Bserve report (final)

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING SERVICES

[BLD 60903 / ARC 2423]

PROJECT 2:

BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC

BUILDINGS

PREPARED BY:

PHILIA CHUA YI SIAN 0318936

NATALIE KI XIAO XUAN 0318918

LEE YIH 0318340

RICCO SOH ZHENG WEI 0319890

TAY JIT YING 0319002

TANG WEI XIN 0322731

TUTOR:

MR. SIVARAMAN KUPPUSAMY

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENT PAGE

1 Introduction to Building………………………………………………………. 1

Findings and Analysis of Proposed Systems

2 Active Fire Protection System ………………………………………………… 2 - 16

(Prepared by: Lee Yih)

3 Passive Fire Protection System …………………………………………………17 - 30

(Prepared by: Tay Jit Ying)

4 Air Conditioning System ……………………………………………………….31 - 47

(Prepared by: Natalie Ki Xiao Xuan)

5 Mechanical (and Natural) Ventilation System ………………………………….48 - 60

(Prepared by: Philia Chua Yi Sian and Ricco Soh Zheng Wei)

6 Mechanical Transportation System ……………………………………………..61- 72

(Prepared by: Tang Wei Xin)

7 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………. 73

8 References……………………………………………………………………….74 - 77

9 Appendix………………………………………………………………………... 78

1

1. INTRODUCTION OF BUILDING

Located in Taman Kanagapuram, Jalan Klang Lama, Selangor, the building is a two

storey residential health oriented centre sitting on a flat bungalow lot. It is connected

to the Old Klang Road via two lanes of narrow roads and the nearest Fire Fighting

department is located just two minutes away from the building itself. Inside, the

centre is essentially a single, continuous space spread out over two levels. Entered

from the south-west, the centre begins with a foyer that flows into the café and

emergency staircase to the right and physiotherapy room on the left. From there, the

space segues into another emergency staircase, elevator, kitchen, dining area and

finally gymnasium on the right, yet the space is flood with daylight from the garden.

Louvers were implemented in most part of the building to control and allow abundant

of sunlight into the building interior. Wind come from the back optimize and cools

down the entire building (cross ventilation) while stack ventilation is possible with the

atrium design. The idea is to allow air movement which improves the comfort of the

elderly in the centre. Room such as the physiotherapy room requires air conditioning

system as it offers manageable temperatures and excellent air quality to the patient

while it restrict air movement within and between various departments at the same

time. Naturally, the centre which have a high movement of people have to have larger

lift for transporting patients and equipment.

2

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SYSTEMS

2. ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (Prepared by: Lee Yih)

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Active fire protection is a group of systems that work efficiently during an

outbreak of fire when certain amount of action or motion is carried out. The

advantages of this system is that it avoids fire spreading by slowing down the fire

development or put out small amount of fire, thus, improves the accessibility for

the occupants to move around in the event. It also provides better protection of

infrastructure installed in the building. Whereas the disadvantages of this fire

protection system is that it does not extinguish large fires. It requires complex

equipments or systems to be installed and destratification of smoke layers which

lead to reduction of visibility happens when it’s activated.

The main purpose of active fire protection is divided into three categories:

1. to detect

2. to notify

3. fire fighting

With active fire protection installed, its sensitivity allows it to detect the presence

of fire in a building precisely and as prompt as possible so that early actions could

be taken when the accident is still controllable. This is done by efficient locating

sources of smoke, heat or flame through detectors.

Detection of fire triggers activation of fire alarm and emergency services at the

right time to notify occupants that evacuation out of building or to the

predetermined assembly point is necessary. Its activation happens in advance to

allocate sufficient amount of time for occupants to carry out the evacuation.

Attempt on fire-fighting measures are through automated system like water

sprinklers and fire suppression, as well as manual system like fire extinguishers or

fire hose reels used by the fire fighters. This process is further divided into water

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based system and non-water based system. Nevertheless, the real purpose behind

this is still to slow large fires and to allocate more time for escaping.

2.2 OVERVIEW

Active fire protection systems interact with their surroundings by operating certain

mechanism to control or extinguish a fire, or opening a vent to allow assisted

natural ventilation or to evacuate users out of the building. The components of this

system are flexible to be replaced according to user’s priority and preferences

during the event of fire. Different components are installed depending on the

scales and types of buildings.

In this elderly centre, majority of the elderlies are above 65 years old and most of

them are either depending on walkers, completely immobile or completely

unconscious. Hence, mobility, health issues, mental stability have became the

consideration factors while designing the active fire protection systems as

elderlies tend to be more sensitive and fragile. Improper design might cause chaos,

mental disturbance and physical injuries which may be life threatening to the

elderlies.

Proposed procedures of active fire protection in the selected elderly center for this

project is summarized in the diagram below:

4

2.3 PROPOSAL OF SYSTEMS

2.3.1 DETECTION

2.3.1.1 Smoke and Heat Detectors

Optical Smoke Detector

An optical smoke detector, also known as photo-electric smoke

detector works using the light scattering principle. During the event of

a fire, smoke enters the optical chamber through vents, whereas the

chamber is usually protected with insect screen to prevent false alarms

caused by bugs.

It is operated by a light-emitting diode (LED) which is beamed into the

sensor chamber every 10 seconds to check for smoke particles. When

smoke particles enter the light path, its particles caused Infra-red light

to be reflected onto the photosensitive device light receptor, causing

the detector to respond.

UBBL 1984, Section 238 : Fire Alarm Sytems

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguisher fire and

alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as

specified in the tenth schedule to these by-laws.

Figure 1.1 Operation of an optical smoke detector during fire outbreak

(Source of image: http://www.safelincs.co.uk/smoke-alarm-types-optical-alarms-overview/)

5

Proposal and Justification

This type of detector is suitable for the elderly center as it responds

faster to fire due to its sensitivity at detecting large particles of smoke

and is less prone to false alarms. Also, its small size ensures aesthetic

installations rather than becoming an eyesore to the elderlies. This

detector is proposed to be applied in all spaces except for kitchen and

outdoor spaces. However, tobacco smoke and steam would trigger

false alarms and hence smoking has to be prohibited inside the

building.

Fixed cum RoR Heat Detector

The function of a heat detector is to minimize property damage by

reacting to the change in temperature during a fire outbreak. They

activate the alarm system to notify occupants of potential fire in the

kitchen. To increase efficiency of heat alarm, it can also be linked with

smoke detectors in the fire control system.

The fixed cum RoR type operate on rapid rise in temperature,

irrespective of starting temperature with two heat sensitive

thermocouple/thermistor. One partially sealed thermistor senses heat

transferred by convection and radiation, while other senses ambient

temperature. Whenever theres a difference in temperature, the

diaphragm gets distorted and alarm is raised. Fixed cum RoR detector

adds a fixed temperature element which detect slowly developing fires,

whereas the standard RoR type may not respond to that.

Figure 1.2 Diagram on how RoR heat detector works

(Source of image: http://electricalinfo.in/tech/fire-detection-alarm/)

6


Fixed cum RoR heat detector is proposed at the kitchen in the elderly

centre.

Due to the function of kitchen which is often filled with smoke when

cooking is carried out, false alarms would be caused if optical smoke

detectors are installed. In contrary, heat detectors will prevent this to

happen as it only detect abnormally high temperatures or rapid

increases in temperature. Besides, all detectors proposed in the

building are combined alarms with sensors, hence, audible signals

would be produced from the detectors when it’s activated.

2.3.2 NOTIFICATION

2.3.2.1 Manual Alarm Call Point

Whenever a fire is noticed, manual alarm call point provides a manual

way of activating the fire alarm system. By breaking the cover glass or

plastic to activate the switch. It is designed to be a two action device

including activation and to stop unwanted activations. However, once

it’s activated, it can only be reset at the fire alarm control panel.

According to the requirement, manual call points should be placed near

all exits or doorways and in all areas of high fire risk, such as the

kitchen for example. Due to the limitation mobility of occupants in the

elderly centre, travel distance within the building to reach a manual

call point should not exceed 25 metres. Also, it should be mounted at

between 1 metre + or - 200mm above the floor for the easy access of

elderlies on wheelchairs.

7

2.3.2.2 Fire Alarm System

A fire alarm system is intended to produce alert signals at a

sufficiently early stage so that occupants who are at risk can be

made safe either by evacuation before the escape routes becomes

Figure 1.3 Example of manual alarm call point

(Source of image: http://www.cqr.co.uk/access/fp2-

manual-call-point/)

Figure 1.4 Diagram showing connection between manual call points and control panel with

other components in the fire alarm system

(Source of image: http://www.airlight.in/FireAlarm/WirelessFireAlarmSystem.aspx)

UBBL 1984 Section 237:

(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule of these

By-Laws.

