Particle accelerators Particle accelerators are divided into
two by the way they were built: 1-)Linear 2-)Circular
Slide 2
Accelerators in Numbers
Slide 3
Particle accelerators come in two basic types: Linear Linear -
Particles travel down a long, straight track and collide with the
target. Circular Circular - Particles travel around in a circle
until they collide with the target. Circular accelerators do
essentially the same jobs as linacs. However, instead of using a
long linear track, they propel the particles around a circular
track many times. At each pass, the magnetic field is strengthened
so that the particle beam accelerates with each consecutive pass.
When the particles are at their highest or desired energy, a target
is placed in the path of the beam, in or near the detectors.
Circular accelerators were the first type of accelerator invented
in 1929.
Slide 4
Oxford's First Particle Accelerators The DWB was built to host
two Van de Graaff accelerators. Oxford's First Particle
Accelerators The DWB was built to host two Van de Graaff
accelerators.
Slide 5
The machine was used in the following years to bombard atoms of
various elements with swiftly moving particles. Such high-energy
particles could disintegrate atoms, in some cases forming
completely new elements. Hundreds of artificial radioactive
elements were formed in this manner. Initially driven by the effort
to discover the antiproton, the accelerator era had begun, and with
it the science of high-energy physics was born. Initially driven by
the effort to discover the antiproton, the accelerator era had
begun, and with it the science of high-energy physics was born. In
1939 Lawrence won the Nobel prize in pyhsics, "for the invention
and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it,
especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements". In 1939
Lawrence won the Nobel prize in pyhsics, "for the invention and
development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it,
especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements".
Slide 6
1932 Robert Van de Graaff develops his particle accelerator
using a high voltage generator, also developed by Van de Graaff,
called the Van de Graaff generator. Robert Van de Graaff develops
his particle accelerator using a high voltage generator, also
developed by Van de Graaff, called the Van de Graaff
generator.
Slide 7
1954 The English physicist Philip Dee builds a 350 MeV electron
Synchrotron at the University of Glassgow. Scientists at Brookhaven
develop new C-shaped magnets and build a Synchrotron capable of
accelerating protons to 3 GeV called the Cosmotron. The English
physicist Philip Dee builds a 350 MeV electron Synchrotron at the
University of Glassgow. Scientists at Brookhaven develop new
C-shaped magnets and build a Synchrotron capable of accelerating
protons to 3 GeV called the Cosmotron.
Slide 8
1955 Milton Livingston builds a Synchrotron capable of
accelerating protons to 6.2 GeV called the Bevatron. Milton
Livingston builds a Synchrotron capable of accelerating protons to
6.2 GeV called the Bevatron.
Slide 9
1957 Scientists at Dubna USSR build a Synchrotron capable of
accelerating protons to 10GeV called the Synchrophasotron.
Scientists at Dubna USSR build a Synchrotron capable of
accelerating protons to 10GeV called the Synchrophasotron.
Slide 10
1962 Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberg discover
the Muon Neutrino using the Alternate Gradient Synchrotron at
Brookhaven National Laboratory. Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and
Jack Steinberg discover the Muon Neutrino using the Alternate
Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Slide 11
1966 At SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre), a 2 mile
long linear accelerator capable of accelerating electrons to 18.4
GeV is built. Quarks are discovered at SLAC. The Russian physicist,
Gersh Budker first discusses the idea of proton - antiproton
colliders including a damping technique called electron cooling. At
SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre), a 2 mile long linear
accelerator capable of accelerating electrons to 18.4 GeV is built.
Quarks are discovered at SLAC. The Russian physicist, Gersh Budker
first discusses the idea of proton - antiproton colliders including
a damping technique called electron cooling.
Slide 12
1977 The bottom quark is discovered by a team led by Leon
Lederman using the Tevatron at Fermilab. The bottom quark is
discovered by a team led by Leon Lederman using the Tevatron at
Fermilab.
Slide 13
1979 Scientists at DESY working on the PETRA accelerator
discover the gluon. Scientists at DESY working on the PETRA
accelerator discover the gluon.
Slide 14
1983 SPS at CERN is converted into a proton - antiproton
collided after a proposal by the Italian physicist Carlo Rubbia. In
doing so the W and Z particle are discovered in 1983. SPS at CERN
is converted into a proton - antiproton collided after a proposal
by the Italian physicist Carlo Rubbia. In doing so the W and Z
particle are discovered in 1983.
Slide 15
1987 The Tevatron is the first accelerator to use
superconducting magnets. The Tevatron is the first accelerator to
use superconducting magnets.
Slide 16
1990 Scientists at DESY build the first electron - proton
collider, HERA. Scientists at DESY build the first electron -
proton collider, HERA.
Slide 17
1995 The last of the quarks, the top quark is discovered by
scientists working on the Tevatron at Fermilab. The last of the
quarks, the top quark is discovered by scientists working on the
Tevatron at Fermilab.
Slide 18
2008 The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is completed at CERN. The
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is completed at CERN.
Slide 19
Inside the LEP tunnel LEP is 27km in circumference LEP is 27km
in circumference Four bunches of electrons and Four bunches of
electrons and positrons circulate inside the positrons circulate
inside the vacuum pipe vacuum pipe 100 s for a complete circuit 100
s for a complete circuit About one electron-positron About one
electron-positron collision per second collision per second
Slide 20
2012 A new particle which could be the Higgs boson is
discovered at the LHC. A new particle which could be the Higgs
boson is discovered at the LHC.
