Ａ Novel GPS-based Quorum Hybrid Routing Algorithm for Ad Hoc Wir

eless Network

I-Shyan Hwang and Chih-Kang Chien

Outline

• Introduction

• GPS-QHRA

• Out of the Ordinary

• Simulation Evaluation

• Conclusion

Introduction

• GPS-QHRA of this paper combines– ZHLS(GPS-based) and UQS (Uniform Quorum System)

algorithm– Table-Driven and On-Demand technology

• GPS-QHRA of this paper may have – shorter paths– Better performance

Introduction• The comparison of three technologies

Type of Routing Algorithm Table-Driven On-Demand Hybrid

Overhead for routing maintenance Crucial None Normal

Speed of path discovery Fastest Slow Normal

Resource saving Worse Better Normal Network overhead for path discovery Light Crucial Normal

Effect of host mobility on network Crucial Light Normal

Large scale network topology Bad Bad Good

Small scale network topology Good Good Bad

GPS-QHRA

• System Assumptions and Defines– Each node has a unique ID– Each node’s location was mapped to the zone map– Each node has a synchronization clock– The power of every node is identical– Collision and bandwidth allocation problem are not

considered– If a zone should lack a node, then the GPS-QHRA

fault tolerance mechanism is applied

GPS-QHRA

Transmission Range

Fig1 Transmission radius within a GPS-QHRA zone

• The zone and transmission range of GPS-QHRA

GPS-QHRA

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Fig2 Zone map of GPS-QHRA

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Fig4 Entire topology of GPS-QHRA

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dpmap

Table-Driven

On-Demand

• Initiation of GPS-QHRA

GPS-QHRA

• When source and destination are in the same zone, the Table-Driven algorithm is used.

• It uses GPS-DFA algorithm– A broadcast method– Action in the same zone

GPS-QHRA

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dNF

(a)

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dNC

(c)b e

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(b)

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(d)

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Fig3 Determination of location database node in GPS-QHRATable-Driven

On-Demand

Step1. Determination of LDN in one zone

GPS-QHRA

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Fig4 Entire topology of GPS-QHRA

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Step2. Entire topology of GPS-QHRA

Table-Driven

On-Demand

GPS-QHRA

• If the source and destination are in distinct zones, then the On-Demand routing algorithm is applied.

• It uses UQS algorithm– The three routing table

• Intra-zone routing table• Inter-zone routing table• Node’s location table

GPS-QHRA

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Fig5 Intra-zone topology of GPS-QHRA

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Indirect node

LDN

direct node

•Intra-zone routing table

•Inter-zone routing table

•Node’s location table

Three node of intra-zone routing algorithm

GPS-QHRA

Destination Next Node Remark

A B Indirect

B B Direct

C C Direct

D C Indirect

F F Direct

G G Direct

H H Direct

Table2.Intra-zone routing table generated in Fig5

One intra-zone routing table of node e

•Intra-zone routing table

•Inter-zone routing table

•Node’s location table

GPS-QHRA

• Inter-zone routing table– Recorded by gateway

•Intra-zone routing table

•Inter-zone routing table

•Node’s location table

GPS-QHRA

Zone Node Resident

1 b, c, v, s, z

2 e, f, g, h

3 i, j, k, l

Table4 Routing information table generated by Fig5 •Intra-zone routing table

•Inter-zone routing table

•Node’s location table

Assumed UQSs are ((1, 2, 3)(1, 4, 5)(2, 4, 6)(3, 5, 6))

For example (1, 2, 3)

After the intra-zone table constructed

LDN 1 multi-casts the zone’s information to 2, 3

Out of the Ordinary

• Location update rule of GPS-QHRA– Regular update– Update on transmission

Out of the Ordinary

• Rule for Re-determining LDN– When the LDN moves to the danger zone– Regular update– GPS-DFA

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Fig6 Re-determination location database node in GPS-QHRA

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Out of the Ordinary

• Fault-Tolerance in GPS-QHRA

Fig7 (a) Fault-tolerance in GPS-QHRA

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Free node

(b) Node b becomes the new LDN

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