(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage

area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be

provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to

be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert

(intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of

a master control.

8

smoke-logged, or by extinguishing the fire and at the same time

minimising property damage.

Two Stage System

It is a system which produces distinct alert signal that first advises

the staff of the fire emergency, with its coded signal why is only

apparent to designated building staff. The staff are expected to

immediately investigate source of the alarm, and to activate the

alarm signal if a fire exists. After a predetermined period of time

(usually five minutes), the coded signal will automatically set off.

On the other hand, if it’s a false alarm, staff can silence the coded

alert signal and reset the system.


Two stage fire alarm system is proposed in this elderly centre as

evacuation of the occupants is difficult and could be physically

harmful due to the elderlies’ limited mobility. Besides, blaring

alarm sound could possible cause undue distress to the elderlies as

they tend to be more sensitive to the environment.

Combined alarm with sensor unit produces constant loud audible

signals to alert visual impaired elderlies, whereas strobe light

produces red light flashes to notify the hearing impaired elderlies.

Figure 1.5 Optical smoke alarm

(Source of image: http://www.safelincs.ie/apollo-

xp95-optical-smoke-detector/)

Figure 1.6 Strobe light

(Source of image: https://www.tlc-

direct.co.uk/Products/ESFS3.html)

9

2.3.2.3 Fire Alarm Control Panel

A central processing unit of the fire alarm system. It receives and

analyses signals from smoke and heat detectors, as well as manual call

points to detect changes associated with fire, while providing audible

and visual information to the user. When detectors and manual call

points are activated, it informs the users on the source or location of

the activation. Normally, a standard unit initiates automatic alarm

response sequences after transmission of information based on a

predetermined sequence.


The fire control panel unit is to be located in the staff’s office at the

elderly centre’s first floor. This is to allow easy access to monitoring

and quick responding during fire.

UBBL 1984 Section 155: Fire mode of operation

The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel

which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or

manually.

UBBL 1984, Section 238

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided

with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall

contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire bridge communication, sprinkler,

water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone

connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard.

Figure 1.7 Fire Alarm Control Panel

(Source of image: http://www.vedardalarm.com/blog/fire-

security-project-home-smoke-alarms/)

10

2.3.3 FIRE FIGHTING

2.3.3.1 Fire Extinguisher

Dry powder fire extinguishers are the most used and most popular

multipurpose fire extinguishers, and are red in colour with a blue

panel. They are often recommended for use at home and the

firefighting agent are safe on electrical equipment. However, they are

Figure 1.8 Schematic diagram on how fire alarm control panel works

(Source of image: http://www.vedardalarm.com/blog/fire-security-project-home-smoke-alarms/)

UBBL 1984, Section 227:

Portable Fire Extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of

practice and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all

direction and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of

operation.

11

not suitable for use in enclosed spaces such as offices, hotels and

schools as the dry powder creates cloud that can block the vision and

causes breathing problems.

As the name implies, they can be used on:

Class A fire: burning solids (such as paper, wood and plastic)

Class B fire: flammable liquids

Class C fire: flammable gases (but it is not usual to extinguish the

flame of a gas fire)

ABC Dry Powder Extinguishers are chosen to be used in the elderly

centre as they are excellent all-round fire extinguishers.


ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher is chosen to be used in the elderly

centre as they are excellent all-round fire extinguishers. It is placed in

the middle of corridor, right next to the hose reel for conveniency.

Wet chemical fire extinguisher is specially designed for use on kitchen

fires involving burning oil and deep fat fryers (Class F fires). However,

it is not proposed to be used in this building as these fire extinguishers

are only used in large scale

restaurant kitchen and is highly

corrosive. Alternatively, a

small fire blanket which is

simple to use, yet effective is a

useful fire safety device for

domestic kitchen in the elderly

centre. It smother a fire after

being left alone for a

considerable length of time to

ensure the fire is completely

extinguished. Figure 1.9 Types of fire extinguisher

(Source of image:

http://www.liangyiequipment.com/)

12

2.3.3.2 Hose Reel System

This system is intended for the occupant to use during early stages of a

fire to suppress its development. It comprises of hose reel pumps,

water storage tanks, hose reels, pipe work and valves. They are located

strategically in a building at the distance of every 45m (as per stated in

UBBL), to ensure proper coverage of water in combating a fire.

The system is manually operated and activated by opening a valve

enabling the water to flow into the hose that has coverage range of

30m for each reel. During system pressure loss, pump will be activated

ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide a water jet of

minimum 10 meter from the nozzle.

UBBL 1984, Section 248: Marking on wet riser, etc

1. Wet riser, dry riser and sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings

shall be painted red.

2. All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and

extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire

Authority or otherwise clearly identified.

UBBL 1984, Section 244 (c): Standard Required

Hose reel shall be located at every 45 metres (depends on the building form).

Besides, fire hose reel should be located at the strategic places in buildings,

especially nearer to firefighting access lobbies in order to provide a reasonably

accessible and controlled supply of water for fire.

Figure 1.10 Example of fire hose

reel

(Source of image:

http://www.rnwservices.com.au/index.

php/products/fire-hose-reels)

13

Hose Reels

Hose Reel

Tanks

Hose Reel

Pumps Figure 1.11 Diagram of typical hose reel system

(Source of image:

http://dynoklang.com.my/site/index.php?cat=29&

page=71)

Hose Reel 1 Hose Reel 2

21.4

7 m

21.4

7 m

14

m

Location of hose reel tanks

and pumps on ceiling. [Refer

to architectural drawings

attached for details]

Figure 1.12 (Not to scale) Schematic diagram

indicating location of hose reels and its distance

14


One hose reel is placed at each level in the middle of corridor to ensure

easy access from both direction’s death ends and to be noticed easily

during an emergency. Two of the hose reels are overlapped on top of

each other in each floors to ensure water being transferred efficiently

through vertical piping. Whereas placing of the hose reel tanks and

hose reel pumps on top of ceiling ensures adequate static pressure to

achieve the required flowrate through gravitational force.

2.3.3.3 External Fire Hydrant

An external fire hydrant is a pipe that act as a supply of water by

allowing constant water flow from the water main controlled by a

valve. The water is then discharged to the fire engine and is pumped

and sprayed over the fire.

Standard requirement for installing hydrant outlet:

- not more than 30m from the breeching inlet or entrance of building

- minimum 6m from the building

- spaced not more than 91.5m apart along access road

- minimum width of access road is 6m

UBBL 1984

CLAUSE 225 (2)

“Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than

91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade.”

CLAUSE 225 (3)

“Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for

fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the

Fire Authority.”

15


An external fire hydrant is to be proposed in front of the building

outside site’s boundary to ensure efficiency during fire fighting. It is

placed outside of site’s boundary to ensure a minimum distance of 6m

from building as per stated in requirement.

Such component is proposed even though there’s an existing fire

hydrant located few houses away from elderly centre on the same

street. This is because distance between the existing hydrant and

elderly centre building’s entrance is 62m which has exceeded the

maximum distance (stated as 30m) in the requirement.

Figure 1.10 Requirement on fire hydrant’s location

(Source of image:

http://blog.foremostpromotions.com/clearing-fire-

hydrants-who-is-responsible/)

Elderly

Centre’s

Entrance

Existing Fire

Hydrant

Figure 1.12 Screenshot showing the distance between

existing fire hydrant and building’s entrance

(Source of image: Google map)

Figure 1.11 Photo of the existing fire hydrant

(Source of image: Google street view)

16

2.4 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM MATRIX

TYPES OF

FIRE

ALARM

SYSTEM

SPACES

Recepti

on

Kitchen Office Cafe Corridor Dining

Area

Gymna

sium

Locker Library Meditati

on Space

Heat Detector x

Smoke

Detector

x x x x x x x x x

Manual Call

Point

x x x x x x

Fire Alarm

Control Panel x

Fire Alarm +

Strobe Light

x x x x x x x x x x

Sprinklers x x x x x x x x x x

Fire Hydrant x

Hose Reel x

Dry Riser

Fire

Extinguisher x

17

3. PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (Prepared by: Tay Jit Ying)


Passive fire protection is the primary and one of the most effective method against

fire in a building. Fire protection measure is integrated within the constructional

fabric to provide fire safety and protection against flame, heat and smoke to

maintain structural stability, means of escape and fire protection. Protection

measures are able to achieve by raising the resistance of the structure from fire,

protecting the internal structure, increasing the duration of fire outspread and

minimising structural distortion.

