Consequences of an Insightful Algorithm

C O N S E Q U E N C E S O F A N I N S I G H T F U L A L G O R I T H M

C A R I N A C . Z O N A @ C C Z O N A

grieving

PTSD

depression

miscarriage

infertility

racial profiling

concentration camps

surveillance

sexual history

consent

assault

C O N T E N T W A R N I N G

A L G O R I T H M S I M P O S E C O N S E Q U E N C E S O N P E O P L E A L L T H E T I M E

S T E P - B Y- S T E P S E T O F O P E R AT I O N S F O R P R E D I C TA B LY A R R I V I N G AT A N O U T C O M E

A L G O R I T H M

PAT T E R N S O F I N S T R U C T I O N S , A R T I C U L AT E D I N C O D E O R F O R M U L A S

A L G O R I T H M S O F C O M P U T E R S C I E N C E & M A T H E M A T I C S

PAT T E R N S O F I N S T R U C T I O N S , A R T I C U L AT E D I N W AY S S U C H A S …

A L G O R I T H M S I N O R D I N A R Y L I F E

Ch 12, sl st to join. Rnd 1: ch 3, 17 dc. Rnd 2: ch 3, 1 dc, ch 4, skip 1 dc, *2 dc, ch 4, skip 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st. Rnd 3: ch 3, 2 dc, ch 5, skip 2 ch and 1 dc, *3 dc, ch 5, skip 2 ch and 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st. Rnd 4: ch 3, 3 dc, ch 5, skip 3 ch and 1 dc, *4 dc, ch 5, skip 3 ch and 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st. Rnd 5: ch 3, 4 dc, ch 6, skip 3 ch and 1 dc, *5 dc, ch 6, skip 3 ch and 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st. Rnd 6: ch 3, 6 dc, ch 6, skip 3 ch and 1 dc, *7 dc, ch 6, skip 3 ch and 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st. Rnd 7: ch 3, 8 dc, ch 6, skip 3 ch and 1 dc, *9 dc, ch 6, skip 3 ch and 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st. Rnd 8: ch 3, 10 dc, ch 6, skip 3 ch and 1 dc, *11 dc, ch 6, skip 3 ch and 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st .Rnd 9: ch 3, 12 dc, ch 6, skip 3 ch and 1 dc, *13 dc, ch 6, skip 3 ch and 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st. Rnd 10: ch 3, 14 dc, ch 7, skip 3 ch and 1 dc, *15 dc, ch 7, skip 3 ch and 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st. Rnd 11: ch 3, 16 dc, ch 7, skip 4 ch and 1 dc, *17 dc, ch 7, skip 4 ch and 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st. Rnd 12: ch 3, 18 dc, ch 8, skip 4 ch and 1 dc, *19 dc, ch 8, skip 4 ch and 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st. Rnd 13: ch 3, 20 dc, ch 8, skip 5 ch and 1 dc, *21 dc, ch 8, skip 5 ch and 1 dc*, repeat 5 times, sl st. Rnd 14: ch 3, 16 dc, ch 8, skip 3 dc and 2 ch, 1 dc, ch 8, skip 1 dc, *17 dc, ch 8, skip 3 dc and 2 ch, 1 dc, ch 8, skip 1 dc,* repeat 5 times, sl st.

A L G O R I T H M S F O R FA S T, T R A I N A B L E , A R T I F I C I A L N E U R A L N E T W O R K S

D E E P L E A R N I N G

@ C C Z O N A

– P e t e Wa r d e n , " W h a t i s d e e p l e a r n i n g , a n d w h y s h o u l d y o u c a r e ? "

" D E E P L E A R N I N G I S A PA R T I C U L A R A P P R O A C H T O B U I L D I N G & T R A I N I N G A R T I F I C I A L N E U R A L N E T W O R K S . T H I N K O F T H E M A S D E C I S I O N -M A K I N G B L A C K B O X E S . "

@ C C Z O N A

I N P U T A r r a y o f n u m b e r s r e p r e s e n t i n g w o r d s , c o n c e p t s , o r o b j e c t s .

E X E C U T I O N R u n a s e r i e s o f f u n c t i o n s o n t h e a r r a y.

O U T P U T P re d i c t i o n o f p r o p e r t i e s u s e f u l f o r d r a w i n g i n t u i t i o n s a b o u t s i m i l a r i n p u t s .

