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Pre-Columbian America,Spanish & British Colonial
America
35,000 years ago
crossed land bridge connecting Alaska and Siberia; growing body of evidence of secondary migrations
First Inhabitants
North American Tribes
Pueblo, Navajo, and Hopi Rio Grande Valley
Iroquois Confederacy modern northeast
Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee modern southeast
Sioux and Crow Great Plains
Inca – Peru: known for advanced engineering
and civil society
South / Central American Tribes
Inca Trail
Machu Picchu
Mayan – Central America / Yucatan Peninsula advanced agriculture and astronomy – created accurate 365 ¼ day calendar with solstices
Mayan Pyramid of Kukulkan - The Castle
Aztecs – Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City) advanced market system in capital city to support a developed agricultural market – had higher standard of living than contemporary European cities
Influences Driving Exploration
Christian Crusades – 11th through 14th century wars over Palestine brought to Europe silks, drugs, perfumes, cloth and wealth – a new route to the Orient
Portuguese – new navigation technology enabled trade expansion along west African coast (gold and slaves)
Vasco da Gama
Reconquista: Spanish expulsion of the Moors from Iberian Peninsula created a religious ideology of expanding the Catholic faith – used to mask financial incentives of exploration / conquest
Early Explorers – Folklore, Myth, and Probable pre-1400 explorers
YEAR FROM TO QUALITY OF EVIDENCE
70,000? B.C, - 12,000? B.C.
Siberia Alaska High: the survivors peopled the Americas
6,000? B.C. – 1,500? B.C.
Indonesia South America Moderate: similarities in blowguns, papermaking
5,000? B.C. Japan Ecuador Moderate: similar pottery, fishing styles
10, 000? B.C. – 600? B.C.
Siberia Canada, New Mexico High: Navajos and Crees resemble each other culturally but differ from other Indians – genetic testing
9,000? B.C. –Present
Siberia Alaska High: continuing contact by Inuit across Being Sea
1,000 B.C. China Central America Low: Chinese legend; cultural similarities
1,000 B.C. – 300 A,D,
Afro-Phoenicia Central America Moderate: Negroid & Caucasoid likeness in sculpture and ceramics, Arab legend
YEAR FROM TO QUALITY OF EVIDENCE
500 B.C. Phoenicia, Celtic Britain
New England Low: megaliths, possible similarities in script and language
600 A.D. Ireland via Iceland Newfoundland West Indies
Low: legends of St. Brendan, written c. 850 A.D., confirmed by Norse sagas
1000 – 1350 Greenland, Iceland Labrador, Baffin Land, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, possibly Cape Cod and further south
High: oral sagas, confirmed by archaeology on Newfoundland
1311? – 1460? West Africa Haiti, Panama, possibly Brazil
Moderate: Portuguese sources in West Africa, Columbus on Haiti, Balboa in Panama
1460 Portugal NewfoundlandBrazil
Low: inference from Portuguese sources and actions
1375? – 1491 Basque Spain Newfoundland coast Low: cryptic historical sources
1481 – 1491 Bristol, England Newfoundland coast Low: cryptic historical sources
Spain in the New World
Conquistadors – Spanish explorers / conquerors of the new world driven by several
motives God, Gold, and Glory
Christopher Columbus – 1492 – recognized because a permanent relationship was established between the old and new world
St. Augustine, Florida – 1565 – 1st permanent settlement in the U.S. primary purpose was to protect trading routes from English pirates
Exchange of diseases – Decimated Native
American populations 90% mortality rate from disease and violence in South America in 200 years
Smallpox
Yellow Fever
Malaria
Europeans to North America
Syphilis – North America to Europe
The ‘Columbian Exchange’
AmericasGold, Silver
Corn, Potatoes, Pineapples, Tobacco,Beans, Vanilla, Chocolate
Syphilis
Europe
Wheat, Sugar, Rice, Coffee
Horses, Cows, Pigs
Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague,Influenza, typhus, scarlet fever
African slave labor
England becomes a
protestant nation Rivalry with Catholic
Spain
Queen Elizabeth (1558)
Sea Dogs – English pirates raided Spanish ships – acquisition of wealth via force has been an acceptable vocation for much of history
Most famous ‘sea dog’ - Sir Francis Drake
English attempts at colonization Newfoundland – Sir Humphrey Gilbert Roanoke Island – Sir Walter Raleigh
The ‘Lost Colony’ & Virginia Dare
RaleighGilbert
Spanish Armada defeated 1588 – allowed England to enter into the ‘colony business’ and establish naval supremacy
Enclosure movement High Unemployment ‘Surplus population’ Laws of Primogeniture
Why leave England?