Structural fire protection protect essential structural components (such as

structural steel and joint systems) and prevent the effects of fire and is achieved

with a fireproofing or building the structure out of concrete. Fire barriers,

firewalls, fire partitions, and smoke barriers serves the function of

compartmentation. Fire barriers include fire-rated walls, floors, and ceilings are

utilised to limit the outspread of fire in a building and allow safe egress from the

occupants.

Walls constructed from a fire-rated floor to the fire-rated ceiling continue into

concealed spaces for overall protection. Opening of a fire barrier is installed with

fire doors and windows to maintain its fire resistance. Fire stopping materials are

also used to limit fire from penetrating through fire barriers. Hence, the

application of passive fire protection is critical to the safety and impact of the

occupants and the building itself.

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3.2 OVERVIEW

Means of escape

The principle of means of escape are based on the time available for escape

(length of time between fire starting and making the means of escape from a

location) is longer than the time needed for escape. Once people are aware of fire,

regardless of location, they should be able to proceed safely and escape from the

building.

Passive Fire Protection

System

Means of Escape Compartment

Emergency Exit

Signage

Fire Escape

Staircase

Fire Evacuation

Route

Fire Rated

Door

Separation of

fire-risk areas

Escape Travel

Distance

Fire Rescue

Access

19

3.3 PROPOSAL OF SYSTEMS

3.3.1 FIRE EVACUATION ROUTE

Evacuation Process

Stage 1 - on hearing the evacuation alarm, occupants immediately prepare

to leave the building – switch off electrical appliances and computers and

secure confidential materials and valuables.

Stage 2 - leave the room by the nearest exit route. All doors should be

closed but not locked upon leaving and head to a protected stairway

Stage 3 – escape the floor to the ground level

Stage 4 – exit at ground level away from the building.

UBBL SECTION 166 - Exits to be accessible at all times

(1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be

provided from each storey together with such additional exists as may be necessary.

Figure 2.1: Evacuation Route of Ground Floor Figure 2.2: Evacuation Route of First Floor

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Design Consideration

1. Two escape staircases in a floor provide means of escape should fire

occur.

2. Signage indicating the escape route is placed throughout the building

as reference at any floor the occupants are located near lift unit.

3. It is assumed that if a fire prevent the occupants from using one of the

staircase, the remaining exit is wife enough to allow all occupants to leave

quickly.

3.3.2 ESCAPE TRAVEL DISTANCE

The distance of escape route should be measure from the remote part of an

office/work place to the nearest place of reasonable safety which includes

a protected stairway enclosure (storey exit), separate fire compartment to

nearest available final exit.

UBBL Section 165 - Measurement of Travel distance to exits

(3) In the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of not more than

six persons, the travel distance shall be measured from the doors of such rooms:

Provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to the room door does

not exceed 15 metres.

(4) The maximum travel distance to exits and dead end limits shall be as specified in

the Seventh Schedule of these By-Laws..

UBBL Section 174 - Arrangement of storey exit

Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5m

apart.

FUNCTIONAL

ROOM

EXIT

STAIRCASE

PROCEDURES OF FIRE ESCAPE SYSTEM

Occupants in room spaces,

provided with two or more exit

doors, should ensure that all these

doors are readily opened for escape

in emergency situations.

Once in the exit staircase, they

shall be protected (from exposure

to fire risk and obstacle)

throughout their descent down the

staircase to the final exit

Occupants are discharge

into the open external

space. They are no longer

be in any danger anymore.

EXIT

DISCHARGE

21

3.3.3 FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE

Two fire escape staircase is provided in the building to cover the total

distance of 35 meter from the front to end. There are two types of fire

escape staircase found in the elderly which are Single Flight Straight stair

and Two Quarter Landing Stair. The escape staircase is consistently

maintained at a width of 1000 mm with riser height of 180mm. Continuous

handrail is provided throughout the staircase.

Exit points are distributed more than

5m apart to prevent congestion during

emergency.

Continuous

Handrails Fire Resisting Door with

glazed vision panels at high

levels

2 hour enclosure wall (Robust, fire

resisting construction)

Figure 2.3: Exit points are distributed more than

5m apart to prevent congestion during emergency.

Figure 2.4: The travel distance from any room to

the nearest staircase is always less than 15 metres.

Figure 2.5

22

UBBL Section 168 - Staircases

(1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of

egress via at least two separate staircase.

(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not

being available for escape purpose the remaining staircase shall accommodate the

highest occupancy load of any one floor.

(4) The required width of staircase shall be maintained throughout its length

including at landings.

(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be positioned that their swing shall at

no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

Landing Length

900mm

Stair Width

1000mm

Riser

Height

180mm

Minimum

Headroom

255mm

Thread

Length

255mm

Figure 2.6

23

3.3.4 FIRE RATED DOOR

By delaying the spread of fire and smoke in the building, FRP doors

functions to contain fire and allow easy escape from the building. Single-

leaf door is used as barrier to fire escape staircase as the staircase is only

1000mm width with vision panel. Vision Panel allow additional daylight

into the stairway through a fire door and provide visibility and safe access

for all.

Figure 2.7: Door with half-hour FRP

UBBL Section 162 - Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls

(3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having

FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the

Ninth schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. Staircases shall

be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape

purpose the remaining staircase shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of

any one floor.

(4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be

protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour.

24

a) Door having FRP of two hour is utilised for this Nursing Home (since

compartment wall and floor has one hour Frp)

(i) A single door 900 mm wide x 2100 mm high maximum constructed of

solid hardwood core not less than 37 mm laminated with adhesives

conforming to BS 1444 “cold setting casein glue for wood” faced both

sides with plywood to a total thickness of not less than 43 mm with all

edges finished with a solid edge strip full width of the door.

(ii) A vision panel may is incorporated and does not exceed 0.065 square

meter per leaf with no dimension more than 1370 millimetres and it is

glazed with 6 mm Georgian Wired Glass in hardwood stops.

(iii) Timber frames for single swing half-hour fire doors of overall of 60

mm including 25 mm rabbet and depth to suit door thickness plus 34mm

stop.

Figure 2.9

Source of Image: (Lockwood) Figure 2.8

Source of Image: (SDS London)

UBBL Section 164 - Door closers for fire door

(1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically

spring operated type in case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the

case of sliding doors.

UBBL Section 173 – Exit Doors

(1) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or

any special knowledge or effort.

(2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices

including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or

actuation of the fire alarm.

25

A label fire door must be hung on steel bearing-type hinges. The use of

steel is necessary since non-ferrous metals become “elastic” at much lower

temperatures, which could allow serious dislocation of the door during a

fire.

3.3.5 EMERGENCY SIGNAGE

Fire signs and exit signs display information that direct people where they

should go during emergency by indicating the point of exit and avoid any

confusion to the occupants in order for the occupants to reach the assembly

point as soon as possible.

UBBL Section 172 - Emergency exit signs

(1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs.

(2) A sign reading “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150mm

high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering

shall be in red against a black background.

(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

Figure 2.11: Illuminated exit signs

are placed throughout the corridor to

guide occupants during emergency.

(Source of Image: (Malaysia Lighting

Gallery)

Figure 2.10: Exit signs are placed on

top of the Fire Rated Door.

26

3.3.6 FIRE RESCUE ACCESS

Open space which are large enough to accommodate fire engine must be

cleared from obstructions at all time to avoid any delay in fire rescue

mission. It should be designed to meet fire equipment and load

requirements. Fire hydrant is also placed beside the fire rescue access,

providing water supply and facilitate the fire rescue process.

Volume of Building in Cubic Metre Minimum proportions of perimeter of building

7000 to 28000 One-sixth

UBBL Section 140 - Fire Appliance Access

All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metre shall abut upon a street or road or open

space of not less than 12 m width and accessible to fire brigade appliances.

Figure 2.12: Fire Rescue Access

Ro

ad

38m 6.2m 7m

27

3.3.7 ASSEMBLY POINT

During evacuation, occupants are instructed to leave the nearby vicinity of

the building and gather at designated assembly points of at least 50 feet

away in order for the Emergency Personnel have clear access to the

building. As the building compound is too small, the assembly point is

designated to be at the Taman Kanagapuram Playground which is located

69m away from the nursing home and can be access via the tar road.

3.3.8 FIRE-RATED CEILING AND FLOORS

As nursing home falls under the category of institutional, all floors and

walls should be constructed as compartment walls with frp of one hour and

compartment floors to control and compartmentalize fire and prevent fire

from spreading across the building effectively. It is used in the separation

Figure 2.13

28

of one fire compartment from another. Any raised flooring system at a

height of not more than 600 mm from the original floor will not be

considered as an element of construction. In such case, the compartment

walls or other fire barriers should start from the structural floor and not

just rest on the raised floor.)

