© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Wound Care and Bloodborne Pathogens Juan Cuevas, ATC

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Wound Care and

Bloodborne Pathogens Juan Cuevas, ATC


• Healthcare facility must be maintained as ______ and sterile to prevent spread of disease and _______

• Must take precautions to minimize ______

• Must take whatever measures to prevent contamination


Bloodborne Pathogens

• Pathogenic organisms, present in human ______ and other fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, ______, vaginal secretion and synovial fluid) that can potentially cause _______

• Most significant pathogens are Hepatitis __, ___ and _____

• Others that exist are Hepatitis A, D, E and syphilis


Hepatitis B• Major cause of _____ infection, resulting in

swelling, soreness, loss of normal ______ function

• Signs and symptoms– ____-like symptoms like fatigue, weakness, nausea,

abdominal pain, headache, fever, and possibly _______________

– Possible that individual will not exhibit signs and symptoms

• Can be unknowingly transferred


– May test positive w/in 2-6 weeks of symptom development

– 85% recover within ______ weeks

• Prevention– Good personal _______ and avoiding high risk activities– Proceed with caution as _____ can survive in blood and

fluids, in dried blood and on contaminated surfaces for at least ___ week

– Vaccination against HBV


Hepatitis C

• Both an _______ and chronic form of ____ disease caused by hepatitis C virus (____)

• ___________________ chronic bloodborne infection in United States

• Leading indication for l_______ transplant• Signs & Symptoms

– _______% of those infected have no S&S– May be jaundice, have mild abdominal pain,

loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, muscle/joint pain, and/or _______ urine


Human Immunodeficiency Virus

• Virus that has potential to destroy _______ system

• According to World Health Organization 42 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in _________


• Symptoms and Signs– Transmitted by infected ______ or other fluids– _______, weight loss, muscle or joint pain, painful or

swollen glands, night sweats and fever– Antibodies can be detected in blood tests within 1 year of

exposure– May go for 8-10 _____ before signs and symptoms

develop– Most that acquire HIV will develop acquired

immunodeficiency syndrome (_______)


Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

• _____________ of signs and symptoms that are recognized as the effects of an infection

• No protection against the simplest _______

• Positive test for HIV cannot predict when the individual will show symptoms of AIDS

• After contracting AIDS, people generally die w/in 2 _____ of symptoms developing


• Management– ____ vaccine for HIV, no cure even though

drug therapy is available– Research looking for preventive vaccine and

effective treatment– Most effective drug combination

• Antiviral drug ___________

• Slows replication of virus, improving prospects for survival


HIV and Athletic Participation• No definitive answer as to whether

asymptomatic HIV _________ should participate in sport

• American with Disabilities ______ says athletes infected cannot be discriminated against and may only be excluded with __________ sound basis


– Disinfectant• Contaminated surfaces should be clean immediately with

solution of ________ ratio approved disinfectant to water

• Should inactivate HIV

• Contaminated towels should be bagged, labeled, and separated from other soiled laundry, then transported in biohazard container

– Wash in ______ water (159.8 degrees F for 25 minutes)– Laundry done outside institution should be OSHA certified

– Sharps• ________, razorblades, and scalpels

• use extreme care in handling and disposing all sharps



Caring for Skin Wounds

• Skin wounds are extremely common in sports

• Soft pliable nature of skin makes it susceptible to _______

• Numerous mechanical forces can result in trauma– ________, scrapping, pressure, ________,

cutting and penetration


• Types of wounds– _________

• Skin scraped against rough surface• _____ layer of skin wears away exposing numerous capillaries• Often involves exposure to dirt and foreign materials = increased risk

for ________

– __________________• Sharp or pointed object ________ tissues – results in wound with

jagged edges• May also result in tissue avulsion

– _________• Wounds with smooth edges


– ____________ wounds• Can easily occur during activity and can be ______

• Penetration of tissue can result in introduction of tetanus bacillus to bloodstream

• All severe lacerations and puncture wounds should be referred to a ____________

– __________________ wounds• Skin is torn from _______ = major bleeding

• Place avulsed tissue in moist ______ (saline), plastic bag and immerse in cold water

• Take to hospital for reattachment


Immediate Care

• Should be cared for immediately

• ______ wounds should be treated as though they have been contaminated with microorganisms

• To minimize infection clean wound with copious amounts of _____, water and _____ solution



• Dressing– _____________ dressing should be applied to keep

wound clean– Occlusive dressing are extremely effective in

minimizing _________– Antibacterial ointments are effective in limiting

bacterial growth and preventing wound from sticking to dressing

– Utilization of hydrogen peroxide can occur several times daily before reapplication of ___________


• Are sutures necessary?

– Decision should be made by a physician– Sutures should be used within __________– Physician may decide wound does not require

sutures and utilize ___________ or butterfly bandages


• Signs of Wound Infection – Same as those for inflammation

•

•

•

•

•

– Pus may form due to accumulation of WBC’s– Fever may develop as immune system fights bacterial

infection


• Most wound infections can be treated with ______________

• Staphylococcus aureus has become resistant to some antibiotics– Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (_________)

is more difficult to treat and infection is extremely difficult to treat

– If cause of infection is not discovered early and improper antibiotics are used initially infection that starts in skin could spread into more serious infection


• Tetanus– Bacterial infection that may cause fever and

convulsions and possibly tonic skeletal muscle spasm for non-immunized athletes

– Tetanus bacillus enters wound as spore and acts on motor end plate of ________

– Following childhood vaccination, boosters should be supplied once ever ______ years

Documents

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Wound Care and Bloodborne Pathogens Juan Cuevas, ATC