I N P U T A r r a y o f

n u m b e r s re p re s e n t i n g w o r d s , c o n c e p t s , o r o b j e c t s

E X E C U T I O N R u n a s e r i e s o f f u n c t i o n s

o n t h e a r r a y

O U T P U T P re d i c t i o n o f

p r o p e r t i e s u s e f u l f o r d r a w i n g i n t u i t i o n s a b o u t

s i m i l a r i n p u t s

@ C C Z O N A

D e e p L e a r n i n g r e l i e s o n a n a r t i f i c i a l n e u r a l n e t w o r k ' s a u t o m a t e d d i s c o v e r y o f p a t t e r n s w i t h i n i t s t r a i n i n g d a t a s e t .

I t a p p l i e s t h o s e d i s c o v e r i e s t o d r a w i n t u i t i o n s a b o u t f u t u re i n p u t s .

WOULD Y OU L IK E T O

PLAY A N I C E GAME OF

DATA M IN ING FA I L?

Algorithmic Profiling

De-Anonymization

Black BoxDisparate

ImpactConsent Issues

Replicates BiasPersonally

Identifiable InfoHuman

Complexity FailUnproven Methods

Inadvertent Algorithmic

Cruelty

Uncritical Assumptions

False NeutralityHigh Risk

ConsequencesDeception Filtering

Moved Fast, Broke Things

Invasion Of Privacy

No Recourse Creepy StalkeryMessing With

Heads

Not How Valid Research Works

Data InsecurityAccurate, But

Not RightShaming Diversity Fail


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Invasion Of Privacy


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#DATAM IN INGFA I L


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TARGET

🔵 🔵 🔵

🔵🔵🔵🔵

🔵 🔵🔵🔵🔵

🔵

@ C C Z O N A


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SHUT TERFLY

🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵🔵

🔵🔵 🔵

🔵🔵🔵🔵

@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A

“ T h a n k s , S h u t t e r f l y, f o r

t h e c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s o n m y ' n e w b u n d l e o f j o y ' . I ' m h o r r i b l y i n f e r t i l e , b u t h e y, I ' m a d o p t i n g a k i t t e n , s o . . . ”

@ C C Z O N A

" I l o s t a b a b y i n

N o v e m b e r w h o

w o u l d h a v e b e e n

d u e t h i s w e e k . I t w a s l i k e h i t t i n g a

w a l l a l l o v e r a g a i n . "

@ C C Z O N A

“ T H E I N T E N T O F T H E E M A I L WA S T O TA R G E T

C U S T O M E R S W H O H AV E R E C E N T LY

H A D A B A B Y "

@ C C Z O N A

" Yo u s t a r t i m a g i n i n g w h o t h e y ' l l b e c o m e & d r e a m i n g o f

h o p e s f o r t h e i r f u t u r e . Yo u s t a r t

m a k i n g p l a n s , a n d t h e n t h e y ' r e

g o n e . I t ' s a l o n e l y

e x p e r i e n c e . "


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Cruelty





Invasion Of Privacy


Heads




FACEBOOK EMOTI ONAL CONTA I GON


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🔵

🔵

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🔵

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🔵

@ C C Z O N A


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FACEBOOK YEAR I N REV I EW


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🔵🔵🔵🔵

🔵

🔵🔵🔵

I n a d v e r t e n t a l g o r i t h m i c c r u e l t y i s t h e r e s u l t o f c o d e t h a t w o r k s i n t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y o f c a s e s b u t d o e s n ’ t t a k e o t h e r u s e c a s e s i n t o a c c o u n t .

I N A D V E R T E N T A L G O R I T H M I C C R U E LT Y

Eric Meyer

@ C C Z O N A

"The Year in Review ad keeps coming up in my feed, rotating through different fun-and-fabulous backgrounds, as if celebrating a death, and there is no obvious way to stop it."

@ C C Z O N A

– E r i c M e y e r

I N C R E A S E AWA R E N E S S O F A N D C O N S I D E R AT I O N F O R

T H E FA I L U R E M O D E S , T H E E D G E C A S E S , T H E W O R S T- C A S E S C E N A R I O S .