3.3.9 SEPARATION OF FIRE-RISK AREAS

Certain spaces in the nursing home must be designed with passive fire

protection measures to separate them from occupants. Voids, ducts etc.

must have means of fire separation to reduce the likelihood of fire spread

to other areas. The condition and operation of fire separation materials and

devices must be checked regularly to ensure optimum performance should

it be required.

UBBL Section 138 - Other walls and floors to be constructed as compartment

walls or compartment floors

(a) Any floor in a building of Purpose Group II ( Institutional )

(b) Any wall of floor separating a flat or maisonette from any other part of the

same building

(c) Any wall or floor separating part of building from any other part of the

same building

Figure 2.14

(Source Image: Gov.scot)

29

UBBL Section 139 – Separation of fire risk areas

(b) Laundries

(d) Storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous (Medication

room)

(g) Machine room

Figure 2.15: Separation Area on First Floor

Laundry

Room

Medication

Room

30

3.4 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION MATRIX

SPACES

TYPES OF PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Fire Rated

Wall

Fire Rated

Ceiling

Fire Rated

Floor

‘Keluar’

Signage

Fire Rated

Door

Fire Escape

Staircase

X X X X X

Laundry

Room

X X X X

Laundry

Room

X X X X

Medication

Room

X X X

Reception X X X X

Dining Area X X X X

Toilet X X X

Lift X X X

Cafe X X X

Physiotherapy

Room

X X X

Kitchen X X X

Storage X X X

Gymnasium X X X

Office X X X

Library X X X

Meditation

Area

X X X

31

4. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (Prepared by: Natalie Ki Xiao Xuan)


Air conditioning (often referred to as “HVAC”/”AC” System) is the process of

controlling the temperature, humidity, air movement and cleanliness through

mechanical systems. This process is often used in order to regulate and adjust an

environment in order to achieve human thermal comfort.

There are various factors that are considered when using air conditioning systems

in buildings. As these factors can be related to human comfort and convenience, it

is important to note the suitability of the system and the environment.

The factors that are to be considered are:

1. Performance (of the system and equipment)

2. Health & Safety (in case of emergencies and overall risk factor)

3. Equipment (needed to run the system, such as additional computers and

electronic devices)

4. Comfort (towards the space/environment)

Matters pertaining to these factors are the concerns of human comfort, which

include:

1. Air Purity (the quality of air exchange and supplied)

2. Temperature (control towards internal temperature, with a supply of either

cooling or heating)

3. Air Movement (in order to avoid drafts of hot and cold air, stagnant air and

stale air)

4. Humidity (the levels of humidity and its regulation)

5. Building Factor (how the design of a building can affect the suitability of

an air conditioning system)

Function of Air Conditioning

The function of a HVAC system is to control, regulate and adjust the environment

of a space through its systems (a combination of components that help to achieve

this). They comply to the air cooling principles by removing the heat from the air

inside the room and releasing this collected heat safely away from the space.

32

As heat is a form of energy, every object has a certain level of heat. It is safe to

say that the less energy an object has, the “cooler” it is. The cooling process is the

process of transferring this heat from one object to another, and air conditioning

systems have been created to function for this purpose.

4.2 OVERVIEW

HVAC Systems are commonly classified into different “scales” – Local, Central

& District. These system scales fall under the HVAC Systems Taxonomy.

1. Local:

A local system is intended for the use of only one zone, or a zone that consists of

one or a few rooms, at most. This system is a self-contained system, meaning it

includes the source, distribution, delivery and control components in a closely

packaged single unit.

It is usually located within the space of its intended use, and is quite small in

capacity as well as size. The system is limited in terms of its efficiency, as it is

only intended to serve one space, but can be controlled from a centralized location

– a factor that can be considered both a positive or a negative, depending on the

situation.

An example of a Local HVAC System is a Window Unit A/C.

Figure 3.1: Heating & Cooling

(Image Source: Clipart) Figure 3.2: Moving Heat from Inside to Outside

(Image Source: Understanding Air Conditioning by

John McKenzie @ LinkedIn)

33

2. Central:

A central system is meant to serve multiple zones from one location (or one

location, but from multiple zones). A distribution system is often required to

transport either heating or cooling from its place of origin (such as the mechanical

room) to the system of zones.

The system scope can vary from a single-family residence to an office or

laboratory, and a large-scaled building can be served by multiple or single central

systems in order to maximize efficiency.

An example of a Central HVAC System is a Variable Air Volume (VAV) system.

3. District:

A district system serves multiple buildings. It is normally used to provide both/or

either heating and cooling. The buildings they cater for usually have their own

central HVAC system, but economies of scale are possible with the large-capacity

equipment typical of a district system (this can include bulk purchase of fuels or

electricity, customized operating control sequences, etc.)

Typically, we consider there to be three main systems of air conditioning:

1. Single-Unit Air Conditioner (Window Unit)

2. Split-Unit Air Conditioner

3. Centralized Air Conditioner

Figure 1.3: Window Unit Air Conditioning (Image Source: Compact Appliance, 2015)

34

4.3 OPERATION OF SYSTEMS

4.3.1 DISTRIBUTION MEDIA

The distribution of heating and cooling is accomplished using either water,

or air, or water and air. As there are three different combinations, there are

three distinct classifications of the central HVAC system:

1. All-Air:

As the name suggests, an all-air system uses only air for the heating and

cooling effect to be distributed from the source to the spaces. This heated

or cooled air is transported in the ductwork, and water is not used to

transfer the heat to or from the conditioned zones to the output area. They

are distributed using diffusers or registers.

The benefit of using this system is that the air is used to modify the

condition of the air (direct & logical), but the main issue in some building

projects is that there must be an allocated spatial volume for the ductwork.

Figure 3.2: Typical All-Air System (Image Source: RefWiki 2009-2016)

35

2. Air-Water:

The air-water system uses a combination of both air and water. The bulk of

the heating and cooling effect is distributed from the source to the spaces

via hot or cold water, through pipes. Air is also supplied to the spaces from

a centralised unit, but typically with only enough air to ensure the indoor

air quality, though it can also be used to transfer a certain level of

heat/coolth.

The benefit of an air-water system is that there is a reduced demand for the

distribution volume (meaning the piping is smaller than an all-air system’s

ductwork) but with the same output of heating/cooling. The concern with

this system is that in some building projects, there is a concern of the

placement of the heat exchangers (delivery devices) within the occupied

space.

3. All-Water:

The last classification of the distribution media is an all-water system. An

all-water system uses only water for the distribution of heating/cooling

from the source to the spaces. The heated/cooled water is transported via

piping and introduced to the spaces via the heat exchange delivery devices.

Air is not present during this exchange, meaning that air may only be

introduced to the space independently (mechanical ventilation/passive

design), but not as a part of the HVAC system.

The benefit of this system is similar to the Air-Water system, whereby the

spatial volume required for the distribution of heating/cooling is

significantly less than an all-air system’s ductwork, as there is no need for

ducts at all.

Figure 3.3: Typical All-Water System (Image Source: Asan Ibrahim @ SlideShare, 2013)

36

4.4 PROPOSAL OF SYSTEM: SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITIONING

4.4.1 INTRODUCTION OF SYSTEM

Split-Unit Air Conditioning system is one of the most widely used types of

air conditioners. It is used often in residential and moderately sized

buildings because of its efficiency, silent operation and elegant looks.

It is also a big upgrade from the single-unit window air conditioner as it

does not require the installation to be done by creation an unsightly hole in

the wall or mounting it on a window. This preserves the looks of the

building’s interior. Nowadays, there are many models for split unit air

conditioning, coming in a variety of colours, models and designs.

There are two parts of the split-unit air conditioner. There is an indoor

unit, as well as an outdoor unit. The indoor unit of the split air conditioner

is installed indoors, where the cooled air is supplied, while the outdoor unit

is installed outdoors, where the open space allows for the unit to be

installed and maintained easily.

This also allows for the silent operation as the condenser is used in the

outdoor unit. A copper tubing connects the two units together, and is an

integral component in the split-unit air conditioning.

4.4.2 APPLICATION TO OUR DESIGN

For our Building Services project, the most suitable HVAC system is a

Split-Unit Air Conditioning system, such as Daikin’s VRV Multi-Split

Unit System.

There are various reasons why it is considered the most suitable for this

design, as opposed to a centralised system:

• As the design of the building is done in a way whereby majority of the

spaces are outdoors, there are very few locations that actually require air

conditioning. In the entire structure, there are a total of only four rooms

that require mechanical cooling, therefore making a system like multi-split

unit system the most sensible and efficient choice.

