12/29/14  

1  

Thank  you  for  par-cipa-ng  in  PorkBridge  2014.  

To  start  the  presenta-on,  advance  one  slide  by  pressing  “enter”  or  the  down  arrow  or  right  arrow  key.  

Op-mizing  Feed  Efficiency  to  Maximize  Your  BoLom  Line  

Dr.  Joel  DeRouchey  Swine  Extension  Specialist  Kansas  State  University  jderouch@ksu.edu  785-­‐532-­‐2280  

www.KSUswine.org  

1  

Op-mizing  Feed  Efficiency  to  Maximize  Your  BoLom  Line  

The  key  is  to  op-mize,  not  simply  chase  F/G  at  all  costs  (feed,  labor,  capital).  

2   OpKmizing  F/G  •  Dr.  Steve  Pollman,  Murphy  Brown  LLC,  advised  aWendees  at  the  2011  InternaKonal  Conference  on  Feed  Efficiency  in  Omaha,  NE  that  feed  efficiency  is  a  useful  metric  in  pork  producKon  but  it  is  a  poor  driver  for  decision  making.    

•  He  was  making  the  point  that  feed  efficiency  numbers  can  be  influenced  by  so  many  factors  that  interpreKng  them  can  be  difficult  and  that  there  is  a  great  risk  in  over-­‐simplifying  the  many  things  in  the  barn  that  can  alter  feed  efficiency.    

•  Furthermore,  the  best  feed  efficiency  is  not  necessarily  going  to  lead  to  the  highest  net  income.  

3  

PaKence,  2012  

PresentaKon  Outline  

•  Guide  to  TroubleshooKng  Feed  Efficiency    – High  feed  disappearance  – Low  ADG  – Other  factors  

•  Feed  processing  

•  AddiKonal  resources  

4  Feed Efficiency

High feed disappearance Low ADG Other factors

Genetics

Feed wastage

Temperature

Mortality

Feed delivery

Amino acid deficiency

Low Energy diets

Disease

Genetics

Feed availability

Water availability

Diet deficiency

Temperature

Particle size

Diet form

Low ADG Other factors High feed disappearance

Feed  Efficiency   5  

Tokach,  2012  

12/29/14  

2  

Feed Efficiency

High feed disappearance

Genetics

Feed wastage

Temperature

Mortality

Feed delivery

Amino acid deficiency

Low Energy diets

High  feed    disappearance  

Feed  Efficiency   6  

High  Feed  Disappearance  (usage)  •  GeneKcs  

–  Lower  lean,  high  feed  intake  geneKcs  will  oden  have  poorer  F/G  

2.67

2.93

2.68

2.86

2.76

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

A B C D E

Feed

/gain  

7  

High  Feed  Disappearance  (usage)  •  Feed  wastage  

–  Poor  adjustment  with  pans  greater  than  60%  covered  can  increase  feed  wastage,  especially  in  late  finishing  

–  Old  feeders  with  poor  feeder  design  or  inability  to  adjust  will  increase  wastage  

8  

Proper  Feeder  Adjustment  

•  Approximately  50%  pan  coverage  without  accumulaKons  in  the  pan  corners.  

9  

High  Feed  Disappearance  (usage)  •  EffecKve  temperature  

–  If  temperature  is  too  low,  pigs  will  increase  their  feed  intake  to  maintain  body  temperature.  Because  the  feed  is  going  towards  heat  needs  and  not  growth,  feed  efficiency  will  become  poorer.  

30  35  40  45  50  55  60  65  70  75  80  85  90  95  100  

0   20  

40  

60  

80  

100  

120  

140  

160  

180  

200  

220  

240  

260  

280  

300  

EffecKve    te

mpe

rature,  oF  

Body  weight,  lb  

Upper  CriKcal  Limit   Lower  CriKcal  Limit  

Thermoneutral  Zone  

Cold  Stress  

Heat  Stress  

10  

High  Feed  Disappearance  (usage)  •  EffecKve  temperature  

Effect  of  environmental  temperature  on  the  performance  of  growing  pigs  (50  to  125  pounds)1      Item  

Temperature,  oF  

50   72.5   95  

ADG,  lb   1.70   1.76   1.41  

ADFI,  lb   4.86   4.21   3.52  

Feed/gain   2.91   2.41   2.52  1Summary  of  3  experiments;  Stahly  and  Cromwell,  1979,  1981.  

11  

12/29/14  

3  

High  Feed  Disappearance  (usage)  

•  Mortality  –  Mortality  late  in  the  finishing  period  can  lead  to  

feed  disappearance  calculaKons  being  high  for  the  pigs  remaining  at  the  end  of  the  period.  

