealizingitscommitmenttoimplementHyogoActionPlan.TheMajormissionsofNPDRRinclude:1)ToraiseawarenessaboutDRR;2)Toincreaseknowledgeandskillon

DRR;3)Toencourageparticipation(encourage/motivatepeopletoparticipate)on

DRRmatter;4)ToensuresmartresourcesonDRRactivity;5)TobuildnetworkingforDRR.


InthefirstNationalActionPlanforDisasterRiskReduction(NAPDRR)coveringtheperiodof

20062009,Indonesiaplacedparticularemphasisontheestablishmentofproperlegal,

institutionalandresourceframeworksaspartofbuildingthenationaldisastermanagement

system.IntheNationalprogressreportontheimplementationoftheHyogoFramework

forAction(20072009)18

,thestrategicgoalwaspointedthattointegratemoredisasterrisk

considerationsintosustainabledevelopmentpolicies,planningandprogrammingatall

levels(BNPB,200919

).EffortsforintegratingDRRintotheNationalDevelopmentPlanwere

alsoremarkedbythechiefofBNBPattheGlobalPlatformforDisasterRiskReductionin

2009.

Atpresent,acomprehensivelegislativeframeworkhasbeenputinplace,but

implementationremainsamajorchallenge.In2007,IndonesiaenactedanewLawon

DisasterManagement(Law24/2007)thatoutlinestheprinciples,divisionoflabor,

organizationandimplementationofthenationaldisastermanagementsystem,including


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theroleofinternationalorganizations.Thislawhascarriedoutthenewperspectiveon

disastermanagement:havinginserteddisastermanagementnotonlyinanemergency

responsecontext,butalsoaspredisasterandpostdisaster.TheLaw24/2007isfollowedby

itsancillaryregulations,includingGovernmentRegulation(GR)No.21/2008onDM

Operations,GRNo.22/2008onFunding&ManagementofDisasterAssistance,GR

No.23/2008onParticipationofInternationalInstitutionsandForeignNonGovernment

InstitutioninDM,andthePresidentialRegulationNo.8/2008onNDMA(BNPB).

TheLawhasbeenfurtherelaboratedbytheissuanceofthreekeyGovernmentRegulations,

onePresidentialRegulationandnumerousimplementingguidelines.Whiletheissuanceof

thelegalframeworkisanimportantfirststep,moreworkneedstobecarriedouttoensure

thattheregulationsaredisseminatedandimplementedbytherespectiveinstitutionsand

observedbythepublic.

Figure221:NationalPlatformonDRRinIndonesia


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Figure222:BNPBOrganizationalStructure2008(Source:BGR,2009)


Indonesiademonstrateditsstrongcommitmenttocontributetheglobaleffortsinclimate

changebysigningtheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeinJune1992,andratifying

itinAugust1994.SincethedocumentsubmittedtotheSecretaryGeneralofU.N.,Indonesia

hasbeenlegallyincludedasaPartyoftheConference.Inordertoproperlyaddressclimate

changeissues,StateMinistryofEnvironmentestablishedtheNationalCommitteeon

ClimateChange(NCCC).Membersofthecommitteeincluderepresentativefromsectoral

departmentsrelatedtoenvironment.Mostrecently,IndonesiahasalsosignedtheKyoto

Protocol.Inthelongterm,Indonesia'spriorityinternationallyreflectsitsdomesticpriorities:

adaptation,researchanddevelopment,andmitigation.

TheAuthorityofIndonesianNationalCommitteeontheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM),establishedtroughMinistryofEnvironment(MoE)decreeNo.206/2005.The

functionsofDesignatedNationalAuthority(DNA)divideintomandatoryfunctionandnon

mandatorypromotionalfunction.Themandatoryfunctionisimportantfor,approving

proposedCDMprojectsbasedonthenationalsustainabledevelopmentcriteria,aswellas

trackingtheprogressofProjectDesignDocument(PDD)onCDMExecutiveBoard.Asfor

thenonmandatoryaspects,DNAmainlyfunctionsas,1)facilitatingcommunicationamong


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investorsandtheproponentandotherrelatedparties;2)facilitatingcapacitybuildingin

proposingandimplementingCDMprojects;3)providinginformationtosupportCarbonand

EnvironmentalResearch(CERs)marketingand/orCERspotential.

PermanentmembersofCommitteeundertakedifferentareasofresponsibilitiesonCDM,

whichcover,1)Environmentalsustainability:environmentalsustainabilitythroughconservationordiversificationofnaturalresources,localcommunityhealthandsafety;2)

Economicsustainability:incomegeneration,localcommunitywelfare,investmentflow;3)

Socialsustainability:localcommunityparticipation,nonegativeimpactoncommunitys

socialintegrity,improvementofsocialfacility;4)Technicalsustainability:transferof

technology,improvingindigenous/existingtechnology,transferofknowledge,butnotused

onexperimentaltechnology.(MoE,Indonesia,200520

)

Nowadays,IndonesiahasanumberofpromisingpotentialCDMprojects,whichhas

attractedAnnex1countries2tobecometheHostCountryforCDM.Theimplementationof

CDMhasbeenstrengthenedbytheestablishmentofKNMPB(IndonesianDNA),andrecentlybeenacceleratedastheincreasingenthusiasmsfromlocalbusinessplayeraswell

asotherstakeholdersinCDM.

Figure223:OrganizationStructureandSupportingElementsofDNAonCDMinIndonesia(KNMPB)

2PartiestoUNFCCCareclassifiedas:AnnexIcountriesindustrializedcountriesandeconomiesintransition

AnnexIIcountriesdevelopedcountrieswhichpayforcostsofdevelopingcountriesDevelopingcountries.

AnnexIcountrieswhichhaveratifiedtheProtocolhavecommittedtoreducetheiremissionlevelsofgreenhouse

gassestotargetsthataremainlysetbelowtheir1990levels.Theymaydothisbyallocatingreducedannual

allowancestothemajoroperatorswithintheirborders.Theseoperatorscanonlyexceedtheirallocationsifthey

buyemissionallowances,oroffsettheirexcessesthroughamechanismthatisagreedbyallthepartiestoUNFCCC.


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Indonesiaadoptsinternationallawasanationallawtobedetailedintheframeworkof

regulationandinstitutions.Themainobjectivesofnationalpolicyonclimatechangein

Indonesiaare1)toacceleratethedevelopmentofindustryandtransportationwithlowemissionlevelthroughtheutilizationofcleanandefficienttechnologyaswellasrenewable

energy;2)toimprovethepotentialoflandandforestrytoabsorbgreenhousegases.

