BIOCHEMISTRY

Matter- mass/takes up space Elements- 116 Compounds- combo of elements

Bulk elements- 95% human bodyCarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogenSulfurPhosphorus

Trace elements- required in small amounts

Ultra trace elements- vital in tiny amounts

Atoms- make up elementsElectron- negatively chargedProton- positively chargedNeutron-neutral

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CELLS Organic Comps- contain carbon +

hydrogenLong ring structures/chains

Inorganic Comps- lack carbon + hydrogen

INORGANIC Water Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Inorganic Salts

ORGANIC Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

CARBOHYDRATES Function

Sugars: energy sourcesGlycogen: storage of carbohydrates

CompositionC, H, ORatio of H:O is 2:1C₆H₁₂O₆C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

Types (3) Monosaccharide- single sugar

Glucose/fructoseBuilding blocks for other carbs

Disaccharide- 2 monosaccharide's bonded togetherEx: Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose Maltose

Polysaccharides- many monossacharides bonded togetherForm chains/branching chainsEx: cellulose, glycogen

LIPIDS Function:

Structural componentsStore/supply energySome act as hormones

Structure:C, H, ORatio of H:O is many H: 1 OxygenC₅₇H₁₁₀O₆Made up of fatty acids and glycerolGlycerol + 3 fatty acids= triglyceride

GlycerolChain of 3 C atomsEach C has a fatty acid attached to it

Fatty AcidLonger chain of C atomsSaturated fatty acids- all single bonds b/w CUnsaturated fatty acids- 1 or more double

bonds b/w C Monounsaturated fatty acids- one double bond Polyunsaturated fatty acids- 2 or more double

bonds

Saturated Fats- 3 saturated fatty acids Unsaturated Fats- unsaturated fatty

acids

Phospholipids-One fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate

group(phosphorus + oxygen)Found in cell membranes

Steroids4 Connected rings of carbon atoms

PROTEINS Function:

Structural componentsMetabolism: EnzymesAntibodiesReceptors on cell membranesEnzymes

StructureC,H,O,NBuilding blocks= amino acids20 common amino acidsForm long chains=polypeptidesProtein=1 or more polypeptides

Four levels of structure1. Primary structure- sequence of amino

acids in a polypeptideEach polypeptide has a special sequenceDetermined by DNA2. Secondary structure- amino acid chain

coils3. Tertiary structure- coils fold-- determine active site4. Quaternary structure- connected

polypeptide chains

Primary/secondary/tertiary/quartenary= distinct conformation- give function

2 Types of Proteins1. Fibrous: structural

hair, nails2. Globular: Functional

enzymes, hormones

ENZYMES Catalyst in living organisms

Subs that speeds up chem. Reactions w/out being used up itself

Can repeatedly be used

CO₂ + H₂O H₂CO₃ W/out enzyme

Produces 200 carbonic acid molecules/min W/ enzyme

Produces 600,000 molecules/sec

NUCLEIC ACIDSFunction:Carry instructions control cell activityheredity

StructureC,H, O, N,PNucleotides- 5 C sugar phosphate group,

nitrogen containing organic bases

2 TypesRNA- ribose sugar, single chainDNA-deoxyribose sugar, 2 chains