•  Each  1%  increase  =  0.06  in  F/G  

•  F/G  =        Total  feed  delivered                                    Weight  out  –  Weight  in  

12  

High  Feed  Disappearance  (usage)  •  Feed  delivery  

–  Records  of  deliveries  should  be  checked  to  ensure  that  feed  credited  to  the  group  was  not  delivered  to  another  group    

–  If  two  deliveries  are  noted  closely  together  in  a  Kme  period  that  is  not  feasible,  it  could  be  a  data  entry  error  

–  Review  feed  budgets  to  make  sure  the  correct  amount  of  each  diet  is  being  fed  

13  

High  Feed  Disappearance  (usage)  

•  Diet  deficient  (amino  acids)  –  Inadequate  lysine  or  other  amino  acids  will  oden  

lead  to  an  increase  in  feed  usage  as  a  result  of  lower  ADG  to  make  poorer  F/G  

–  Can  be  a  problem  if  feed  is  not  budgeted  correctly  (ex.  switching  diets  too  soon)  

14  

Influence  of  lysine  level  on  feed  efficiency  

3.37

3.05

2.81 2.812.87

3.32

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4Lysine:calorie ratio, g/mcal ME

Feed

/gai

n

Main  et  al.,  2008  

SID  Lysine:      0.51                    0.58                0.65                0.72                  0.80                0.87%  

Linear  P  <  0.01  

15  

High  Feed  Disappearance  (usage)  •  Dietary  Energy  

– Experiments  indicate  that  the  value  ranges  from  a  0.7  %  to  2.4  %  increase  in  dietary  energy  to  create  a  1%  improvement  in  feed  efficiency.    

– The  variaKon  is  a  result  of  several  factors  and  exactly  why  it  is  important  to  determine  what  effect  energy  has  on  feed  efficiency.    

– As  feedstuffs  that  supply  dietary  energy  increase  in  price,  there  is  more  incenKve  to  determine  the  energeKc  efficiency  in  addiKon  to  the  feed  efficiency  of  the  pigs  on  a  parKcular  diet.    

16  

Euken,  2012  

3.13  3.19   3.20  

3.26  

2.9  

3.0  

3.1  

3.2  

3.3  

3.4  

0%   15%   30%   45%  

F/G  

Linear  P  <  0.02  SEM  =  0.04  

Effect  of  medium  oil  DDGS  (7.4%  oil)  on  pig  performance    (152  to  280  lb  BW)    

Medium-oil DDGS (7.4% oil)

Graham et al., 2012

17  

12/29/14  

4  

Added  Fat  RecommendaKons  •  Should  I  have  fat  in  my  diets  currently?  

–  Long  on  space  =  No  •  Gain  improvements  not  required  while  increasing  feed  cost    

–  Short  on  space  =  Yes/No/Maybe  •  Evaluate  net  return  and  determine  opKmum  level  by  dietary  phase.  •  Strategy  should  be  different  as  economics  change  (corn-­‐fat-­‐market  prices)  

•  Which  season  are  pigs  to  be  marketed?  –  Pigs  placed  in  midsummer/fall/early  winter  months  can/should  forgo  added  fat  due  to  growth  rate  improvements  to  come  with  cooler  weather.    

–  Late  Spring/Summer  marketed  pigs  have  more  potenKal  revenue  benefit  to  be  fed  added  fat  starKng  in  February/March  to  capture  growth  rate  (carcass  weight  advantages)  

18   Feed Efficiency

Low ADG

Disease

Genetics

Feed availability

Water availability

Diet deficiency

Temperature

Low ADG

Feed  Efficiency   19  

Energy  use  by  the  pig  

Gross  energy        fecal  energy  

DigesKble  energy        urinary  energy  

Metabolizable  energy                        maintenance  

         Produc(on  

 

20  

Low  ADG  -­‐  Disease  

•  Disease  or  other  stress  –  Disease  problems  that  lower  ADFI  will  greatly  

lower  ADG.  High  mortality  will  increase  F/G  by  about  1.5%  for  each  1%  increase  in  mortality.  