Policymeasuresindealingwithadaptationtoclimatechangecover:(1)formulationofthe

CDMtocoverinsurancepolicyforadaptationmeasures;and(2)UnderCDM,linkthe

insurancemechanismwiththelevelofglobalmitigationefforts.

RelevantlawsandpoliciesonCCAatthenationallevelinclude:ActNo.23/1997concerning

EnvironmentalManagement;ActNo.6/1994,RatificationtotheUNFCCC;ActNo.17/2004

RatificationtotheKyotoProtocol;MinistryofForestryDecreeNo.14/2004onA/Rproject.

Recently,aseriesofstrategieshavebeenissuedfortheimplementationofCDM,which

include:highlysupportofusingRenewableenergy,alternativeenergyandcleantechnology;

SimplifiedapprovalprocedureonCDMproposed;IncentiveschemeforCDMProject

developer;andPromotingCDMprojectpotentialthroughinternationaleventsuchas

carbonexport.

Besides,forclimatechangeadaptationinIndonesia,theGovernmentalsoissuedspecific

policiesrelatedtoenergyandnonenergysectors.EnergyrelatedPoliciesfocuson:phasing

outenergymarketdistortiongradually,promotionoftherenewableenergyuseand

development,encouragingtheapplicationofenergyefficiency,supportonconsumptionofcleanandefficienttechnologyforindustryandtradesector,andrestructurepricesof

variousenergytypes.Policiesinnonenergysectorcover:sustainableforestmanagement,

improvementonagriculturalsystem,applicationofbiotechnologyengineeringtoincrease

agriculturalproducts,managementofagriculturalpracticesinlessfertilelandwithdryland

variety.(MoE,Indonesia,2005)

2.3LaoPDR


TheMinistryofLaborandSocialWelfare(MLSW)wasgiventheresponsibilityfordisaster

riskmanagementin1995.Intheprocessofdevelopingitscapacitytoperformthisrole,a

NationalDisastermanagementOffice(NDMO)wasestablishedin1997withsupportfrom

UNDP.Alandmarkdecree,signedbythePrimeMinisterinAugust1999,providedaninter

ministerialNationalDisastermanagementCommittee(NDMC)asapolicymakingand


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coordinatingbody.Therearelocallevelcommitteesatthelevelsofprovinces,districts,and

villages,knownasProvincialDisasterManagementCommittee(PDMC),DistrictDisaster

ManagementCommittee(DDMC),andVillageProtectionDisasterUnit(VPDU).21

TheNDMCiscoordinatingdisasterpreventionandprotectionactivitiesandeffortsinthe

country.ItpromotesdisasterreductionactivitiesofexistingLineMinistriesandProvincesonnaturaldisastermanagementandprotectionwhichconsistsofrepresentativesofkey

ministries,institutionsandprovinces.Macroleveldisastermanagementisbeingcarriedout

byMLSWandScienceTechnologyandEnvironmentAgency(STEA),whileeachtechnical

ministryandprovincehasresponsibilityovertheirrespectiveenvironmentrelatingthe

disastermanagementinclosecooperationwithMLSW,STEA,LaoRedCross(LRC),the

MinistryofAgriculture/ForestryandMinistryofHealthandsoon(ADRC,200622

).

TheNDMOfunctionsastheSecretariatoftheNDMCandhasarangeofresponsibilities,

whichinclude:1)ProvidingexpertadvicetotheNDMC;2)Promotingcoordinationwith

ministerialfocalpoints;3)Promotingdisastermitigationandpreparednessactivitiesatthelocallevel;4)Implementingcommunityawarenessactivities;5)Providingtraining,guidelines

andplanstomakedisasterriskmanagementmoreeffective;6)Establishingdisaster

managementimplementationteamsatthenational,provincialanddistrictlevels.Inorder

tocarryouttheseresponsibilities,theNDMOhasfourfunctionunits,namely,Relief,

DisastermanagementPlanning,InformationandDisseminationandTraining.Eachunitis

undertheleadershipofaUnitManager.CurrentlytheNDMOhasabout11staffmembers.


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Figure231:OrganizationStructureofNDMCinLaoPDR(source:

ADRC,200823

)


ThePrimeMinister'sDecreeNo.158(1999)createdtheNational,ProvincialandDistrict

DisasterManagementCommittees(DMCs).Itprovidedthebasisforthedevelopmentofa

disastermanagementpolicy.NDMCDecreeNo.97seriesof2000assignedtherolesand

responsibilitiesofvarioussectorscomposingtheNDMC.OnDecember12of2007,theother

governmentaldecreewasissued,whichseekstochangethedisastermanagementpolicy

fromanemergencyresponsetoadisasterriskmanagement(ADRC,200824

).

TheOrderissuedin2007,specificallystatedthefollowing:(a)MandatetheNDMOtoreview

HyogoFrameworkforAction(HFA)commitmentsandfacilitatetheplanningofactivities,

monitoringandreportingofprogress;(b)MandatetheMinistryofPlanningandInvestment

toplanandcoordinatetheintegrationofdisasterriskreductionintothesocioeconomic

developmentplans;and(c)Assigngovernmentagenciestoallocatebudgetforpreparedness

andreliefaspartofregularbudgetaryallocations.Giventheimportanceofdisasterrisk

reduction,theNDMChasbeenproposedtoahighercommitteewhichwillbechairedbythe

DeputyPrimeMinister.Thenumberofcommitteeswillalsoexpandmoreotherkeyline

ministriesinordertoaddresstheissueofdisasterriskreductioninamorecomprehensive

manner.(NDMO,200925

)

TocontinueimplementingtheNationalStrategyPlanonDRMaswellastheHFA,theHigh

LevelNationalDisasterManagementPlanningWorkshopwasheldinJuly2008,which


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focusedonthedevelopmentoftheNationalDisasterManagementPlan(NDMP)into

concreteactions,programmesandprojectsandclarifyinginstitutionalrolesand

responsibilities.TheNDMPoncedevelopedandendorsedbythePrimeMinister,willhave

anallhazardapproachtodisasterriskmanagementandwilladdresspreparedness,

responseandrecoveryissuesandintegratingdisasterriskreductionthroughouttheentire

disastermanagementcycle.(ibid)


ClimatechangehasonlyinrecentyearsbecomeahigherprioritypolicyissueinLaoPDR.