@ C C Z O N A

B E H U M B L E . W E C A N N O T I N T U I T

I N N E R S TAT E , E M O T I O N S , P R I VAT E S U B J E C T I V I T Y


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F ITB IT S EX TRACK ING

🔵🔵🔵🔵🔵

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@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A


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UBER

🔵

🔵

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🔵

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🔵

🔵

@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A

Informed consent is permission

freely granted (where "no" is consequence-free alternative and the default value) with informed appreciation and understanding (ahead of time) of the facts, implications, and consequences

Informed consent is permission freely granted (where "no" is consequence-free alternative and the default value) with informed appreciation & understanding (ahead of time) of the facts, implications, & consequences


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GOOGLE ADWORDS

🔵🔵🔵

🔵

🔵

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🔵

@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A

– H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y, D i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n O n l i n e A d D e l i v e r y s t u d y ( 2 0 1 3 )

A B L A C K I D E N T I F Y I N G N A M E WA S 2 5 % M O R E L I K E LY T O R E S U LT I N A N

A D T H AT I M P L I E D A N A R R E S T R E C O R D


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GOOGLE / FL I CKR / APPLE IMAGE ANALY S IS

🔵🔵🔵

🔵

🔵

🔵

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@ C C Z O N A

iPhoto Face Detection

@ C C Z O N A

Flickr Auto-Tagging

@ C C Z O N A

Flickr Auto-Tagging

@ C C Z O N A

Google Photos Auto-Categorizing


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AFF IRM

🔵🔵🔵

🔵

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🔵🔵🔵 🔵

@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A

L E S S O N S F R O M T H E P R O F E S S I O N A L E T H I C I S T S

F L I P P I N G T H E PA R A D I G M

@ C C Z O N A

A C M C o d e o f E t h i c s

AV O I D H A R M T O O T H E R S

c o n s i d e r d e c i s i o n s ' p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o n o t h e r s

A V O I D H A R M

p r o j e c t t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f c o n s e q u e n c e s t o o t h e r s

A V O I D H A R M

@ C C Z O N A


C O N T R I B U T E T O H U M A N W E L L - B E I N G

m i n i m i z e n e g a t i v e c o n s e q u e n c e s t o o t h e r s

C O N T R I B U T E W E L L - B E I N G

@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A


B E H O N E S T. B E T R U S T W O R T H Y.

P r o v i d e o t h e r s w i t h f u l l d i s c l o s u re o f l i m i t a t i o n s

H O N E S T. T R U S T W O R T H Y.

@ C C Z O N A

C a l l a t t e n t i o n t o s i g n s o f r i s k o f h a r m t o o t h e r s

H O N E S T. T R U S T W O R T H Y.

@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A

A C T I V E LY C O U N T E R B I A S & I N E Q U A L I T Y

• e q u a l i t y • t o l e r a n c e • r e s p e c t • j u s t i c e • a n t i -

d i s c r i m i n a t i o n


@ C C Z O N A

• C u l t u r e • S y s t e m s • A s s u m p t i o n s • I g n o r a n c e • M a l i c e


@ C C Z O N A

• U n e q u a l a c c e s s t o r e s o u r c e s & p o w e r

• U n f a i r o u t c o m e s


@ C C Z O N A

@ C C Z O N A

A U D I T O U T C O M E S

W E ' R E I N A R A C E

@ C C Z O N A

D E E P L E A R N I N G A R M S R A C E

• Facebook, Google, and Microsoft are making big bets

@ C C Z O N A

I N S I G H T F U L A L G O R I T H M S A R E G R O W I N G

• More precise in correctness

• More damaging in wrongness

E M PAT H E T I C C O D E R S

@ C C Z O N A

Identify potential harms


@ C C Z O N A

Anticipate diverse ways to screwup

@ C C Z O N A

W E M U S T H A V E D E C I S I O N - M A K I N G A U T H O R I T Y I N T H E H A N D S O F

H I G H LY D I V E R S E

T E A M S

@ C C Z O N A

D I V E R S E . O F D I F F E R I N G K I N D , F O R M , A N D C H A R A C T E R

@ C C Z O N A

Tokenism is not diversity

@ C C Z O N A

The point of culture fit is to avoid disruption of groupthink

@ C C Z O N A

Unidimensional varietyis not diversity

@ C C Z O N A


@ C C Z O N A

Cultivate informed consent


@ C C Z O N A

Audit constantly


@ C C Z O N A

Recognize bias is inherent


@ C C Z O N A

Visionary about countering bias


@ C C Z O N A

Aim mining tools at public benefit consequences


@ C C Z O N A

Commit to transparency

@ C C Z O N A

PROFESSIONALS APPLY EXPERTISE &

JUDGEMENT ABOUT

HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS


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❌ ❌ ❌❌ ❌

❌❌

❌ ❌ ❌❌❌

❌❌❌❌

❌ ❌❌ ❌❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌

@ C C Z O N A

R E F U S E T O P L AY A L O N G .

@ C C Z O N A

T H A N K Y O U .