37

• A multi-split unit air conditioning system takes up a lot less spatial

volume than a centralised system, as there are no ducts required. The space

required to run the distribution trees of the centralized system is

inappropriate for such a design.

• A variable refrigerant volume system is known for being a lot more

energy efficient.

• Using a multi-split unit system allows for multiple indoor units to be

groups with one outdoor unit – a fact that then allows it to be concealed

strategically from sight as there are few indoor units required.

• Split unit systems can come in various forms and designs, known for

being efficient and sleek as well as silent. This is suitable for a structure

catered to the elderly, where they may or may not be sensitive to noise and

obstructions. They can be either wall mounted or ceiling mounted

(cassette). The number, horse power (BTU) and positioning is dependent

on the size and space.

* Please refer to attached proper Plotted Drawings for HVAC Plans

The image above shows the location of the indoor and outdoor units of the

multi-split unit system on the first floor of the structure.

There are only two rooms on this floor that require air conditioning

(dimensions as stated in image).

Both units are wall-mounted indoor units, connected to the outdoor unit by

a red line (refrigerant pipe). As they are rooms that are both fairly close

Figure 3.4

38

together, the outdoor unit is concealed strategically to reach both indoor

units within the 25-meter limit.

The positions of the units are done so that the air distributed evenly

throughout the room and is not mounted atop the full-height glass

windows.

The image on the left

shows the location of the

indoor and outdoor units

of the multi-split unit

system on the ground

floor of the structure.

There are three rooms on

this floor that require air

conditioning (dimensions

as stated in image).

There are a total of three

indoor units, connected to

one outdoor unit by a red

line (refrigerant pipe).

The outdoor unit has been

placed behind the ground

floor stairwell, concealing it from the public. The distance that the

refrigerant pipe runs is within the 25-meter limit.

One of the rooms consists of two units instead of one. The reason is

because that room is bigger, more rectangular, and one side of the rooms is

made out of a glass wall, meaning the air in that region will be warmer

during the day. Two units are then able to consistently and evenly cool the

room.

In the other, smaller (square) room, a single cassette system is placed,

allowing for the area to cooled evenly. A cassette unit is used instead of a

wall-mounted one as majority of the walls in that room are glass, meaning

the room air will be warmer (from exposure to the sun) and a more

powerful air conditioning unit Is then required.

39

4.4.3 PROCESS OF OPERATION

A split-unit air conditioning is widely used because of its silent operation.

It is also more favourable for small to moderately sized spaces because it

can be operated with a remote control instead of a control panel in a

separate location (eg. Centralised system)

The operation of a split unit system:

1. The Split-Unit air conditioner is controlled by an internal thermostat.

This thermostat is used to detect the indoor temperature of the space it

needs to cool. When it detects a difference between the desired

temperature and the space temperature, it will activate the other

components needed, such as the outdoor compressor.

2. When activated, this outdoor compressor begins to circulate a

refrigerant gas, and increases the pressure and temperature of this

refrigerant gas until it becomes a liquid.

3. As it compresses through a series of pipes, the refrigerant then moves

to the condenser.

4. In the condenser, the cooling system removes the heat from the high-

pressured gas, which changes into a cooled liquid.

5. This chilled liquid is then pushed through a tubing in the indoor unit

until it reaches the evaporation system.

6. Meanwhile, the air inside the room, which is warmer than the chilled

liquid, is collected from the room and into the indoor unit.

7. This warm room air is blown through a chamber containing the chilled

liquid refrigerant, where the heat exchange occurs, allowing the warm

room air to be chilled because of the chilled liquid refrigerant.

8. The chilled room air is now ready to be distributed back into the room

and cool the space. A fan system blows the cooled air back into the room,

lowering the overall temperature of the space.

9. The thermostat in the indoor unit continues to detect the air, and if the

room air is warmer than the desired/set temperature, the process is

repeated (steps 1-8), with the refrigerant, until the desired temperature is

obtained.

40

10. The excess heat that remains in the system is passed back outdoors to

the compressor in the outdoor unit in order to begin the cycle again.

Figure 3.4: Split-Unit A/C System (Image Source: Marshall B., Charles W.B. & Sara

E. @ HowStuffWorks.com, 2011)

Figure 3.5: Split-Unit A/C System Components & Connection (Image Source: GrowersHouse, 2013)

41

4.5 COMPONENTS OF SYSTEMS

This section of the report covers the components of the split-unit system. Below is

a general table showing the basic HVAC System tasks and the components

involved in the process:

42

4.5.1 COMPONENTS OF A SPLIT UNIT SYSTEM

The components of a Split-Unit System are “split” into two sets – the

indoor unit, and the outdoor unit.

The Indoor Unit:

- Is installed in the space that requires cooling.

- Houses all the important components of the air-conditioner, such as the

evaporator.

- Comes in many different designs, but the most common form is wall-

mounted.

Figure 3.8: Split Unit Air Conditioning Components (Image Source: Kingersons, 2004)

Figure 3.9: Basic Components of Split-Unit Air Conditioning (Image Source: Bright Hub Engineering, 2009)

43

The Outdoor Unit:

- Is installed outdoors, near the indoor unit, allowing for the operation of

the indoor unit to be silent as the condenser and fan is located outside.

- Allows for easy maintenance & silent operation, as well as easy

installation.

- Has the general rule of being close to the indoor unit, as this allows for

the system to be more efficient.

Components for Indoor:

1. Evaporator/Cooling Coil

The evaporator or cooling coil is a copper coil turned multiple times. The

number of rows and turns in dependent of the capacity of the air

conditioning system. It is covered with aluminium, as this allows for the

heat transfer to be far more efficient.

It is responsible for cooling the atmospheric air that passes over it.

2. Air Filter

The air filter is – in ways – the most important part of the air conditioner.

It is responsible for filtering the atmospheric air that enters the indoor unit,

removing particles such as dirt, dust, lint and other harmful substances. By

removing the impurities, it cleans the air that is cooled, helping supply

clean, healthy, chilled air back into the room.

3. Cooling Fan/Blower

The cooling fan or blower is responsible for absorbing the air inside the

room, (atmospheric air). It is an induced type of blower that sucks the

room air, passing it over to the filter and the cooling coil, which allows for

the temperature change and filtration. It also supplies the cleaned air back

out into the space.

The shaft of the blower rotates inside the bushes and it is connected to a

speed motor, which allows for the user to adjust the speed of the blower.

44

4. Drain Pipe

The drain pipe collects the due that forms on the cooling coil when the

process of the heat exchange occurs. Due to the low temperature of the

cooling coil, the temperature is usually much below the dew point

temperature. When the room air passes over the cooling coil, the air

becomes very low, and dew forms. The water droplets are formed on the

surface of the cooling coil, which will build up until it drops. When this

happens, the drain pipe is responsible for safely leading the collection of

the water to the external space.

5. Louvers/Fins

The louvres or fins of the air conditioner helps changes the angle or the

direction in which the air needs to be supplied back into the room. With

one change, the direction of the cooled air can be adjusted.

There are two types of louvres, horizontal and vertical. They can be

changed with the help of the remote control, allowing it to be in a fixed

position, or in a rotational mode, which automatically moves.

The Components for Outdoor

1. Compressor

The compressor is the most important part of any air conditioner, because

it is responsible for compressing the refrigerant and increasing the pressure

before sending it to the condenser. The size depends on the loading.

The compressor has a motor used for driving the shaft that is located inside

a sealed unit. This unit is not visible externally, but requires external

power for compressing the refrigerant.

2. Condenser

The condenser in the outdoor unit is a coiled copper tubing, with rows and

turns that is dependent on the capacity and size of the air conditioner unit

and compressor. The greater tonnage the air conditioner has, te more turns

and rows the condenser has.

The high temperature and high pressure of the refrigerant from the

compressor comes in the condenser, where it has to forfeit the heat. The

45

tubing is therefore made up of copper since the rate of conducting heat in

copper is high. It is also covered in aluminium fins so that the heat is

removed at a faster rate.

3. Cooling Fan

The cooling fan is driven by a motor, and located in the front of the

compressor and condenser coil. It is responsible for removing the heat of

the compressor, otherwise it will get too hot in the long run, and the motor

coil will burn.

It is usually located in the front of the compressor and the condenser coil,

made out of three or four blades that is driven by a motor. It absorbs the

outdoor air and blows it over the compressor and condenser, cooling it.

The hot air is thrown back out into the open space after cooling the

compressor and condenser. This is why standing in front of the outdoor

unit is usually warm.

