LIFE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8

KINGDOMS___________

ARCHAEBACTERIAEUBACTERIA

Chapter 5: Microbial World, Seeweeds and Plants

First in our survey of life in ocean Devoted to marine microorganisms

› Most abundant› Live everywhere in the ocean

From the deepest trenches To the highest tide pools

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic› Cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-

bound organelles

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Differences:› Chemistry of cell walls and plasma

membranes› Cellular machinery that manufactures

proteins

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Symbiotic bacteria › Digests wood ingested by shipworms

(Teredo),

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Symbiotic bacteria› Shipworms

Are bivalve molluscs, not worms Lack cellulase – enzyme that breaks down

cellulose, main component of wood

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Symbiotic bacteria Bioluminescence

› To communicate with other members of their species

› Lure prey› Blend with the light that filters from the

surface

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Symbiotic bacteria Bioluminescence

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Macropinna microstoma: A deep-sea fish with a transparent head and tubular eyes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RM9o4VnfHJU&edufilter=DQBPVNZ5nlfNZmzO0OgIrQ

ALIEN?

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Symbiotic bacteria Chemosynthetic

bacteria is symbiotic with mussels, clams, and tube worms that live around deep-sea hydrothermal vents

› Manufacture organic matter from CO2 and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from the vents.

› Symbiotic bacteria live in a special organ of tube worm Riftia

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Symbiotic bacteria Chemosynthetic bacteria is symbiotic

with mussels, clams, and tube worms that live around deep-sea hydrothermal vents

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Symbiotic bacteria

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGv2QxmaRI0&edufilter=DQBPVNZ5nlfNZmzO0OgIrQ

JAPANESE PUFFERFISH

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Symbiotic bacteria Japanese pufferfish

› Delicacy in Japan; “fugu”› Store toxins

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/animals/fish-animals/spiny-rayed-fish/pufferfish/

Toxins produced by symbiotic bacteria not the fish

Fish immune to toxins Toxins deadly to predators (or humans) who

eat the fish.

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Autotrophic bacteriaMake their own food

Photosynthetic Chemosynthetic

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Autotrophic bacteriaMake their own food

Photosynthetic › Contain chlorophyll or other photosynthetic

pigments to capture sunlight to make food (like seaweeds and plants)

Cyanobacteria Once known as blue-green algae Photosynthetic

› Pigments Chlorophyll – green Phycocyanin – bluish Phycoerythrin – reddish

Carry out nitrogen fixation› Converting gaseous nitrogen (N2) into other

nitrogen compounds that can be used by other primary producers

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

Stromatolites, calcareous mounds deposited by cyanobacteria are frequently found as fossils. These, however, are living stromatolites growing in shallow water in the Exuma Cays, Bahama Islands.

Bacteria:Cyanobacteria

Prokaryotes: Bacteria

BACTERIAInvisible to the eye but powerful

giants when it comes to their rolein the environment

KINGDOM___________

PROTISTAAnimal-likePlant-like

Unicellular Algae

Diatoms Dinoflagellates

Unicellular Algae

Diatoms Unicellular Live as plankton Cell walls made of silica (SiO2), glass-

like material› Used in products: filters for swimming

pools, temperature and sound insulators, abrasives in toothpaste

Primary producers in open water

Unicellular Algae

Dinoflagellates Planktonic, unicellular organisms. Two flagella

› One wrapped around a groove along the middle of the cell

› One trailing free Have a cell wall that is armored Mostly autotrophs, some heterotrophic Some bioluminescent

Protozoans

Animal-like protists Foraminiferans Radiolarians Ciliates

Protozoans

Foraminiferans Shell made of calcium carbonate Most benthic Some planktonic

› Shells important components of marine sediment

Pseudopodia(extensions ofcytoplasm) for movementhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5cetm-fj3Y&edufilter=DQBPVNZ5nlfNZmzO0OgIrQ

Protozoans

Radiolarians Shells made primarily of silica (glass) Sediments cover large area of ocean

floor.

Protozoans

Ciliates Have many hair-like cilia used in

locomotion and feeding. Most familiar – paramecium

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGpudS9IjHg&edufilter=DQBPVNZ5nlfNZmzO0OgIrQ

The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds

General Structure: seaweed vs land plant

The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds

General Structure: seaweed vs land plant Thallus- name for entire structure Blades – photosynthetic region of

thallus; leaf-like, but lacks veins Pneumatocysts – gas filled bladders;

keeps blades close to surface Stipe – stem-like structure from which

blade orginates Holdfast – anchors thallus to bottom

The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds

General Structure: seaweed vs land plant

The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds

Types of Seaweed Green

algae/Chlorophyta › Largely unicellular› Non-marine;

freshwater habitat› Bright-green due to

large amounts of chlorophyll; also contains carotenoid pigments (yellow-brown)

The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds

Types of Seaweed Green algae Brown algae Red algae

The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds

Types of Seaweed Brown algae

Includes largest and most structurally complex seaweeds

› Chlorophyll found together with carotenoids

The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds

Types of Seaweed Red algae

› Largest group› Chlorophyll masked by red pigment; also

contains carotenoids

The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds

Economic Importance

FOODHave you had algae for

dinner?Algin

CarrageenanBeta carotene

Brownie mixCheese (yellow and orange)

Chocolate milkCoffee creamerCottage cheeseEgg substitute

Evaporated milkFrozen foods and desserts

Frozen yogurtIce cream

Infant FormulaMargarine

MayonnaiseMultiple vitamins

Pet foodPudding (cooked)

RelishesSalad dressing

Sauces and graviesSour creamToothpaste

Whipped creamYogurt

The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds

If you have used any of those products,

You have likely eaten ALGAE

KINGDOM___________

PLANTAE

Flowering Plants

Almost all flowering plants or angiosperms live on land EXCEPT three groups:

Seagrasses Salt-Marsh plants Mangroves

Flowering Plants

Seagrasses Truly marine Rarely exposed to air

Flowering Plants

Salt-marsh plants Land plant Salt tolerant Grow soft-bottom

coastal regions

Flowering Plants

Mangroves Land plant Salt tolerant Grow along shore

Flowering Plants

Reproduction Involves a dominant sporophyte

› Features an elaborate reproductive organ, the flower.