TheDepartmentofEnvironment(DoE)withintheWaterResourcesandEnvironment

Administration(WREA)hasbeenappointedasthenationalfocalpointforclimatechange

actionsandinitiatives.In2008theNationalSteeringCommitteeonClimateChange(NSCCC)

wasestablished,chairedbytheDeputyPrimeMinisterandwiththeDirectorGeneralofDoE

asthesecretaryandwithmembersfromallconcernedsectors.Anoverviewofthe

institutionalarrangementsinLaoPDRconcerningclimatechangeispresentedinFig.232.

OneofthefirstassignmentsoftheNSCCChasbeentoinitiatetheformationofseven

TechnicalWorkingGroupswithrepresentativesfromvariouslineagenciesasfollows:

FoodandlivelihoodssecurityandagriculturalproductivityledbytheMinistryof

AgricultureandForestry.

Forestandlandmanagementtoreduceemissionsfromdeforestationanddegraded

landscapesledjointlybytheMinistryofAgricultureandForestryandtheNationalLand

ManagementAuthority.

EnergyManagementincludingexportofelectricitytoneighbouringcountriesledbythe

MinistryofEnergyandMines.

Hydrologyassessmentstopredictvariabilityandvulnerabilitytowaterresourcesledby

WaterResourcesandEnvironmentAdministration.

CityinfrastructureresilienceandefficientbuildingdesignledbytheMinistryofPublic

WorksandTransport.

Economicmanagementtoascertaintheimplicationsofclimatechangeimpactson

growthtargetspovertyreductiongoalsandattainingthecountrys2020visionledby

theMinistryofPlanningandInvestment.

Financinginstrumentseconomicincentivesandbenefitsharingarrangementsunderthe

cleandevelopmentmechanismorsuccessorarrangements.

ThemaintaskoftheTechnicalWorkingGroupsistostudyandassesstheimpactsofclimate

changeontheissuesundertheirrespectiveresponsibilityfortheperiod2009to2020.The

DoE,whichactsasthesecretariattotheNSCCC,facilitatesandcoordinatestheworkofthe

TechnicalWorkingGroups.Basedonfutureclimatechangeimpactstudies,theDoEin

cooperationwiththeTechnicalWorkingGroupswillberesponsiblefordraftingthe

followingstrategyandactionplans:


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TheNationalClimateChangeStrategyfor2020

TheInterimActionPlanfor20092011

TheFirstNationalActionPlanfor20112016inalignmentwiththe7thNationalSocio

EconomicDevelopmentPlan

(SourcefromTheInstitutionalMechanismonCCAinLaoPDRcitedfromACIAR,200926

)

Figure232:LaoPDRinstitutionalarrangementforclimatechange(Source:MRC,

2009a27

)


InkeepingwiththePrioritiesofActionoutlinedintheHyogoFramework,theGovernment

ofLaoPDR(GoL)hastakenproactiveeffortstointegratedisasterriskreductionintoother

relevantglobalandnationalinitiativesandprioritiessuchasclimatechange.In2005/2006,

theGoLinitiateditsNationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange(NAPA)

process,supportedbytheGEF/UNDP.AfinalreportwassubmittedtotheUNFCCCin2009

(WREA,200928

).

NAPAisoneofthemanyenvironmentalmanagementprojectswhichisdirectlylinkedwith

allnationaldevelopmentstrategiesandpolicies,includingtheNationalActionPlan(NAP)to

CombatDroughtandDesertification,andEightNationalPriorityProgrammes,National

GrowthandPovertyEradicationStrategy(2004),andthe5thNationalSocioEconomic

DevelopmentPlan(NSEDP)20062010(WREA,2009).


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TheNAPAidentifiesfourcriticalsectorsforadaptation:agriculture,forestry,waterand

health,includingstrengtheningthecapacityofnationaldisastermanagementcommittees

andfurtherdevelopmentofearlywarningsystems.Acrossallfoursectors,atotalof45

numberactivitieswereidentified,ofwhich12were1storderand33were2ndorderpriority

activities/projects,respectively.PleaseseebelowforthedetailsofPriorityOneinfour

sectors(WREA,2009).

Agriculture:1)StrengthenthecapacityoftheNationalDisasterManagementCommittees;2)

Promotesecondaryprofessionsinordertoimprovethelivelihoodsoffarmersaffectedby

naturaldisastersinducedbyclimatechange.

Forestry:1)Continuetheslashandburneradicationprogrammeandpermanentjob

creationprogram;2)Strengthencapacityofvillageforestryvolunteersinforestplanting,

caringandmanagementtechniquesaswellastheuseofvillageforests.

Water:1)Awarenessraisingonwaterandwaterresourcemanagement;2)Mappingof

floodproneareas;3)Establishanearlywarningsystemforfloodproneareas,andimprove

andexpandmeteorologyandhydrologynetworksandweathermonitoringsystems;4)

Strengtheninstitutionalandhumanresourcecapacitiesrelatedtowaterandwaterresource

management;5)Surveyundergroundwatersourcesindroughtproneareas;6)Study,design

andbuildmultiusereservoirsindroughtproneareas.

PublicHealth:1)Improvesystemsforthesustainableuseofdrinkingwaterandsanitation

withcommunityparticipationinfloodanddroughtproneareas;2)Improveknowledgeand

skillsofengineerswhodesignandbuildwaterandsanitationsystems.

2.4Myanmar


Myanmarhasitsownsystemandpracticefordisasterpreventionandpreparednessbaseon

itsownsocial,economical,culturalandadministrativepractice.Inordertocarryoutdisaster

preventivemeasureeffectively,in2005,theNationalNaturalDisasterPreparednessCentral

Committee(NDPCC)wasestablishedinaccordancewiththeprioritiesoftheHyogo

FrameworkforAction.Asapolicyformulatingbody,NDPCCischairedbytheprimeMinister.

Thereare10subcommitteesunderNDPCCwhichhavebeenentrustedwiththe

implementationofthepolicyinaccordancewiththeguidelinesofNDPCC.PleaseseeFigure

261fortheOrganizationalStructureofNDPCC.ConcernedState/Division,District,

TownshipandVillageTractlevel,DisasterPreparednessCommittees(DPCs)havealsobeen

organizedrespectively.

ANationalDisasterPreventionReliefandRehabilitationCommittee(NDPRRC)wasformed

undertheNDPCC,soastofacilitatethepracticalimplementationofthepreparednessand


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preventivemeasures.AndtheNDPRRCwasheadedbytheDeputyMinisteroftheMinistry

ofSocialWelfare,ReliefandResettlement(MSWRR)with9membersfromotherMinistries

(SubCommitteesSCs),suchastheDepartmentofHealth,DepartmentofMeteorologyand

Hydrology,FireServicesDepartment,HumanSettlementandHouseholdDevelopment

Department,IrrigationDepartmentandMyanmarRedCrosssociety.