–  Stressors  are  addiKve  •  Reducing  stress  will  improve  F/G  

21  

maintenance  

Energy  use  by  the  pig  

Gross  energy        fecal  energy  

DigesKble  energy        urinary  energy  

Metabolizable  energy    

         ProducKon  

 Stressor   Stressor   Stressor  

22  

Effect  of  PCV2  VaccinaKon  on  Feed  Efficiency  

Feed

/gain  

2.57

2.52

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

Control Vaccine

P  <  0.01  

23  

12/29/14  

5  

Low  ADG  –  Feed  Availability  •  Feed  availability  

–  LimiKng  feed  intake  intenKonally  or  unintenKonally  (Plugged  or  empty  feeders  or  bins)  will  lower  ADFI  and  ADG  

–  High  stocking  density  will  decrease  ADFI  and  ADG  

24  

Low  ADG  –  Water  Availability  •  Water  availability  

–  Lack  of  water  availability  will  reduce  ADFI  and  ADG  and  F/G  will  get  worse  •  Plugged  nipples,  dirty  cups,  low  water  pressure  

25  

Low  ADG  –  Diet  Deficiency  

•  Diet  deficient  (amino  acids,  salt,  other)  •  Oden  feed  intake  is  reduced  as  a  result  of  a  

diet  deficiency  –  Amino  acid  deficiencies  –  Inadequate  salt  levels  will  greatly  reduce  ADG  

26  

Low  ADG  –  Barn  Temperature  •  EffecKve  temperature  

–  High  environmental  temperature  will  decrease  ADFI  and  ADG.    

–  Feed  efficiency  is  not  altered  much  by  high  temperature,  unless  it  is  so  high  that  feed  intake  is  close  to  the  maintenance  requirement.  Then,  F/G  will  become  poorer  because  there  is  less  energy  available  for  ADG  since  more  of  it  is  going  towards  maintenance  requirements.  

27  

Feed Efficiency

Other factors

Particle size

Diet form

Other factors

Feed  Efficiency   28  

Every 100 microns = 1.  F/G improves by ~1.2% 2.  7 lbs less feed/finishing pig 3.  Current $0.98/pig savings in feed cost

     29  

12/29/14  

6  

3.0  

3.1  

3.2  

3.3  

3.4  

3.5  

800   600   400  

Cabrera,  1994a  

Cabrera,  1994b  

Wondra,  1995  

Effects  of  parKcle  size  on  feed  efficiency    

F/G  

ParKcle  size,  microns  

2.5  

2.6  

2.7  

2.8  

2.9  

3.0  

300  

400  

500  

600  

700  

800  

Paulk,  2011  

1.2%  per  100  microns   1.0%  per  100  microns  

ParKcle  size,  microns  

30  

Grain  ParKcle  Size    

•  F/G  directly  impacted  by  cereal  grain  parKcle  size  

•  Research  in  high  co-­‐product  ingredients  –  No  benefit  to  grinding  DDGS,  wheat  middlings,  soybean  hulls,  and  soybean  meal    

– Whole  diet  grinding  –  not  a  benefit  in  meal  diets  

31  

PelleKng  on  growth  performance  of  grow-­‐finish  pigs  2005  to  2011  

Reference  Meal   Pellet  

ADG   F/G       ADG   F/G  Groesbeck  et  al.  (2005)   0.83   1.25   0.90   1.22  Groesbeck  et  al.  (2005)   0.62   1.43   0.65   1.37  Groesbeck  et  al.(2006)   0.80   1.25   0.78   1.17  PoWer  et  al.  (2009)   1.95   2.12   2.05   2.07  PoWer  et  al.  (2009)   1.92   2.83   2.04   2.68  Myers  et  al.  (2010)   1.81   2.76   1.94   2.82  PoWer  et  al.  (2010)   1.92   2.86   2.03   2.70  Frobose  et  al.  (2011)   1.46   1.72   1.43   1.63  Frobose  et  al.  (2011)   1.29   1.51   1.38   1.40  Myers  et  al.  (2011)   1.96   2.73   1.97   2.67  Paulk  et  al.  (2011)   2.50   2.75   2.63   2.55  Paulk  et  al.  (2011)   2.31   2.50       2.44   2.40  

Average     1.61   2.14   1.69   2.06  Average  response  =  5.0%  for  ADG  and  4.0%  for  F/G  

32  

32   33  

www.KSUswine.org  

33  

www.swinefeedefficiency.com  

34  34   Newly  Developed  F/G  Factsheets  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25a:  Not  Always  Linked  to  Net  Income  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25b:  GeneKc  Impact  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25c:  ParKcle  Size  TesKng  Methodology  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25d:  Influence  of  ParKcle  Size  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25e:  Influence  of  PelleKng  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25f:  Influence  of  Temperature  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25g:  Decision  Tree  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC25h:  Influence  of  Market  Weight  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25i:  Effect  of  Dietary  Energy    •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25j:  Influence  of  Ractopamine  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25k:  Feeder  Design  and  Management  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25l:  Influence  of  Amino  Acids  •  Swine  Feed  Efficiency,  IPIC  25m:  Sow  Feed  on  Whole  Farm  Efficiency  

35  

www.swinefeedefficiency.com  

12/29/14  

7  

Thank  you!  

WWW.KSUswine.org  

36