The Virginia Company of
London (The London Company) Charter from King James I –
settlers guaranteed the same rights as English subjects
Joint-Stock Companies
Early Problems = disease and starvation John Smith – “He who shall not work shall not
eat”
Jamestown (1607)
The ‘starving time’ (1609-1610) – 60 of 500 settlers survive
A passage from A People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn
…Among them were survivors from the winter of 1609-1610, the “starving time,” when, crazed for want of food, they roamed the woods for nuts and berries, dug upgraves to eat the corpses, and died in batches until five hundred colonists were reduced to sixty.
In the Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia is a document of 1619 whichtells of the first twelve years of the Jamestown colony. The first settlement had a hundred persons, who had one small ladle of parley per meal. When more peoplearrived, there was even less food. Many of the people lived in cavelike holes duginto the ground, and in the winter of 1609-1610 there were
driven thru insufferable hunger to eat those things which naturemost abhorred, the flesh and excrements of man as well of ourown nation as of an Indian, digged by some out of his grave afterhad lain buried three days and wholly devoured him; others, envyingthe better state of body and any whom hunger has not yet so much wasted as their own, lay wait and threatened to kill and eat them;one among them slew his wife as she slept in his bosom, cut her in pieces, salted her and fed upon her til he had clean devoured all partssaving her head…
Relations with Indians Lord De La Warr Anglo-Powhatan Wars
“a perpetual war without peace or truce…”
VA Indians fell to
Disease, Disorganization, & Disposability
VA’s economic salvation – John Rolfe & tobacco Beginning of the plantation system Monoculture (dependency on one crop) developed Needed for laborers – indentured servant (slaves were
present)
House of Burgesses 1st representative body in the colonies James I did not trust the body and made VA a royal colony in 1624
John Calvin in Switzerland
Predestination God had determined who
was going to heaven (the elect) and hell since the beginning of creation
Good works could not get you into heaven
English Calvinists were called Puritans
Calvinism
Separatists Puritans (Pilgrims) left England (1608) Temporary stay in Holland Arrived off coast of New England Nov. 1620
May Flower Compact – agreement for self government according to the will of the majority
Established Plymouth Colony Only 44 of 102 survived 1st winter
William Bradford
Economy = fur (beaver), fish, & lumber
Next fall = 1st Thanksgiving
Notice: thatched roofs; no paint, glass, or masonry
Non-Separatist Puritans fled persecution (1629) Formed Massachusetts Bay Company Founded Massachusetts Bay Bible Colony &
Boston
Came well prepared and financed family units & entire villages
John Winthrop – leader
Economy – fishing, ship building and fur trading Established the Congregational church & a representative
assembly Purpose of government = enforce God’s laws
The Great English Migration (1630-1642)
Religious intolerance Roger Williams
Challenged authority of the government to regulate the church – banished
Established new colony of Rhode Island (1636) Freedom of religion (for all)
Separation of church and state
Anne Hutchinson Challenged the concept of predestination Banished from MA
Bay Colony Expansion Connecticut – Thomas Hooker Fundamental Orders of Connecticut –
established a government democratically controlled by ‘substantial’ citizens
Indians & Puritan Expansion
Pequot War - 1637
King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675) Slowed westward movement of New England
settlers Ended Indian threat to New England