@ C C Z O N A

C R E D I T S

@ C C Z O N A

I M A G E U N D E R S TA N D I N G : D E E P L E A R N I N G W I T H C O N V O L U T I O N A L N E U R A L N E T S

http://www.slideshare.net/roelofp/python-for-image-understanding-deep-learning-with-convolutional-neural-nets

Roelof Pieters@graphific

http://www.slideshare.net/roelofp/python-for-image-understanding-deep-learning-with-convolutional-neural-nets

@ C C Z O N A

A H I P P O C R AT I C O AT H F O R D ATA S C I E N C E

http://www.slideshare.net/roelofp/a-hippocratic-oath-for-data-science

Roelof Pieters@graphific

@ C C Z O N A

T H E E T H I C S O F B E I N G A P R O G R A M M E R

https://youtu.be/DB7ei5W1eRQ

Kate Heddleston

@heddle317

https://youtu.be/DB7ei5W1eRQ

I M A G E S

• Kate Heddleston: PyCon SE 2015 video

• Roelof Pieters: Hendrik https://twitter.com/hen_drik/status/612653056421982208

• Code is made by people: Chris Eppstein https://twitter.com/chriseppstein/status/611612633335095296

• Recipe cards: Olivia Juice & Co. http://olivejuiceco.typepad.com/my_weblog/2006/04/easter_recap_an.html

• Crochet pattern & shawl: http://www.abc-knitting-patterns.com/1129.html

• Wargames font: http://www.urbanfonts.com/fonts/wargames.htm

• Space Invaders: http://www.caffination.com/backchannel/shooting-for-the-high-score-3942/

• Wheat: https://www.flickr.com/photos/paule92/9506023990/

• Eye shadows: https://www.flickr.com/photos/niallb/5300259686/

• Colored pencils: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jenson-lee/6315443914/

• Buttons: https://www.flickr.com/photos/48462557@N00/3616793654/

• Cookie face: https://www.flickr.com/photos/amayu/4462907505/in/pool-977532@N24/

• Facebook emotion marionettes: http://altlaw.info/2014/07/emotional-contagion-subliminal-messaging-where-does-it-end-for-facebook/

@ C C Z O N A

https://twitter.com/hen_drik/status/612653056421982208

https://twitter.com/chriseppstein/status/611612633335095296

http://olivejuiceco.typepad.com/my_weblog/2006/04/easter_recap_an.html

http://www.abc-knitting-patterns.com/1129.html

http://www.urbanfonts.com/fonts/wargames.htm

http://www.caffination.com/backchannel/shooting-for-the-high-score-3942/

https://www.flickr.com/photos/paule92/9506023990/

https://www.flickr.com/photos/niallb/5300259686/

https://www.flickr.com/photos/jenson-lee/6315443914/

https://www.flickr.com/photos/48462557@N00/3616793654/

https://www.flickr.com/photos/amayu/4462907505/in/pool-977532@N24/

http://altlaw.info/2014/07/emotional-contagion-subliminal-messaging-where-does-it-end-for-facebook/

A R T I C L E S

• Association for Computing Machinery Code of Ethics http://www.acm.org/about/code-of-ethics

• The 10 Commandments of Egoless Programming http://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-ten-commandments-of-egoless-programming-6353837/

• Disparate Impact Analysis is Key to Ensuring Fairness in the Age of the Algorithm http://www.datainnovation.org/2015/01/disparate-impact-analysis-is-key-to-ensuring-fairness-in-the-age-of-the-algorithm/

• On Algorithmic Fairness, Discrimination and Disparate impact. http://fairness.haverford.edu/

• Big Data's Disparate Impact http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2477899

• White House https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/big_data_privacy_report_may_1_2014.pdf

• Algorithmic Accountability & Transparency http://www.nickdiakopoulos.com/projects/algorithmic-accountability-reporting/

• What is Deep Learning and why should you care? http://radar.oreilly.com/2014/07/what-is-deep-learning-and-why-should-you-care.html

@ C C Z O N A

http://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-ten-commandments-of-egoless-programming-6353837/

http://www.datainnovation.org/2015/01/disparate-impact-analysis-is-key-to-ensuring-fairness-in-the-age-of-the-algorithm/

http://fairness.haverford.edu/

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2477899

https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/big_data_privacy_report_may_1_2014.pdf

http://www.nickdiakopoulos.com/projects/algorithmic-accountability-reporting/

C A S E S T U D I E S

@ C C Z O N A

• FitBit: http://thenextweb.com/insider/2011/07/03/fitbit-users-are-inadvertently-sharing-details-of-their-sex-lives-with-the-world/

