Microscopes

• Compound Bright-Field Light Microscope

• Maximum Useful Magnification =

1200X• Why?

Resolution

• Useful magnification is limited by Resolution• Resolution is influenced by Numerical Aperture

(NA)• NA determined by Wavelength of Light and

Refractive Index• Improve Magnification

Shorten Wavelength

Increase Refractive Index

Staining

• Simple Stains• Light Microscope -

Colored Dye• Electron Microscope -

Electron Dense• Differential Stains

Gram Stain

Gram Stain

Most Important Stain

Key Bacteriological Test

Conventional Stain

Multiple Steps & Subjective

Fluorescent Stain

One Step & +/-

Optical Tricks

• Oil Immersion Lens

• Dark Field Microscope

Other Microscopes

Phase Contrast Microscopes

Fluorescent Microscopes

More Microscopes

• Interference Contrast Microscope• Atomic Force Microscope

Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope

Electron Microscopes

Shorten wavelength• Scanning Electron

Microscope- SEM

3 Dimensional images

•TEM•Better Resolution

Transmission Electron Microscope

Microscopes Word ListCompound Staining Confocal

Light Simple Scanning

Microscope Differential Laser

Bright-Field Gram Stain Electron

Magnification Phase Microscope

Resolution Contrast Transmission

Numerical Dark-field Scanning

Aperture Fluorescent

Oil Interference

Immersion Contrast