FireisthemostthreateninginMyanmarespeciallyinUpperregion.Thisregionissituatedin

centraldryzonewithlittlerainfall.Inruralareas,mostofthehousesareconstructedwith

locallyavailablerawmaterialsuchasbamboo,mangroveandthatch.Thereisinadequate

waterforfirefighting.Allthesevulnerabilitiesandnegligenceofresidentsarethedriven

forcesoffiredisastersinruralareas.FireServicesDepartmentunderMinistryofSocial

WelfareReliefandResettlementisresponsibleforfireprecaution,fireprevention,

extinction,trainingoffireman,reliefandrescuework,educatingthepublicforawarenessof

fireanddisasters.(ADRC,200629

)

Figure241:OrganizationalstructureofNDPCCinMyanmar(Source:ADRC,

2008)


Myanmarisawareoftheimportanceofinternationalcooperationinthefieldofdisaster

reductionactivities,research,trainingandexchangeofexperience.Hence,Myanmaralways


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availsitselfoftheopportunitytosenditsofficialstotrainingcourses,seminars,workshops

andconferencesabroad.Ontheotherhand,regionalseminarsandworkshopareaccepted

toobservewiththecooperationandsponsorshipofinternationalandregionalorganization

ESCAP,WMO,UNDP.

However,thelegalframeworkonDRRisstillintheprocesstobeframed.Sofar,thereisnonationalplatformreported.AndtheexistingDRRrelatedpolicieswerepromulgatedin

1990s,suchastheRehabilitationBoardAct(1950),theBoardofDevelopmentAffairsAct

(1993),theEpidemicDiseasesPreventionAct(1995),theImplementationofInsuranceAct

(1996),andtheFireServicesAct(1997).

2.4.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA(notavailable)

2.4.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA(notavailable)

2.5Philippines


AsthePhilippineGovernmentsnationalplatformondisasterriskreduction,theNational

DisasterCoordinatingCouncil(NDCC)isestablishedundertheCivilDefenseActof1954.The

SecretaryofNationalDefenseheadstheNDCCwiththeheadsof18departments/agencies

asmembers.TheseincludetheChiefofStaff,ArmedForcesofthePhilippines,Secretary

General,PhilippineNationalRedCross,PhilippineInformationAgency,ExecutiveSecretary

andtheAdministrator,andOfficeofCivilDefense(OCD)astheExecutiveOfficerofthe

Council.TheDisasterCoordinatingCouncils(DCCs)fromtheregional,provincial,cityand

municipallevels,ontheotherhand,arecomposedofrepresentativesofnational

governmentagenciesoperatingattheselevelsandlocalofficialsconcerned.Pleasesee

figure251fortheinstitutionalmechanismofNDCC.

Atnationallevel,theNDCCservesasthePresidentsadviserondisasterpreparedness

programs,disasteroperationsandrehabilitationeffortsundertakenbythegovernmentand

theprivatesector.Itactsasthetopcoordinatorofalldisastermanagementandthehighest

allocatorofresourcesinthecountrytosupporttheeffortsofthelowerDCClevel.Inthe

dischargeofitsfunctions,theNDCCutilizesthefacilitiesandservicesoftheOCDasits

operatingarm.However,unlikeotherdepartmentcoordinatingbodies,theNDCCdoesnot

haveitsownregularbudgettodisburse.ItisthroughtheNDCCmemberagenciesandlocal

DCCsthatdisasterpreparedness,prevention,mitigationandresponsecarryoutits

correspondingtasksandresponsibilitiesundertheNDCCsystem.Table252givesthe

detailedfunctionsofNDCCatnationallevel.


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Figure251:InstitutionalMechanismofNaturalDisasterCoordinationCouncil(NDCC)

Table252:TasksofNDCCChairmanandMemberInstitutions

Institution Type Relevant Objective

Chairman Department ofNationalDefense

Convene the Council as often as necessary and calls on all otherdepartments/bureaus/agencies, other instrumentalities of the governmentand the private sector for assistance when the need arises.

Administrator

Office of CivilDefense

Government

Office

Coordinate the activities, functions of the various agencies and

instrumentalities of the government, private institutions and civicorganizations to implement the policies and programs of the NDCC; Disseminate materials relative to disaster prevention, control and

mitigation; Advise the Chairman on matters concerning disaster management.

Secretary ofInterior and LocalGovernment

Administrativeorgan withvertical

managementsystem

Oversee the organization of DCCs, the establishment of DisasterOperations Centers of all local governments, and the training of DCCmembers in coordination with OCD, DSWD, PNRC, and other appropriate

agencies.

Secretary of Government Extend relief assistance and social services to the victims as necessary.


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Social Welfareand Development

Department

Secretary ofHealth


Provide health services during emergencies as necessary; Organize reaction teams in hospitals, clinics and sanitary and other health

institutions.

Director-Generalof National

EconomicAuthority


Responsible for the determination and analysis of the effects of disastersand calamities on the socio-economic plans and programs of the country,

and development of damage assessment scheme.

Secretary ofLabor andEmployment


Provide emergency employment opportunities to disaster victims; Implement the industrial civil defense programs and measures; Organize and train Disaster Control Groups in all factories and industrial

complexes.

Secretary ofEducation,Culture and

Sports


Provide assistance in the public education and campaign regardingdisaster preparedness, prevention and mitigation;

Make available school buildings as evacuation centers;

Organize and train disaster control groups and reaction teams in allschools and institutions of learning.

Secretary ofTrade andIndustry


Maintain normal level of prices of commodities during emergencies; Organize Disaster Control Groups and Reaction Teams in large buildings

used for commercial and recreational purposes; Maintain normal level of prices of commodities during emergencies.

Secretary ofAgriculture


Undertake surveys in disaster areas to determine the extent of damage ofagricultural crops, livestock and fisheries;

Provide technical assistance to disaster victims whose crops or livestockhave been destroyed.

Secretary ofBudget and

Management


Release funds required by the departments for disaster operations.

Secretary ofEnvironment andNaturalResources


Responsible for reforestation and control of areas which tend to causeflooding, landslides, mudflow and ground subsidence;

Provide seeds, seedlings and saplings and technical assistance regardingmines, forests and lands;

Formulate rules and regulations for the control of water and land pollution.

