Name_____________________ Date_____

Study Guide for Final Exam

Topics On Test:

I. The Compound Light Microscope:

A. How is total magnification determined? _____ X______

B. What happens to image of object when viewed under microscope?

______________________________________________________

C. In what power objective is the field of view are larger? (see more of whole image)______________

D. In what power objective do we see more detail?______________

II. Living Features and Functions:

1. All living things (organisms) are made of cell(s)

Cell (definition)-__________________________________________

Cell Theory:

1.____________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________

3.___________________________________________________________

2. All organisms can respond to the environment:

All organism maintain an internal balance (homeostasis)

Ex. Keeping an even body temperature: ____________when hot, ___________ when cold.

3. All organisms do similar functions:

_______________- The sum of all chemical reactions within an organism (building, breaking down, storing and using energy)

Examples of metabolic activities in organisms:

Digestion____________________________________

Excretion-___________________________________

4. All organisms need Energy.

A. All energy for life on earth comes indirectly or directly from the ___________

B. Energy is passed from organism to organism along a _____________

C. Overlapping food chains in a community is represented as a ______________.

D. Identify an autotrophic organism

in the diagram to right___________.

E. Identify a heterotrophic organism

in the diagram to the right__________.

F. The diagram below shows how much energy is available at each level in a food chain or web is called an ______________________.

G. As you read up the pyramid, the amount of energy available at each level ________________________

H. Know definitions and give examples of:

1. autotroph (producer)- ______________________________________

2. heterotroph (consumer)-____________________________________

3. decomposer—____________________________________________

5. All living Things Can Make More of Themselves (Reproduction)

A. Asexual Reproduction- the production of offspring from ________ parent.

Offspring are ______% genetically identical to parent.

Examples:

Hydra ________________ Paramecium-_________________

B. Sexual Reproduction- the production of offspring from _________ parents. (cells)

Offspring receive ________% of its genetics from each gamete (sex cell)

III. The Cell

(Process)

(Type of asexual reproduction) (Type of asexual reproduction)

1. Organisms are either unicelled _______________________ or multi-celled________________________.

2. Organisms that are multi-celled have cells with specific jobs:

Ex. Red blood cell____________________, leaf cell _____________

2. Cells without a nucleus are called _______________. Cells with a nucleus are______________.

3. Plant an Animal cell diagrams. Identify the plant or animal cell.

___________ cell _____________cell

Match the number pointing to the organelle with its proper function:

_______ control center of cell (contains chromosomes) (name:__________)

_______stores materials (name:___________)

_______ filler of cell (circulates, chemical reactions occur here) (name:________________)

_______supports, nonliving outer layer(name:___________________)

_______photosynthesis (name:__________________)

_______controls what goes in and out of cell (name:__________________)

IV. Cell Processes:

1. Photosynthesis: process of making___________ using the sun’s energy

6 H2O + 6CO2 + light Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

Performed by ________________(ex. _______, ______, some _______)

2. Respiration: process of getting _________out of food by adding ______

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ATP energy + 6H2O + 6CO2

3. Cell Reproduction:

a. Mitosis – cell production making ________________(body cells)

b. Meiosis- cell production making__________ (sex cells-egg and sperm)

c. Which type of cell contains the full amount of hereditary material?____________________________

d. Which type of cell contains one half the hereditary material? ____________________________

4. Passive and Active Transport: how substances enter and leave a cell through the cell membrane.

a. Passive transport- no energy, molecules move by ___________

(from a region of __________ concentration to a region of ______concentration)

b. Active transport- uses energy

V. Classification:

1. What is the order of the groups of the classification system (from largest to smallest):

__________, ________, ________,_________, _________, ________, _______

2. Organisms in the same species are able to______________________.

3. What 2 groups (levels of classification) make up the scientific name of an organism? _________ __________ example: Canis lupis

VI. Genetics/DNA

1. Genes are found on strands of DNA called _________________ which are located in the ___________ of cells.

2. Define genotype and phenotype. Fill in the information below using the trait for height in pea plants with alleles:

T = tall t = short

A. genotype: (definition)_______________________________

B. phenotype (definition)_______________________________

Phenotype Genotype

Homozygous tall _______

Homozygous short _______

Heterozygous short _______

C. Be able to do a Punnett Square from a given cross to determine possible genotypes and phenotypes in offspring.

Ex. In a guinea pig, black fur (B) is dominant over gray fur(b). In the Punnett Square below, show a cross between 2 hybrid guinea pigs.

Determine the probability based on the Punnett square information:

______% black

______% gray

_____% homozygous black

_____% homozygous gray

3. Hereditary Material (_______= deoxyribonucleic acid)

a. Makes up __________________ in nucleus

b. Fill in the complimentary DNA strand below:

A-____

T-____

T-____

C-____

G-____

A-____

4. ______________- a diagram showing homologous chromosomes of an individual. It is used to determine gender and chromosomal disorders.

Gender= ___________________ Gender= __________________

VII . Human Systems

1. Levels of Organization in the Human Body (simplest to complex)

Cell ________ ________ _____________ organism

2. Know basic function(s) of major body systems and their parts (organs): Use the provided description key and word bank to complete the missing information below:

A. Circulatory System:

1.Function- _____________________________________________

2. Parts:

___________=muscular organ that pumps blood about body

___________= blood vessels that carry blood away from heart

___________= blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

___________= small blood vessels where gas exchange occur

___________= liquid part of blood

___________= blood cells that carry oxygen

___________= blood cells that fights infection

___________= blood cell parts that aid in clotting

B. Digestive System:

1. Function: break-down of ___________ and absorption of digested nutrients into ___________.

2. Parts (Organs): Label the organs in the diagram below:

a. In which organ does digestion begin?_________

b. In which organ does digestion end?___________

C. Respiratory System

1. Function:_______________________________________________

2. Parts: List the order in which oxygen enters the body.

Nose- __________, trachea, _________, __________, alveoli (lungs)

3. In which part does the oxygen enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide exit the bloodstream? _______________

D. Excretory System (Urinary System)

1. Function: filtration of cellular __________ from ____________.

2. Parts : Label the organs below.

3. What is organ (X) that accomplishes the task of filtration?

__________

E. Nervous System

1. Function: controls body using ______________messages.

2. Parts of the brain and their functions:

A.

B

3. Describe the function(s) of each part:

A. ______________________________

B. ______________________________

C. ______________________________

F. Endocrine System

1. Function: control the body with chemicals called ____________.

2. Organs of the Endocrine System are called _______________.

3. Study the diagram below:

C

G. Muscular System:

1. Function:_________________________________________

2. Label the structures of the arm:

H. Skeletal System

1. Identify the 5 functions of the skeletal system

a. protects _________________

b. attachment to muscles for _______________

c. stores _______________ & ________________

d. provides ____________ & ________________

e. bone marrow makes __________________

I. Reproductive System

1. Function(s):

a. Produces gametes (________)male and (_________)female

b. Allows for continuation of species by producing ____________