• Uber: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/10/03/god-view-uber-allegedly-stalked-users-for-party-goers-viewing-pleasure/ & http://valleywag.gawker.com/uber-allegedly-used-god-view-to-stalk-vip-users-as-a-1642197313 & http://www.forbes.com/sites/chanellebessette/2014/11/25/does-uber-even-deserve-our-trust/

• Affirm: http://recode.net/2015/05/06/max-levchins-affirm-raises-275-million-to-make-loans/ & http://time.com/3430817/paypal-levchin-affirm-lending/ & http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/19/technology/banking-start-ups-adopt-new-tools-for-lending.html

• Shutterfly: http://jezebel.com/shutterfly-thinks-you-just-had-a-baby-1576261631 & http://www.adweek.com/adfreak/shutterfly-congratulates-thousands-women-babies-they-didnt-have-157675 (Zuckerberg on miscarriage: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10102276573729791)

• Target: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html

• Facebook Emotional Contagion Study: http://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/jul/01/facebook-cornell-study-emotional-contagion-ethics-breach & http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2014/06/23/emotional-contagion-on-facebook-more-like-bad-research-methods/

• Facebook Year in Review: http://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/12/24/inadvertent-algorithmic-cruelty/ & http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/29/facebook-apologises-over-cruel-year-in-review-clips

• Google AdWords: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2208240 & http://freakonomics.com/2013/04/08/how-much-does-your-name-matter-full-transcript/

• Flickr: http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/20/flickr-complaints-offensive-auto-tagging-photos

• Google Photos: https://twitter.com/jackyalcine/status/615329515909156865 & https://www.yahoo.com/tech/google-photos-mislabels-two-black-americans-as-122793782784.html

• Race & Film: http://priceonomics.com/how-photography-was-optimized-for-white-skin/ & http://www.buzzfeed.com/syreetamcfadden/teaching-the-camera-to-see-my-skin#.wkv3Jmd8O

http://thenextweb.com/insider/2011/07/03/fitbit-users-are-inadvertently-sharing-details-of-their-sex-lives-with-the-world/

http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/10/03/god-view-uber-allegedly-stalked-users-for-party-goers-viewing-pleasure/

http://valleywag.gawker.com/uber-allegedly-used-god-view-to-stalk-vip-users-as-a-1642197313

http://www.forbes.com/sites/chanellebessette/2014/11/25/does-uber-even-deserve-our-trust/

http://recode.net/2015/05/06/max-levchins-affirm-raises-275-million-to-make-loans/

http://time.com/3430817/paypal-levchin-affirm-lending/

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/19/technology/banking-start-ups-adopt-new-tools-for-lending.html

http://jezebel.com/shutterfly-thinks-you-just-had-a-baby-1576261631

http://www.adweek.com/adfreak/shutterfly-congratulates-thousands-women-babies-they-didnt-have-157675

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html

http://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/jul/01/facebook-cornell-study-emotional-contagion-ethics-breach

http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2014/06/23/emotional-contagion-on-facebook-more-like-bad-research-methods/

http://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/12/24/inadvertent-algorithmic-cruelty/

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/29/facebook-apologises-over-cruel-year-in-review-clips

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2208240

http://freakonomics.com/2013/04/08/how-much-does-your-name-matter-full-transcript/

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/20/flickr-complaints-offensive-auto-tagging-photos

https://twitter.com/jackyalcine/status/615329515909156865

https://www.yahoo.com/tech/google-photos-mislabels-two-black-americans-as-122793782784.html

http://priceonomics.com/how-photography-was-optimized-for-white-skin/

http://www.buzzfeed.com/syreetamcfadden/teaching-the-camera-to-see-my-skin#.wkv3Jmd8O

V I D E O S

• MarI/O Machine Learning for Video Games https://youtu.be/qv6UVOQ0F44

• Algorithmic Accountability Workshop by Tow Center https://vimeo.com/125622175

@ C C Z O N A

https://youtu.be/qv6UVOQ0F44

https://vimeo.com/125622175

@ C C Z O N A

Noah Kantrowitz

Heidi Waterhouse

VM Brasseur

Yoz Grahame

Mike Foley

Estelle Weyl

Chris Hausler

We So Crafty

T H A N K Y O U♥

O n v i d e o :

" C o n s e q u e n c e s o f a n I n s i g h t f u l A l g o r i t h m "

h t t p s : / / w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m / w a t c h ? v = N h e E 6 u d j f G I

@ C C Z O N AC A R I N A C . Z O N A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NheE6udjfGI

Data & Analytics

Consequences of an Insightful Algorithm