Secretary ofFinance


Issue rules and regulations with the relevant agencies concerned for thefunding by local government of the requirements for organizing, equipping,

and training of their disaster coordinating councils and reaction teams.Secretary ofPublic Works andHighways


Restore destroyed public structures such as flood control, waterworks,roads, bridges, and other vertical and horizontal facilities/structures;

Provide heavy and light equipment for relief, rescue and recovery

operations.

Secretary ofTourism


Organize and train disaster control groups and reaction teams in hotels,pension houses, restaurants and other tourist-oriented facilities.

Secretary ofTransportationand

Communications


Restore destroyed communication and transportation facilities such asrailroads and vertical structures;

Organize emergency transport services from the national down to the

barangay level; Restore destroyed communication and transportation facilities such as

railroads and vertical structures.

Director of

PhilippineInformationAgency

Government

Agency

Provide public information service through dissemination of disaster

mitigation measures.

Secretary-General ofPhilippineNational RedCross

HumanitarianOrganization

Conduct disaster leadership training courses; Assist in the training of DCCs at all levels; Assist in providing emergency relief assistance to disaster victims.

Chief of Staff,Armed Forces of

GovernmentOffice

Responsible for the provision of security in disaster area; Provide assistance in the reconstruction of roads, bridges and other


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the Philippines structures; Transport facilities for rapid movement of relief supplies and personnel and

for the evacuation of disaster victims.

(Source:summarizedbasedontheinformationfromhttp://ndcc.gov.ph/ )


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ThelegalbasesofNDCCarePresidentialDecreeNo.1,s1972(PDNo.1),asimplementedby

PresidentialLetterofImplementationNo.19,s1972,andPresidentialDecreeNo.1566

datedJune11,1978.PDNo.1wastheIntegratedReorganizationPlanof1972,whichwas

implementedthroughLOINo.19.ThesaidLOIdefined,amongothers,theorganization,missionandfunctionsoftheOfficeofCivilDefenseasabureauundertheDepartmentof

NationalDefense.PDNo.1566,ontheotherhand,providedforthestrengtheningofthe

Philippinedisastercontrolcapabilityandestablishingacommunitydisasterpreparedness

programnationwide.

ThenationalprogressreportontheimplementationoftheHyogoFrameworkforActionwas

latelyupdatedon29May,2009.Itpointedthat,Thereisinstitutionalcommitmentfrom

variousstakeholderstowardsrechargingthelegalbasisforDRR.Thisisshownbyactive

advocacyundertakenbyNDCCandNGOs,andtheconsensusisbuildingasopportunitiesto

dialogueincrease.However,withoutmajorthrustbyhighgovernmentofficialsincludingthe

President,subsequenteffortsareboundtobestymied(NDCC,200930

).

On23Februaryof2009,ThePhilippineDisasterRiskManagementActof200931

(DRMA)

wasapproved,entitledAnActStrengtheningPhilippineDisasterRiskManagement

CapabilitybyInstitutionalizingtheNationalDisasterRiskManagementFramework,

AppropriatingFundsThereforeandforOtherPurposes.

On22Februaryof2010,DisasterRiskReductionManagementActof201032

wasissuedon

theThirdRegularSessionoftheFourteenthCongress.ItisalsoknownasStrengthening

DisasterRiskReductioninthePhilippines:StrategicNationalActionPlan(SNAP)20092019.

TheSNAPidentifieseighteen(18)programsandprojectsondisasterriskreductionthatwillbegivenpriorityoverthenexttenyears.ThisnewActprovidesforthedevelopmentof

policiesandplansandtheimplementationofactionsandmeasurespertainingtoallaspects

ofdisasterriskreductionandmanagement,includinggoodgovernance,riskassessmentand

earlywarning,knowledgebuildingandawarenessraising,reducingunderlyingriskfactors,

andpreparednessforeffectiveresponseandearlyrecovery.

AfterthisActissued,itshallbethepolicyoftheState,todevelop,promote,andimplement

acomprehensiveNationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementPlan(NDRRMP)that

aimstostrengthenthecapacityoftheNationalGovernmentandthelocalgovernmentunits

(LGUs),togetherwithpartnerstakeholders,tobuildthedisasterresilienceofcommunities,andtoinstitutionalizearrangementsandmeasuresforreducingdisasterrisks,including

projectedclimaterisks,andenhancingdisasterpreparednessandresponsecapabilitiesatall

levels.NDCCshallhenceforthbeknownastheNationalDisasterRiskReductionand

ManagementCouncil(NDRRMC)ortheNationalCouncil.Theinstitutionalmechanismof

NDRRMCshallhenceforthberearranged.(NDRRMC,201033

)


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OntheSecondRegularSessionoftheFourteenthCongressin2008,theClimateChangeAct

of2008(S.B.No.258334

)wasissued.TheestablishmentoftheClimateChangeCommission

(CCC)wasproposedinSection4,notedthat,itisherebyestablishedundertheOfficeofthe

President.UpontheorganizationoftheCommission,thePresidentialTaskForceonClimateChangeandtheInterAgencyCommitteeonClimateChangeshallbeabolished.

OnOctober23rd

of2009,PresidentArroyosignedtheClimateChangeActof2009(Republic

Act972935

),whichlegalizedthisActandthecreationoftheClimateChangeCommission.

AccordingtotheAct,theCommissionshallbeorganizedwithinsixty(60)daysfromthe

effectivedateofthisAct.

AccordingtotheRepublicAct9729,theCommissionshallbeanindependentand

autonomousbodyandshallhavethesamestatusasthatofanationalgovernmentagency.

ItshallbeattachedtotheOfficeofthePresident.TheCommissionshallbethesolepolicy

makingbodyofthegovernmentwhichshallbetaskedtocoordinate,monitorandevaluate

theprogramsandactionplansofthegovernmentrelatingtoclimatechangepursuanttothe

provisionsofthisAct.Byfar,theCCCisstillintheprocessofestablishment,chairedbythe

PresidentandwiththreecommissionersappointedbythepresidentincludingoneVice

Chairperson.TheMechanismofCCCisdrawninFigure253.

TherepresentativesshallbeappointedbythePresidentfromalistofnomineessubmitted

bytheirrespectivegroups.Atleastoneofthesectoralrepresentativesshallcomefromthe

disasterriskreductioncommunity.AccordingtotheAct,theCommissionshallmeetonce

everythree(3)months,orasoftenasmaybedeemednecessarybytheChairperson.The

ChairpersonmaylikewisecalluponothergovernmentagenciesfortheproperimplementationofthisAct.Toensuretheeffectiveimplementationoftheframework

strategyandprogramonclimatechange,concernedagenciesshallperformthefollowing

functionsasshownintable254.