4. Expansion Valve

The expansion valve is usually a copper capillary tubing, which also has a

number of coils. The high pressure and temperature refrigerant enters the

expansion valve, where it is reduced suddenly.

4.6 UBBL REGULATIONS (CONCERNING HVAC)

8.1.2 Indoor design conditions

Recommended:

Design dry bulb temperature 23 ºC – 26 °C

Minimum dry bulb temperature 22 °C

Design relative humidity 55 % – 70 %

Air movement 0.15 – 0.50 m/s

Maximum air movement 0.7 m/s

46

8.2 System and equipment sizing:

Air conditioning systems and equipment shall be sized to provide no more than

the space and system loads calculated, consistent with available equipment

capacity.

Redundancy in capacity of equipment, if incorporated into the sizing of the duty

equipment, shall include efficiency devices such as variable speed drive, high

efficiency motor, efficient unloading devices, multi compressors, etc. so as not to

diminish the equipment/system efficiency when operating at varying loads.

8.2 System and equipment sizing

Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000 kWr, a

minimum of either two chillers or a single multi-compressor chiller should be

provided to meet the required load.

Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as multiple chillers, with

combined capacities exceeding the design load may be specified to operate

concurrently only if controls are provided which sequence or otherwise optimally

control the operation of each unit based on the required cooling load.

8.4 Controls Temperature control

Each system shall be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of

temperature. Each thermostat shall be capable of being set by adjustment or

selection of sensors over a minimum range of between 22 °C to 27 °C. Multi-stage

thermostat shall be provided for equipment exceeding 35/65 kWr in conjunction

with 8.2.4.

8.4 Controls

Energy Recovery

It is recommended that consideration be given to the use of recovery systems

which will conserve energy (provided the amount expended is less than the

amount recovered) when the energy transfer potential and the operating hours are

considered.

47

4.7 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM MATRIX

SPACES AIR CONDITIONING (SPLIT UNIT)

Café X

Physiotherapy

Room

X

Medication

Room

X

Administrative

Office

X

48

5. MECHANICAL (AND NATURAL) VENTILATION SYSTEM

(Prepared by: Philia Chua Yi Sian and Ricco Soh Zheng Wei)


Mechanical ventilation is the process by which stale air is exchanged with fresh

air in an enclosed space to provide a better indoor air quality for the building.

To achieve this, the usage of mechanical ventilation is required to ensure that the

building is well ventilated with fresh air while stale air such as indoor pollutants,

carbon dioxide, moisture and odor are expel from the building. Besides ensuring a

better indoor air quality for the building, the other advantage of mechanical

ventilation is to have more control over the intake and outtake of fresh air in an

appropriate locations and improving comfort for the user of the building through

filtration, dehumidification and also conditioning of incoming air.

The importance of mechanical ventilation would be able to preserve oxygen and

removal of carbon dioxide, control of humidity for human comfort, prevention of

heat concentrations from machinery, lighting and people, dispersal of

concentrations of bacteria, dilution and disposal of contaminants such as smoke

gas, dust and body odors, provision of freshness and lastly, an alternative to the

unreliable natural system.

There are few types of ventilation system which would be:

-Extract-only ventilation system

-Supply and extract ventilation system

-Balance ventilation system

These system are achieved with spot ventilation which includes the use of

localized exhaust fans and is mainly recommended in all enclosed areas such as

kitchen and bathroom spots. Ventilation fans are intended to reduce

concentrations of unwanted pollutants air in the living space. Exhaust fans should

be placed close to one another to extract source of moisture or unwanted

pollutants.

49

5.2 OVERVIEW

Mechanical (or ‘forced’) ventilation tends to be driven by fans. This system is

mainly used for applications where natural ventilation is not appropriate.

Natural ventilation on the other hand, is driven by ‘natural’ pressure differences

from one part of the building to another.

Mechanical systems are necessary when:

1. The building is too deep to ventilate from the perimeter.

2. Local air quality is poor, for example if a building is next to a busy road.

3. Local noise levels mean that windows cannot be opened.

4. The local urban structure is very dense and shelters the building from the wind.

5. Privacy or security requirements prevent windows from being opened.

6. Internal partitions block air paths.

7. The density of occupation, equipment, lighting and so on creates very high heat

loads or high levels of contaminants.

5.3 INTRODUCTION OF PROPOSED SYSTEMS

5.3.1 EXTRACT-ONLY SYSTEM (MECHANICAL VENTILATION)

Fan-assisted extract system works by enhancing the air movement to

exhaust latent heat when the internal temperature is high. Mechanical

ventilation systems can have both supplier and extract vents assisted by

fans (The Greenage, 2016), however, only extract vents are needed for this

building at the kitchen and toilet areas, as the spaces are mostly open-aired

and sufficient air flow is provided. These systems may also include filters

to ensure a higher standard of indoor air quality, coupled with heating and/

or cooling coils.

The function of the exhaust-only system is to extract stale and humid air

from the kitchen, bathroom and toilet ("Types of ventilation", 2016)

50

EXHAUST SYSTEM IN TOILET

The operation of a simple exhaust fan to extract all unwanted air in

enclosed spaces starts of where the fan housing intakes all the unwanted

smell with a rotating fan extracting the through a 4-in flexible duct where

the flexible duct helps absorb any vibration sounds, then the unwanted air

is push out through the duct, through the vent hood and the unwanted air is

extracted out from the space.

UBBL 1984, FOURTH SCHEDULE

SECTION 10. WATER-CLOSETS AND TOILETS

Water closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or

enclosures used for ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the

building and in respect of which no such external walls (or those overlooking

verandahs, pavements or walkways) are present, shall be provided with mechanical

ventilation or air-conditioning having a minimum of fresh air change at the rate of

0.61 cmm per square metre of floor area of ten air changes per hour, whichever is

the lower.

Figure 4.1: Components of a simple exhaust system (Image Source: Green Building Advisor, 2016)

51

5.3.2 SUPPLY AND EXTRACT SYSTEM (MECHANICAL

VENTILATION)

Mechanical ventilation systems can have both supplier and extract vents

assisted by fans as can be seen in the next set of figures. These systems

may also include filters to ensure a higher standard of indoor air quality,

coupled with heating and/ or cooling coils. When installing these systems

they need to be ideally positioned into spaced to take into account

occupational density and well as tackling cold draughts. (The Greenage,

2016)

Figure 4.2: Typical exhaust inlet

mounted on ceiling (Image Source: Colourdot.co, 2016)

Figure 4.3: Supply and extract systems with

re-circulation (Image Source: The Greenage, 2016)

52

EXHAUST SYSTEM IN KITCHEN WITH MAKE-UP DEVICE

The operation of a kitchen exhaust fan to extract all unwanted greasy air

starts from the intake hood of the exhaust fan, then the air is filtered with a

primary grease filter, then followed by second grease filter, after through a

final bag filter where then the air go through an odor control chamber

where the air is being carbon filtered. The air is then pushed through a foil

duct and the air is discharged our through the vent hood.

A make-up air supply device is added to allow fresh air intake into the

kitchen directly, ducted from the roof as well. This will allow a constant

replacement of air into the interior space especially during cooking.

UBBL 1984, FOURTH SCHEDULE

SECTION 12. FRESH AIR CHANGES

(2) The minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with the mechanical

ventilation systems shall be as follows:

Kitchen …………………………………… 20 air changes per hour

Figure 4.4: Components of a simple kitchen exhaust system (Image Source: Mr Duct Cleaning Services, 2016)

53

5.3.3 CEILING FAN (MECHANICAL VENTILATION)

The function of the ceiling fan is to circulate the air at the ceiling level, it

creates air movement at the ceiling level to cool the space. It is considered

as a mechanical ventilation system as energy is needed to operate the fans

and induce winds rather than relying on natural wind speeds, which may

vary and deviate greatly according to the weather.

The advantages of using ceiling fans at open-aired spaces is that users do

not need to depend on local wind speeds to achieve thermal comfort. Fan

speeds can also be adjusted according to preference.

Figure 4.3: Typical intake hood

mounted above kitchen stove (Image Source: InterNACHI, 2016)

Figure 4.3: Supply and extract

system applied in kitchen. Air may

be supplied through single- or

dual-duct constant air volume

(CAV) or variable air volume

(VAV) systems. (Image Source: (Whole Building

Design Guide, 2016))

54

5.3.4 ROOF VENTILATION

(MECHANICAL/NATURAL VENTILATION)

The ventilator is combination of both natural & forced ventilation system.

