Ch 29 Plant Diversity

Ch 29 Plant Diversity Learning objectivesWhat did plants evolve from?What sets plants apart from other kingdoms?What is the evolutionary sequence of the occurrence of seeds, vascular system, flowers, and the dominant stages in alternation of generations?Be able to label the parts of the seed and flower.What is double fertilization and which plants undergo double fertilization?Plants evolved from a common ancestor of Charophytes

What are the differences between plants and their algae relatives (In other words, what are the derived traits of plants?)Remember: These traits helped plants adapt to life out of the waterWalled spores (sporopollenin)Sporopollenin is a tough polymer that keeps the plant from drying out.

Spores vs. SeedssporesSeedsUsually haploidSmaller than a seedUsually single celledHave a supply of stored foodContains a zygote (fused sex cells) so is diploidMulticellular layers of tissueMulticellular GametangiaA specialized structure on the plant that produces gametesFemale gametangia: archegoniaMale gametangia: antheridia* The gametes will fuse to form an embryo (Key to the term embryophytes which defines plants)

Apical meristemsArea in roots and shoots where cells divide to elongate the roots and shoots.

*Algae do not have true roots, leaves or shoots

Alternation of generations(Alternation between two generations of multicellular organisms)

Vocab for all plantsGametesMale gameteFemale gameteGametangiaArchegoniaAntheridiaGametophyte

SporesMicrosporeMegasporeSporocytes Sporangia (sporangium)MegasporangiumMicrosporangiumSporophyte

Gametes a haploid reproductive cellMale gamete - pollen or spermFemale gamete - eggGametophyte gamete producing plantGametangia multicellular organs that produce gametesArchegonia female gametangaAntheridia Male gametanga

Spores haploid cell that will give rise to a new organismMicrospore a spore that develops into a male gametophyteMegaspore a spore that develops into a female gametophyteSporophyte - spore producing plantSporangia multicellular organs that produce the sporesMegasporangium female sporangiaMicrosporangium male sporangiaSporocytes Cells that undergo meiosis to make spores

Vocab specific to mossGametophore Gametophore gamete bearer

Sporophylls modified leaves that bear sporangia(spore producing organ) This includes sori in ferns, cones in gymnosperms and flowers in angiospermsVocab specific to ferns, gymnosperms and angiospermsSporophyllsAlternation of GenerationsIs found inGametophytes SporophytesContain multicellular stagesGive rise toGive rise toWhich is (2n or n?)Which is (2n or n?)Which is (2n or n?)Which is (2n or n?)In moss the dominant stage isIn ferns the dominant stage isIn gymnosperms the dominant stage isIn angiosperms the dominant stage isSporophyteGametophyteMossFernGymnospermAngiospermSporophyteGametophyteMossThe small structure that contains the sporangiumGametophore (gamete bearer) the main part of the mossFernThe main plant considered the fernSmall structure that looks like a lilly padGymnospermThe treeThe grown megaspore which is made up of two or three cells, and the developed microspore (pollen) that has developed into two cellsAngiospermThe flowerThe female gametophyte is everything within the megasporangium, the male gametophyte is the two cells within the pollen grainSequence of evolution of plants

Non-Vascular plants (Bryophytes)TraitsMulticellular embryo (all plants, not algae)Non vascular This requires them to be smallVascular plants have cells that are joined to produce tubes that transport water and nutrientsLive in damp/moist conditions so sperm can be transferred to the egg Examples: Liverworts, hornworts and mosses

Gametophyte life cycle is dominantSeedless vascular plantsTraitsVascular tissue (allows them to grow taller)Xylem: transport water and mineralsPhloem: transports sugar and amino acids (sap)Use water to transport sperm to eggHas true rootsand leavesEx. Lycophytes and Pterophytes

Sporophyte life cycle is dominantVascular, Seed PlantsAngiospermsGymnospermsA flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.A vascular plant that bears naked seeds seeds not enclosed in specialized chambersSeed bearing gymnosperms (conifers) plant reproductionFig 30.6

Seed bearing angiosperm (flowering plant) reproductionFig 30.10Dissect the flower Label the parts

Seed plant fertilizationMonocots vs. EudocotsIn your notes, list the main characteristics of each (pg 631) and then take a corn seed and a green bean seed. You must determine which is a monocot and which is a eudocot