ThePhilippinesInitialNationalCommunicationonClimateChangewasholdinDecember,

1999.AsapartytotheUNFCCC,thestateadoptstheultimateobjectiveoftheConvention

whichisthestabilizationofgreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmosphereatalevelthat

wouldpreventdangerousanthropogenicinterferencewiththeclimatesystemwhichshouldbeachievedwithinatimeframesufficienttoallowecosystemstoadaptnaturallytoclimate

change,toensurethatfoodproductionisnotthreatenedandtoenableeconomic

developmenttoproceedinasustainablemanner.AdaptationStrategiesforagriculture,

coastalresources,waterresourcesandmitigationwerewellelaboratedinthisInitial

NationalCommunicationReport36

.


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OnOctober23rd

of2009,PresidentArroyosignedtheClimateChangeActof2009(Republic

Act972937

),whichlegalizedthisActandthecreationoftheClimateChangeCommission.

TheCommissionshallformulateaFrameworkStrategyonClimateChange.TheFramework

shallserveasthebasisforaprogramforclimatechangeplanning,researchand

development,extension,andmonitoringofactivitiestoprotectvulnerablecommunities

fromtheadverseeffectsofclimatechange.

TheFrameworkshallincludebutnotlimitedto,thefollowingcomponents:(a)National

priorities;(b)Impact,vulnerabilityandadaptationassessments;(c)Policyformulation;

(d)Compliancewithinternationalcommitments;(e)Researchanddevelopment;

(f)Databasedevelopmentandmanagement;(g)Academicprograms,capabilitybuildingand

mainstreaming;(h)Advocacyandinformationdissemination;(i)Monitoringandevaluation;

and(j)Gendermainstreaming.

TheCommissionshallformulateaNationalClimateChangeActionPlaninaccordancewith

theFrameworkwithinoneyearaftertheformulationofthelatter.AsfortheLocalClimate

ChangeActionPlan,theLGUsshallbethefrontlineagenciesintheformulation,planning

andimplementationofclimatechangeactionplansintheirrespectiveareas,consistentwith

theprovisionsoftheLocalGovernmentCode,theFramework,andtheNationalClimate

ChangeActionPlan.

Figure253:TheMechanismofClimateChangeCommission(CCC)inthePhilippines


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Table254:FunctionsoftheConcernedAgencies

Institution Relevant Objective

Panel of TechnicalExperts

Provide technical advice to the Commission in climate science,technologies, and best practices for risk assessment and enhancement ofadaptive capacity of vulnerable human settlements to potential impacts ofclimate change;

The Department ofthe Interior and LocalGovernment (DILG

Together with the Local Government Academy, facilitate the developmentand provision of a training program for LGUs in climate change.

The training program shall include socioeconomic, geophysical, policy,and other content necessary to address the prevailing and forecastedconditions and risks of particular LGUs.

It shall likewise focus on women and children, especially in the ruralareas, since they are the most vulnerable;

The Department ofEducation (DepED)

Integrate climate change into the primary and secondary educationcurricula and/or subjects, such as, but not limited to, science, biology,sibika, history, including textbooks, primers and other educationalmaterials, basic climate change principles and concepts;

The Department of

Environment andNatural Resources(DENR)

Oversee the establishment and maintenance of a climate change

information management system and network, including on climatechange risks, activities and investments, in collaboration with otherconcerned national government agencies, institutions and LGUs;

The Department ofForeign Affairs (DFA)

Review international agreements related to climate change; Make the necessary recommendation for ratification and compliance by

the government on matters pertaining thereto;

The PhilippineInformation Agency(PIA)

Disseminate information on climate change, local vulnerabilities and risk,relevant laws and protocols and adaptation and mitigation measures;

Government financial

institutions

Any provision in their respective charters to the contrary notwithstanding,

provide preferential financial packages for climate change- related

projects. In consultation with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), theyshall, within thirty (30) days from the effectivity of this Act, issue andpromulgate the implementing guidelines therefore.


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2.6Vietnam


AttheCentrallevel,theNationalCommittee,aninterministerialinstitutionservesasa

coordinatingbodyfordisasterreductioneffortsinVietnam.ItssecretariatisprovidedbytheDepartmentofDikeManagementandFloodControl(DDMFC)oftheMinistryofAgriculture

andRuralDevelopment(MARD).TheCentralCommitteeforFloodandStormControl(CCSFC,

chairedbytheMARD),isVietnamsnationaldisasterriskmanagementagency,established

bydecree1990(ADRC,200838

).CCSFCformulatesallfloodandtyphoonrelatedpoliciesand

mitigationmeasures,withtheOfficeofGovernment,theMinistryofAgricultureandthe

MinistryofDefenseasitskeymembers.ItssecretariatisprovidedbyDDMFCoftheMARD.

WhiletheCCFSCisresponsibleforabroadrangeofdisasterriskreductionactivities,its

abilitytofocusonandcoordinateresponseamongawiderrangeofministriesislimiteddue

toitspositionwithintheMinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment(ISDR,WB,200939

).

Pleaseseefigure261fortheorganizationstructureofCCSFC.

ItsStandingOffice,theSOCCFSCistheagencywiththemainresponsibilityformonitoring

theeffectsofstormsandfloods,gatheringdamagedata,providingofficialwarnings,andco

ordinatingandimplementingdisasterresponseandmitigationmeasuresreliesonthe

administrativestructureoftheDykeDepartmenttocarryoutitsdisasterassessment,

disasterreporting,andemergencycoordinationduties.Whenafloodorstormoccurs,the

systemforelaboratinganationaldamageassessmentworksinadowntopway.Officialsat

thedistrict,provinciallevelareresponsibleforreportinguptoSOCCFSC.

Toexpeditethetransmissionofthisinformation,SOCCFSCsetupadisastercommunication

systemin1995,anemergencyelectronicmailnetworkthatlinksprovincialdykedepartment

officeswiththeSOCCFSC,andbylate1998wasextendedtoeveryprovinceinVietnam.The

systemoperates24hoursperday,365daysperyear,andhasbecometheofficial,

obligatorymechanismfortransmittingdisasterdamageandneedsdatatotheSOCCFSC.Itis

alsousedtoissuedisasterpreventionormitigationdirectivestoitsstaffinthefield,i.e.the

provincialdykedepartmentofficialsanddistrictdykemonitors.