It functions as a natural ventilator when there is a difference in thermal or

wind pressure between the inside and outside of the building which forces

the air to move through the opening of the ventilator. Indoor activity

generates heat and hot air being lighter moves upwards. The lighter air get

accumulated in the turbine of the Wind Ventilator. As the hot air tries to

escape from the turbine, it exerts a backwards thrust on the vanes and sets

them in a rotational movement. When the ventilator blades rotate the

turbine it gives rise to the centrifugal force and creates a vacuum inside the

turbine .The partial vacuum is replaced by strong upward forceful

movement of the wind. As the hot air is thrown out, fresh air starts

entering through windows and door openings .This works for a perfect

exhaust by wind driven ventilator thrown out, fresh air starts entering

through windows and door openings.

Figure 4.5: Components of a ceiling fan (Image Source: Home Tips.com, 2016)

55

5.3.5 WINDOWS (NATURAL VENTILATION)

Windows function to allow light and air into an indoor space, it also assists

in natural ventilation but only when opened. It also opens interior spaces

up to views around the site.

Although its concept is simple, it is crucial in regulating interior spaces to

create a comfortable atmosphere. Therefore, strict UBBL regulations are to

be followed to ensure enough light and ventilation is provided for each

interior space.

Figure 4.6: Air flow through roof turbine

ventilators (Image Source: Amazon, 2016)

UBBL 1984, SECTION 39. NATURAL LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

(1) Every room designed, adapted or used for residential, business or other

purposes except hospitals and schools shall be provided with natural lighting and

natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less

than 10% of the clear floor area of such room and shall have openings capable of

allowing free uninterrupted passage of air of not less than 5% of such floor area.

(4) Every water-closet, latrine, urinal or bathroom shall be provided with natural

lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more openings having a total

area of not less than 0.2 square meter per water-closet, urinal latrine or bathroom

and such openings shall be capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air.

56

5.4 APPLICATION OF PROPOSED SYSTEMS INTO BUILDING

5.4.1 EXTRACT-ONLY SYSTEM (MECHANICAL VENTILATION)

EXHAUST SYSTEM

PROPOSAL: Simple exhaust system with inlet mounted on the ceilings of

toilet where unwanted air is channeled and ducted through side wall.

Exhaust system is not implemented on the first floor toilet.

JUSTIFICATION:

- Only ground floor toilet is enclosed and requires mechanical ventilation.

- First floor toilet does not require this system because is open-aired, with

air circulating through natural ventilation through louvered openings.

Figure 4.8: Section showing intake of interior

air from toilets

Figure 4.7: Location of exhaust inlets on

Ground Floor toilets

57

5.4.2 SUPPLY AND EXHAUST SYSTEM IN KITCHEN

PROPOSAL: Simple exhaust system with kitchen hood (inlet) mounted on

kitchen ceiling above stoves, with air channeled and ducted through the

roof.

JUSTIFICATION:

- Smoke and grease particles will be released into air at kitchen space

during cooking, which is hazardous and unpleasant for the users, and

therefore needs to be channeled out.

- Kitchen area is partially open-aired, therefore, make-up air device is not

needed to channel fresh air into the space.

Figure 4.10: Location of kitchen hoods on

Ground Floor kitchen

Greasy gas is channeled through the

exhaust foil duct to not allow any

greasy air to be exposed in the kitchen

and living spaces.

Figure 4.9: Section showing intake of interior

air from kitchen

58

5.4.3 CEILING FAN (MECHANICAL VENTILATION)

PROPOSAL: Regular ceiling fans are mounted on the ceiling of specified

spaces.

JUSTIFICATION:

Ceiling fans are used to increase rate of air flow to cool down open-aired

spaces as wind speed on site is relatively low.

Figure 4.11: Location of ceiling fans on

Ground Floor

Figure 4.12: Location of ceiling fans on

First Floor

59

5.4.4 ROOF VENTILATORS (NATURAL VENTILATION)

PROPOSAL: Some roofs of the building are altered to incorporate this

system. Roof ventilators with louvers are added on top of the roofs of

atriums.

JUSTIFICATION:

Roof ventilators are placed at the atrium of the building to allow stack

effect to occur, channeling hot air upwards towards louvered openings.

This effectively cools down the interior spaces as a whole without using

energy.

5.4.5 WINDOWS (NATURAL VENTILATION)

PROPOSAL: Placed at strategic locations to open up to views and allow

natural lighting to permeate into the interior space. Operable windows are

included to induce air flow if opened. Position of windows are placed

diagonally to allow cross ventilation to occur if winds are in favor.

Location of roof ventilator at atrium

of building where stack effect occurs

Figure 4.13: Section showing air flow of hot air rising and

escaping through roof ventilator

60

JUSTIFICATION:

Wind speed on site is relatively low, therefore good placement of windows

are important to maximize the airflow in the interior space when wind is

present.

WINDOW SCHEDULE

5.5 MECHANICAL VENTILATION MATRIX

TYPES OF

VENTILATION

SYTEM

SPACES

Toilet Kitchen Laundry

Room

Medication

Room

Physiotherapy

Room

Office Library

Exhaust Fan x

Exhaust Fan w/

Make-up device

x

Ceiling Fan x x

Roof Ventilation x

Windows x x x x x x

No. Room Type Room Area Window Area Percentage

1 Physiotherapy

Room

18.48 10.0 54.1%

2 Kitchen 16.2 3.24 20.0%

3 Laundry Room 6.65 1.52 22.9%

4 Office 7.70 1.68 21.8%

5 Medication

Room

4.0 1.8 45%

6 Library 8.19 6.97 85%

61

6. MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (Prepared by: Tang Wei Xin)


Recent years, buildings are built vertically due to the rapid development and high

land cost. The importance of mechanical transportation within a building was then

emphasized. Not only to assist in moving goods or people, but also helped to

transport the disabled and inconvenient. Indeed, the mechanical transportation

enhances the quality of life by providing the convenience and reduces the fatigue.

However, every mechanical transportation should abide by the UBBL as well as

fire requirements to provide basic and safety needs. For considerations, it should

provide minimum waiting time, comfortable acceleration, smooth braking system

and rapid transportation for better services.

6.2 INTRODUCTION

As vertical mechanical transportation, it moves people and goods to different

levels within the building in a dedicated shaft. The quality of lift performance is

determined by the hoisting capacity, waiting interval, quality of ride and lastly the

design requirement. Chart 1.1 shows the variations on two main types of lifts,

which are electric lift and hydraulic lift.

6.2.1 ELECTRIC LIFT

Traction elevator comprises geared and gearless traction machine, mainly

used for mid and high rise building. Traction elevators have its machine

Lift

Electric liftTraction lift

Machine Room-Less lift

Hydraulic lift

Figure 5.1: Chart showing variation on two main types of lift

62

room located on top of lift shaft, minimizing the length of belts and

optimizing the efficiency. It is activated by pulling the elevator cars by

means of steel belts over a pulley attached to electric motor, and balanced

by counterweight in the system. Geared traction elevator with its gearbox

attached to motor, which drives the wheel and moves the steel belts.

Gearless traction elevator with the wheel attached directly to the motor.

A more revolutionary elevator system is machine room-less elevator,

which the machine room was eliminated by mounted it within the hoist

way. The control boxes are then located in control room adjacent to the

elevator shaft on highest landing within 150 feet of machine. In

comparison, Machine Room-Less (MRL) lift serves more advantages in

term of aesthetic view, cost and design flexibility.

6.2.2 HYDRAULIC LIFT

Hydraulic lift is mainly used for low-rise building (2-8 stories), with its

machine room located at the lowest level, activated by piston pushing the

elevator up as an electric motor forces hydraulic fluid into the piston. This

type of lift is also known for its simple operation, relatively lower load

imposed, lower structural cost, accurate levelling and smooth acceleration.

63

6.2.3 COMPARISON CHART

Hydraulic lift Electric lift

Speed Gently, but quiet Tend to move faster,

mostly for large buildings

Operation Maximum of 10 stops Works with the

counterweight, capacity for

more than 10 stops

Security Most reliable, smooth

evacuation of users

The batteries are needed

for rescue when a fault,

and they are costly.

Safer Rely on counterweight,

dangerous during

earthquakes or building

failure

Maintenance Less wear to be immersed

in the oil, less maintenance

Components are more

exposed, need constant

maintenance

Figure 5.2: Geared traction lift Figure 5.3: Gear-less traction lift

64

Installation Lower cost Higher cost, greater

number of components

Power consumption Energy saving High energy consumption

6.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

After comparing different types of lifts, the proposed type of elevator is Hydraulic

Lift.

The hydraulic lifts, most are considered with transfer speed controlled are more

comfortable, is the quietest of the market, they are more gently when starting

climb or descent. This may reduce the impact and inconvenience towards the

disabled and elderlies.

As respect to security, hydraulic lifts are considered the

most reliable, due to its system of energy storage that

allows, through its 12V battery, to reach the nearest stop

in case of power failure or other damages. Even in case

of major failure, through the manual valve, it can

achieve smooth evacuation of users by its down peaceful

way.

The lift built for the elderly center, is also suggested to

use hydraulic lift due to its lower installation cost by

having fewer components in their structure. As such, it

does not need an additional construction on top of

buildings. It is also one of the system that reaches the

standard of energy savings as it used only in the

promotion process, while the lower uses gravity.

Figure 5.4: Hydraulic lift

65

6.4 COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM

6.4.1 OPERATION OF COMPONENTS

As in Hydraulic lift system, the components are Car, Piston, Descends,

Pump, Fluid tank, Controller, Car buffers, In-Ground Cylinder.

Car

Lift’s car is basically a cage that made of

fire-resistant material, mainly used to ride

the passengers. The car is equipped with

fire-safety doors, operating control

equipment, floor level indicators, lights,

ventilation and emergency railing. It is

designed in such a way that it has long

lasting operation life, low maintenance,

smooth operations and the most important

consideration, it enhances convenient for

the disabled and elderlies.

Figure 5.5: Detailed components in the hydraulic lift system

Figure 5.6: Lift Car

66

Lift shaft and Pit

The shaft, also called the hoist way, is the

vertical void that serves as a passageway for the

lift car and piston. The size of the shaft mainly

depends on the scale, speed of the car and type

of door gear. It is extruded below the ground to

form a lift pit, which accepts the retracting

piston as the elevator descends. The lift pit is

constructed watertight, and drainage provided in

order to prevent from any short circuits.

Piston

The cylinder shall be constructed of steel pipe of a

sufficient thickness and suitable safety margin. The

top of the cylinder shall be equipped with a cylinder

head with an internal guide ring and self-adjusting

packing.

Fluid Tank

The tank shall have sufficient capacity to provide an

adequate reserve to prevent he entrance of air or

other gas into the system. A sight glass tube shall be

provided for checking the oil level and the minimum

level mark shall be clearly indicated. An oil level

monitoring device shall be provided, and if operated,

shall maintain a visual and audible signal in the

control panel until the fault is rectified.

Figure 5.7: Lift Shaft

Figure 5.8: Piston

Pump

Figure 5.9: Fluid Tank

67

The main function of the tank is holding the liquid used in the system, this

liquid is usually oil based because:

• Non compressible.

• Self-lubricating.

Pump

The main function of pump used in hydraulic elevator is constantly

pushing liquid into the cylinder to lift the elevator, the pump is

submersible type with variable speed valve leveling.

Valve/ Descend

The power unit control valve shall be a

variable speed proportional valve type that

includes all hydraulic control valve

inherently. A stopcock is provided

between the control valves and the

cylinder(s), and also between the reservoir

tank and the pump as the pump is mounted

outside the tank.

The main functions of the valve are:

• Let liquid out of the system.

• Keep the pressure low when open.

• Increase pressure when closed.

Buffers

The buffer-striking member on the underside of the car must stop the

elevator before the jack plunger reaches its down limit of travel.

Figure 5.10: Valve/Descend

68

6.5 OPERATION OF SYSTEM

The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder. When the

valve is opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least resistance and

return to the fluid reservoir. But when the valve is closed, the pressurized fluid has

nowhere to go except into the cylinder. As the fluid collects in the cylinder, it

pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator car.

When the car approaches the correct floor, the control system sends a signal to the

electric motor to gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off, there is no more

fluid flowing into the cylinder, but the fluid that is already in the cylinder cannot

escape (it can't flow backward through the pump, and the valve is still closed).

The piston rests on the fluid, and the car stays where it is.

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

69

To lower the car, the elevator control system sends a signal to the valve. The valve

is operated electrically by a basic solenoid switch (Actuator). When the solenoid

opens the valve, the fluid that has collected in the cylinder can flow out into the

fluid reservoir. The weight of the car and the cargo pushes down on the piston,

which drives the fluid into the reservoir. The car gradually descends. To stop the

car at a lower floor, the control system closes the valve again.

6.6 REGULATIONS AND DIMENSIONS

6.6.1 LIFT

For this elderly center, in order to provide sufficient space within the lift

for wheelchair users and at the same time, propose a lift suitable for the

scheme, which the hoisting capacity is low. Lift car with single entrance is

suggested to fit in the plan. 915mm of opening is designed, which allows

easy access for disabled.

Figure 5.13

UBBL SECTION 152 – Openings in lift shafts.

(1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby

unless other suitable means if protection to the opening to the satisfaction of local

authority is provided. These requirement shall not able to open type industrial and

other special buildings as may be approved by the D. G.F.S.

70

Lift type:

Lift car with Single entrance

Applicable Space:

1990 x 1290 x 2200 mm3

Openings:

915 mm

* Proposed dimension is slightly

larger than typical lift, to

accommodate more users as most of the elderlies will rely on wheelchairs.

6.6.2 LIFT LOBBY

As response to the design scheme, instead of planning a typical lift lobby

which may take out too much spaces in this limited area, the lift entrance

is designed as it opens to a huge openings with a minimum clearance of

3.5 meters. This is considered to achieve smooth evacuation during

emergency.

Figure 5.14

Figure 5.15: Location of lift lobby on

Ground Floor

71

6.6.3 LIFT COMPONENTS

Control Operating Panel

In accordance with Clause 27 of MS 1184:

2002, controls should be clearly indicated

and easily operated. Floor selection

buttons, emergency buttons or telephone

and door control buttons in a lift cars and

lobbies should be around 1400mm above

finished floor level. In case of emergency,

alarm device will be activated and allow

voice communication with the emergency service. User can press the

emergency button to alert the people outside in case of lift malfunction.

Emergency Railing

The handrail in the lift car should

not be less than 600mm long and

1000mm above the finished floor

level, in case of emergency,

handrail are used for support. And

in our case, the elderlies will need

the handrail to support them when

entering the lift.

Indicator System

The indicator gives an optical

signal to indicate that the car is

‘FULL’ when the weight reaches

80% of the maximum weight of a

lift carry. However, lift operate

normally. If the lift is overloaded,

it will remain at the floor with

doors open. As soon as the load is removed, normal operation continues.

72

Ventilation slit and Lighting

In any situation when the car stops

and passenger are trapped inside,

proper ventilation is required to

draw fresh air into the enclosure.

UBBL SECTION 151 – Ventilation to lift shafts

Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts

shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square meter per lift located at the

top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift

shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the

lift shafts.

73

7. CONCLUSION

Due to the special needs of a minor social group in the society; elderlies, proper

considerations are given when designing the building services for the Elderly Centre.

This is to make sure the building complies the By-Law requirement and is safe to be

used over a long period of time, hence laws extracted from Uniform Building By-

Laws (UBBL) is attached in every system.

Also, all building services systems that are directly contacting the users should be in

user-friendly condition and is convenient for the elderly users. Cautious regular

maintenance and patrolling should be provided by the professional technician to

ensure the efficiency, workability of the systems. All equipment should be up to date

and to be replaced with a newer equipment when it’s necessary.

Throughout the project, we’ve gained basic knowledge on the design and function of

each building service system and are able to specifically place these system in a

public building according to the design and special needs of the users.

74

8. REFERENCES

8.1 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

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403/Assets/GCF554 Dry-Wet RiserLeaflet.pdf

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76

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protection-

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conditioners-part-one/

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conditioning-systems/

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8.4 MECHANICAL (AND NATURAL) VENTILATION SYSTEM

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content/uploads/9/9-charming-bathroom-ventilation-fan-stopped-working.jpg

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illustration%20-%20FHB.jpg

77

- Green Building Advisor,. (2016). Bathroom Exhaust Fan. Retrieved from

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installation%20-%20FHB.jpg

- Home Tips.com,. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.hometips.com/wp-

content/uploads/2012/06/ceiling_fan_parts_diagram.gif?x49785

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https://basc.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/images/HVAC61_kitchenexhaus

t1_PNNL_04-16-12.jpg

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ventilators.png

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8.5 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

- Pictures: Figure 5.1, Figure 5.2, Figure 5.3, Figure 5.4

Retrieved from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevators-types-and-classification-part.html

- Grondzik, W. T., & Kwok, A. G. (2015). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings. Hoboken, NJ:

Wiley.

- Neufert, E., Neufert, P., & Kister, J. (2012). Architects' data. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-

Blackwell.

- Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984 (G.N. 5178/85): As at 25th April 1990. (1990). Kuala Lumpur:

International Law Book Services.

78

10. APPENDIX