TheSOCCFSChascreatedaDepartmentwideIntranet,accessiblebothtocentraldisaster

managementauthoritiesandtoofficialsinthelocalitiesinVietnam,withtheassistanceof

theUNDPDisasterManagementUnit(DMU)3inHanoitoserveasarepositoryfor:1)

3TheVietnamDisasterManagementUnit(DMU)isthemechanismestablishedundertheMinistryofAgriculture

andRuralDevelopmentandtheCentralCommitteeforFloodandStormControl,withsupportfromUNDP.The

Unithasimproveddisastermitigationandmanagementofinformationthroughtheuseofinformationand

communicationstechnologies.TheUnithasalsohelpedprepareaSecondNationalStrategyandActionPlanto

mitigateandmanagedisastersuntil2010.

(http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/contacts/profile.php?id=52)

(http://www.undp.org/cpr/disred/documents/publications/corporatereport/asia/vietnam.pdf)


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Assembledlaws,decrees,directivesandproceduresondisastersanddisastermanagement

inVietnam;2)SummariesofdisasterconditionsinVietnamandannouncementsofstorm

forecastsandwarnings;3)OfficialDamageAssessmentReportsreleasedbytheSOCCFC;4)

ArchiveddisasterdamagedataandmediareportsondisastersinVietnam;5)Hydro

meteorologicaldataforriverbasinsandregionsthroughoutthecountry;and6)Additional

archivedDisasterManagementReferenceMaterials.TheIntranetisregularlyupdatedwith

essentialcorporateinformation,andservesasageneralreferencetoolfordisaster

managersintheirdaytodaywork.

Tomakedisasterinformationavailabletothepublic,theSOCCFSCsmechanismforthishas

beenInternetWebtechnology.WiththehelpoftheDisasterManagementUnit(DMU),the

SOCCFSCmaintainsabilingual,WebbasedpublicinformationsystemcalledtheDMUWeb

forencouraginginformationsharingregardlessofsectoranddisseminatingkeyinformation

ondisastermanagementtotheaidcommunity.

ThelastsystembeingadoptedwiththedevelopmentofDMUistheGeographicInformation

System(GIS).TheDMUGIShasbeenorganizedasasimplewaytoorganizeandpresent

highlycomplexdisastermanagementandreliefneedsdataonVietnamandasavital

decisionsupporttool.Byproducingthematichazardandvulnerabilitymapsusingselected

variables(economicvalue,population,floodrisk,andageofinfrastructure,forexample),

theGIScanidentifyriskareasandclarifyhowbesttorespondtoortomitigatetheriskof

disaster.Similarly,theGIScandisplaydisasterdamagedataandneedsanalysisbydistrictor

province,whichmakesiteasierforinternationalorganizationsandVietnamesedecision

makerstotargetdisasterreliefaid4.(Theabovesource:AloysiusJ.Rego.NationalDisaster

ManagementInformationSystems&Networks:AnAsianOverview,200140

)

Asshowninthetable262,thenationalmechanismstillneedstobestrengthened,given

thecurrenttasksofgovernmentagenciesandministriesinvolvedintheCCFSC.Inthenewly

promulgatedNationalImplementationPlanforNaturalDisasterPrevention,Responseand

Mitigation(NIPNDPRM),toconsolidatetheorganizationandmechanismhasbeenhighly

pointedasanimportantobjective41

.However,itisstilllackofclearinstitutional

arrangementsforenforcementandthecurrentorganizationalstructures,mandates,annual

budgetearmarksandworkingagendafocuslargelyondisasterresponseratherthan

prevention.Thereisnoprofessionalandspecializedcadreofstaffwhofocusondisaster

management(ISDR,WB,200942

).

4Formoredetailsbrowse:http://www.undp.org.vn/dmu/


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Figure261:OrganizationChartofthe

CCFSC

Table262:TasksofgovernmentagenciesandministriesinvolvedinDRM5

Institution Relevant Tasks

The NationalCommittee for Search and

Rescue (NCSR )

responsible for search, rescue and emergency relief during andafter disasters;

The Fatherland Front andRed Cross Society

receiving and distributing emergency relief donations;

Ministry of Natural Resourcesand Environment (MONRE) &Geophysics Institute ofVietnam Academy of Science

and Technology

disaster warning and forecasting

Voice of Viet Nam (VOV) andVietnamTelevision (VTV)

disseminating disaster warning and forecast to the public

Ministry of Finance

(MOF)

responsible for allocating and releasing emergency response

funds and other recourses in order to meet post-disaster needs

Ministry of Health (MOH) responsible for post-disaster environment health needs

Ministry of Transportation(MOT)

responsible for traffic safety and rehabilitation during and afterdisasters

Ministry of Post andTelecommunication

responsible for rehabilitating communication systems ex-posted

Ministry of Labour Invalidsand Social Affairs (MOLISA)

charged with setting disaster compensation policies

Ministry of Industry responsible for managing reservoirs in and hydro power plants

Ministry of Foreign Affairs responsible for disaster-related international cooperation issues

5SummarizedaccordingtotheVietnamReportofDisasterRiskManagementProgramsforPriorityCountries


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Vietnamdoesnothaveadisasterriskmanagementlaw.TheNationalStrategyforNatural

DisasterPrevention,ResponseandMitigationto2020(No:172/2007/QTTg,200743

)isthe

keydocumentunderpinningalldisasterriskreductionpolicyandstrategy.TheNational

Strategypromulgatestasks,solutionsandplansforimplementation,basedonwhichthe63

provinces/citiesand12ministries/sectorsdevelopedtheirstrategicactionplans.From2007

to2009,alongwiththeachievementsduringthe2yearsofimplementingthestrategy,the

nationallegalframeworkhasbeenstepbystepconsolidated.Toenhanceits

implementation,theNationalImplementationPlanforNaturalDisasterPrevention,

ResponseandMitigation(NIPNDPRM)waspromulgatedonSeptember29th

of2009.

InthisImplementationPlan,nonstructuralmeasuresasanewapproach,becomeacritical

factorwellresonatingwithinvestmenteffortsoftheGovernmentinstructuralmeasures.To

consolidatethesystemoflegaldocumentsandpolicies,thedraftlawonnaturaldisaster

prevention,responseandmitigationshallbecompletedwithin4yearsfrom2009to2012,

promulgatedandimplementedin2013.TheCCFSCandtheMARDwillleadthe

implementationcoordinatingagency,withsupportfromotherministries,departments,

provincesandcitiesnationwide,aswellastheregionalandinternationalorganizationsand

NGOs.

Earlier,theDRMpolicyhasalsobeenaddressedinseveraladditionalVietnameselawsand

decrees,including:1)TheLawonWaterResourcespromulgatedinMay1998governswater

usageandthepreventionofwaterrelateddisasters;2)TheOrdinanceonFloodandStorm

ControlpromulgatedinMarch1993amendedandrevisedinAugust2000formallycreatedtheexistinginstitutionalstructure;3)TheLawonDykepromulgatedinNovember2006

regulatestheplanningoffloodpreventionandresponseinfloodproneareas;4)The

EnvironmentProtectionLaw(1998)governstheuseofnaturalresourcesasameansto

preventnaturaldisasters.

Meanwhile,thereviewandrevisionofotherDRMrelatedlegaldocumentsworkistobe

conductedbasedontheneedsforsocioeconomicdevelopmentduring2009to2020.Other

legislativeinstrumentswhichincorporatedisasterriskmanagementelementsare:TheLaw

onForestDevelopmentandProtection;The2003LawonFisheries;TheOrdinanceon

IrrigationStructuresUtilizationandProtection;andTheOrdinanceonHydrometeorologicalStructuresProtection.


VietNamsignedtheUNFCCCon11June1992andratifiediton16November1994.The

KyotoProtocolwassignedon3December1998andwasratifiedon25September2002.The

MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(MNRE)hasbeenassignedbythe


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GovernmentofVietNamtobetheNationalFocalAgencyforimplementingtheUNFCCCand

KyotoProtocolandisthemanaginggovernmentinstitutionforallclimatechangeactivities.

Otherministriesinvolvedinclimatechangeactivitiesare:MinistryofForeignAffairs,

MinistryofFinance,MinistryofPlanningandInvestment,MinistryofScienceand

Technology,MinistryofIndustry,MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment,MinistryofTrainingandEducation,andMinistryofTrade.Butuptonow,thereisnotanational

platformforinstitutionalizingtheClimateChangeAdaptioninVietNam.


Togetherwiththeworldscommunity,VietNamhasmadestrongcommitmentstocombat

againstclimatechangethroughforexample,itsratificationtheUnitedNationsFramework

ConventiononClimateChange(VietNam:InitialNationalCommunication,200344

),the

approvaloftheNationalTargetProgramtoRespondtoClimateChange(NTPbytheMinistry

ofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,200745

),andrecentlytheannouncementofthe

ClimateChangeandSeaLevelRiseScenariosforVietNam(ISPONRE,200946

).

In2007,itissuedtheNationalStrategyforNaturalDisasterPrevention,Responseand

Mitigationto2020.Andin2008,theNationalTargetProgramtoClimateChange

Responsewasinitiated.Adetailedstudyofexistinginstitutionalmechanismsandcapacities

forbothDDRandCCAwasconductedinpreparationforthenationalpolicyforum.In2009,

theGovernmentorganizedtheNationalForum,hostedbytheDeputyPrimeMinister,to

raiseawarenessandcommitmentandtoenhancethesynergiesbetweenDRRandCCA.The

ForumalsoadvancedeffortstoestablishaNationalPlatformforDisasterRiskReduction

(NPDRR),amultistakeholdercoordinatingbody,inthecontextofrespondingtoclimatechange.AnumberofIOs,suchastheAustralianAgencyforInternationalDevelopment,

UNDP,UNISDR,andtheWorldBanksGlobalFacilityforDisasterReductionandRecovery

playedaroleinsupportingtheForumandassistinginthedevelopmentofstrengthened

crosssectoralcooperationandsynergy(UNISDR,200947

).


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3. REVIEWOFDRRANDCCAENVIRONMENTINSOUTHEASTASIA

3.1MappingOutDRRandCCAEfforts

BothCCAandDRRhaveanobjectiveofreducingfactorsthatcontributetoclimaterelatedrisk

whileenablingsustainabilityinsocialandeconomicdevelopmentundertheinfluenceofexisting

andchangingnatural,environmentalandanthropogenicfactors.Inpractice,examplesofboth

theadaptationanddisasterriskreductioncover:agricultureandfoodsecurity,watersector,

healthsector,awarenessraisingandeducation,environmentmanagement,earlywarning

systems,anddevelopmentplanningandpractices(UNISDR,2008).

Technically,climateinformationcouldbedividedintofourtypes:pastclimatemodel,recent

climateextremes,theobservedtracks,andtheanticipatednewpatterns.DRRismainlybased

onthestationaryclimatepredictiongeneratedfromthepastclimatemodel.WhileCCAdeals

withthechallengesofnonstationaryclimaterisks,namely,theuncertaintyandanticipatednew

patternsofclimaterisks.DRRandCCAwillincreasinglyadaptiterativeriskmanagement

strategiesasandwhennewinformationisavailableforallemergingclimateriskpatterns.

Almostalltheadaptationeffort(programmes/projects)hasthevalueofriskreduction.

FormappingoutthecurrenteffortsonDRRandCCAatinternational,nationalandlocallevels,

includingpolicy,institutionaldevelopmentandprojectpractices,weadoptthefourtypes

roughlydividedbyWRI(200748

)asshownbelow,withaweightingfunctionaccordingtotheir

differentlevelsofaddressingclimateinformation.Pleasebenotedthattheweightingisjustfor

outliningprojectseffortsineachcountryinthefieldofdisasterriskmanagementbyusingof

climateinformation.

AddressingtheDriversofVulnerability,focusesonreducingpovertyandaddressing

otherfundamentalshortagesofcapabilitythatmakepeoplevulnerabletoharm.The

weightofoneprojectorprogrammeis0.5duetotheindirectlinkagewithclimaterisk.

Sampleactivitiesincludeeffortstoimprovelivelihoods,literacy,andwomensrights,

andevenprojectsthataddressHIV/AIDS;

BuildingCapacityonDRR,focusesonbuildingrobustsystemsforproblemsolving.For

eachproject,theweightis1becauseofthestrongemphasisonDRRbutstillindirect

linkagewithclimatechangeissues.Examplesincludethedevelopmentofrobust

communicationsandplanningprocesses,andtheimprovementofmapping,weather

monitoring,andnaturalresourcemanagementpractices;

ManagingClimateRiskwithaweightof1.5foreachproject,aimsatincorporating

climateinformationintodecisionstoreducenegativeeffectsonresourcesand

livelihoods,accommodatingthefactthatoftentheeffectsofclimatechangearenot


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NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGo

Documents

02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia