Building Construction Project 2 Report

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1

Project 2: Construction Activities and Process

AIMI RUZANNA BINTI DATU ADZMAN

0306177

Building Construction I Aimi Ruzanna binti Datu Adzman 0306177 Page 1

WEEK 1

Construction Activity : Site Clearance

Duration: 6 Days

Materials: Steel Fencing

Equipment: Excavator, Bump Truck, Dozer, Survey Equipment


Skilled Worker: 5 General Workers, 2 Truck/Dozer Operators

Technical Information:

Contractor needs to establish the site boundary due to the commencement of the site clearing

Contractor shall produce a safety signboard to notify and alert the public about the construction works conducted

Contractors shall also submit their proposed dumping site for approval due to site clearing to the superintending officer

WEEK 2

Construction Activity : Excavation and Earth Works

Duration: 6 Days

Materials: Natural Soil


Equipment: Excavator, Pay loader, Six Wheel Truck, Bob Cat, Shovel, Meter Tape, Rollers, Dump Truck, Backhoes

Skilled Worker: 5 General Workers, Truck Driver, Excavator Operator, Contractor


• Before beginning the site clearing work, the area to be excavated shall be properly marked and cleared.

• The surveyor need to periodically check the depth of excavation to avoid over excavation

WEEK 3

Construction Activity: Pile boring and reinforcement installation

Duration: 7 days

Materials: Steel Bore, Reinforcement bar, bar bender

Equipment: Rebar Bending machine, Boring Machine

Skilled Worker: 5 General Workers, Boring Machine Operator, Bar Bending Machine


• Survey and record the existing ground level at each pile location. • Set out the pile location in accordance with the Engineer’s working drawings using a

theodolite with the accuracy required in the specifications. • All setting out should refer to the reference points and the related Contract Drawings.


WEEK 4

Construction Activity : Pile boring and reinforcement installation

Duration: 6 days

Materials: Steel Bore, Reinforcement bar, bar bender

Equipment: Rebar Bending machine, Boring Machine

Skilled Worker: 5 General Workers, Boring Machine Operator, Bar Bending Machine


The location of the center of each bored pile will be set out by reference to the working drawings and the site boundary markers. The shaft will be excavated within a heavy temporary steel casing with an outside diameter of 1.5m. The casing is composed of sections of 6 to 8m single lengths with 50mm wall thickness. There is a special cutting shoe at the toe of the casing for the bottom section. The casing section is connected together using special casing joints. The casing will be driven using hydraulic casing oscillator connected to a crawler crane.

After setting-up the casing oscillator over the piling location, the first section of the casing will be inserted into the oscillator and its position and vertically shall be checked prior to commencing excavation and regularity during construction. The pile shaft excavation will be carried out using a single or hammer grab supported from a crawler crane. The casing will be advanced by means of the hydraulic casing oscillator and the toe of the temporary casing will be kept in front of the excavated level.

The water level within the pile shaft will be maintained at or above the surrounding ground water level to ensure that there is no differential head encouraging piping of the soil at the base of the excavation.


WEEK 5

Construction Activity : Pile Filling

Duration: 6 days

Materials: Concrete

Equipment: Concrete mixer, Concrete dispenser, Concrete vibrator

Skilled Worker: 4 General Workers


Concreting to the pile will be carried out under water by tremie techniques maintaining the water head inside the casing at or above existing ground water level at all times. 6.5.2 The workability of the concrete will be tested by slump tests on samples taken from each batch. A set of two cubes will be made for each 25m3 of concrete for testing at 28 days as specified in the particular specifications.


WEEK 6

Construction Activity : Pile Cap construction

Duration: 6 days

Materials: Concrete, Reinforcement, Timber formwork

Equipment: Bar Bending Machine, Saw, Vibrating Machine, Concrete Mixer

Skilled Worker: 3 General Workers, 3 Bar benders, 2 carpenters


• Formwork is erected according to the design• Fix pile cap reinforcement in the framework• Apply sufficient vibration


• Pile caps distributes the load from the above structure evenly through to the piles below.

WEEK 7

Construction Activity 1 : Pile Cap construction

Duration: 5 days


Equipment: Bar Bending Machine, Saw, Vibrating Machine, Concrete Mixer



• Formwork is erected according to the design

• Fix pile cap reinforcement in the framework

• Apply sufficient vibration


• Pile caps distributes the load from the above structure evenly through to the piles below.

Construction Activity 2 : Stump on Pile Cap

Duration: 5 days


Equipment: Bar Bending Machine, Saw, Vibrating Machine



• To realign the level of the substructure to ensure the ground floor and corresponding floors are leve

WEEK 8

Construction Activity 1 : Ground Beam Construction

Duration: 6 days

Materials: Concrete, reinforcements, timber formworks

Equipment: Concrete Vibrator, Rebar bending machine, table saw, concrete mixer


Technical Information :

After constructing the foundation, the ground beam will fill up the excavated area with earth.

A ground beam normally should consist of reinforcements, concrete and linkers. The reinforcements can be placed at center of that beam. The sizes of main reinforcement play important role in determine the strength of a beam.


Ground beam usually does not have secondary beam, only has primary beam. The ground beam construction will be started after a column stump has finish. After the column stump has ingrained in foundation and has corpulent on level as wanted.

Construction Activity 2 : Stump on Pile Cap (Grid d-i)

Duration: 5 days


Equipment: Bar Bending Machine, Saw, Vibrating Machine



To realign the level of the substructure to ensure the ground floor and corresponding floors are level

WEEK 9

Construction Activity: Ground Beam Construction

Duration: 7 days

Materials: Concrete, reinforcements, timber formworks

Equipment: Concrete Vibrator, Rebar bending machine, table saw, concrete mixer Skilled Worker: 3 General Workers, 3 Bar benders, 2 carpenters



Beam framework will put and pointed stake set in the ground with tidy so that look tough and strength. Strength of framework is important to ensure that framework not expand when a concrete will instill. If framework not good, it will give a problem and the construction work have much time.

After that, link concrete is lain out on ground surface into the framework. The reinforcements will be putted with spacer block on below and beside reinforcement. Purpose that putted the spacer block is to protect the reinforcement for avoid from rust.

WEEK 10

Construction Activity: Ground Floor Slab Construction

Duration: 7 days

Materials: Concrete, reinforcement bars, timber formworks, Damp Proof Membrane (DPM), Rigid Floor Insulation





First condition- is built when the ground is good enough to carry the load from the building. In this condition, the slab is designed to carry the load of the building with the help from the ground support.

Second condition- is building when the ground is not good enough to carry the load from the building. In this condition, the slab is design just like the floor of upper floor that can carry the load without the help from the ground support. In this case, more cost is needed.

Function of ground slab

• To support column and stump

• To receive the load from the building

• To reduce the pressure on the column and stump

• The main base of construction to ensure that the construction will done well

• Make it easier for floor finishes

WEEK 11

Construction Activity: Ground Floor Slab Construction

Duration: 7 day

Materials: Concrete, reinforcement bars, timber formworks, Damp Proof Membrane (DPM), Rigid Floor Insulation

Equipment: Concrete Vibrator, Rebar bending machine, table saw, concrete mixer Skilled Worker: 5 General Workers, 3 Bar benders, 2 carpenters



• Have the slab reinforcing tied in to the foundation wall reinforcing.• Incorporate a damp-proof membrane (DPM) under the concrete slab .• Damp proofing of new concrete slabs is best carried out as for a standard house • slab, with the polyethylene DPM or proprietary concrete underlay laid over sand

blinding (nominal minimum thickness of 5 mm or a maximum .thickness of 25 mm) before the slab is laid.

• Joints should be taped and the DPM protected from damage during the placing of reinforcing and concreting.

• Have the finished floor level at least 100 mm above the highest adjacent ground level.• Have concrete well vibrated and free of voids and cavities, as these are potential weak

spots when the floor is loaded.• Have a minimum slab thickness of 100 mm.• Be laid over a minimum of 75 mm thick (maximum permitted 600 mm) well compacted

hard fill. When over 150 mm thick, compact in 150 mm maximum layers using a vibrating plate compactor.

WEEK 12

Construction Activity: Ground Floor Columns (grid a-c)

Duration: 6 days

Materials: Concrete, reinforcement, timber formwork





• Laying cement concrete in foundation

• Placing steel bar net in footing as per design and also placing vertical bars of column in footing on the steel bar net as per design.

• Laying form work in footing.

• Laying cement concrete 1: 2:4 or 1:1-1/2:3 in footing up to required height as per design.

• Curing work and refilling of earth around footing

WEEK 13

Construction Activity: Ground Floor Columns

Duration: 6 days






After the construction of footing and pedestal the construction of column is started. The process of construction is following.

• Tie up all rings around and into vertical steel bars according to design.

•Fix form work of required size with vertical steel bars.

• Lay cement concrete in form work according to design.

• Take proper curing of RCC column

WEEK 14

Construction Activity: First Floor Beam

Duration: 5 days

Materials: Concrete, reinforcement, timber formwork Equipment: Concrete Vibrator, Rebar bending machine, table saw, concrete mixer Skilled Worker: 5 General Workers, 3 Bar benders, 2 carpenters



The first floor is supported by the foundation. – Completion of the lower floor (usually just after the Concreting which was carried out on the day before) Removing of the wall form panel and lift to the upper floor for erection. Inner wall panel erected with reinforcing bar being fixed.

Completion of the wall formwork and the reinforcement (including inspection of the reinforcing bars)Erection of the floor formwork including the propping and joist grid frame (also the beam formwork if there is beams in the structural design)

Completion of the floor reinforcement. Final re-adjust and secure the wall and floor formwork ready for the concretion.

The completed wall and floor formwork with the floor reinforcement being fixed. Works to do before concreting are:

Final inspection of the steel fixing, check the shape, level, verticality, and alignment of all the formwork elements, check whether the condition of formwork is firm and secure enough to withstand the

concreting process, provide and install the equipment ready for the carrying out of concreting works.

WEEK 15

Construction Activity: First Floor Slab


Duration: 5 days

Materials: Concrete, reinforcement, timber formwork, DPM




The slab is cast integrally with the beams which provide support in two direction. Beams are supported on inner leaf of cavity wall. Closure block bedded. Two beams grouted together to support block partition. Beam is adjacent to support wall and grouted solid. Coursing Slip with block out from beam into adjacent support wall bedded on coursing slip. Closure Block on internal support. Shared bearing on internal support wall less than 200mm thick.

WEEK 16


Construction Activity: First Floor Columns

Duration: 5 days





Structural columns are built to bear the load from super structure above and transfer it downwards into foundation.

The process of construction is following:


• Fix form work of required size with vertical steel bars.



WEEK 17


Construction Activity: First Floor Columns

Duration: 5 days





Structural columns are built to bear the load from super structure above and transfer it downwards into foundation

The process of construction is following.





WEEK 18


Construction Activity: First Floor Beam

Duration: 5 days




Technical Information: Super structure columns are connect together via beams, they resist applied loads with a rebar from the columns.

• Completion of the lower floor (usually just after the • Concreting which was carried out on the day before) Removing of the wall form panel

and lift to the upper floor for erection.• Inner wall panel erected with reinforcing bar being fixed.• Completion of the wall formwork and the reinforcement (including inspection of the

reinforcing bars)• Erection of the floor formwork including the propping and joist grid frame (also the

beam formwork if there is beams in the structural design)• Completion of the floor reinforcement. Final re-adjust and secure the wall and floor

formwork ready for the concretion.• The completed wall and floor formwork with the floor reinforcement being fixed. Works

to do before concreting are: - Final inspection of the steel fixing, - check the shape, level, verticality, and alignment of all the formwork elements, - check whether the condition of formwork is firm and secure enough to withstand

the concreting process, - provide and install the equipment ready for the carrying out of concreting works.

WEEK 19


Construction Activity: Second Floor Slab

Duration: 5 days

Materials: Concrete, reinforcement, timber formwork, DPM




The slab is cast integrally with the beams which provide support in two direction

• Have the slab reinforcing tied in to the foundation wall reinforcing.• Incorporate a damp-proof membrane (DPM) under the concrete slab .• Damp proofing of new concrete slabs is best carried out as for a standard house • slab, with the polyethylene DPM or proprietary concrete underlay laid over sand

blinding (nominal minimum thickness of 5 mm or a maximum .thickness of 25 mm) before the slab is laid.

• Joints should be taped and the DPM protected from damage during the placing of reinforcing and concreting.

• Have the finished floor level at least 100 mm above the highest adjacent ground level.• Have concrete well vibrated and free of voids and cavities, as these are potential weak

spots when the floor is loaded.• Have a minimum slab thickness of 100 mm.• Be laid over a minimum of 75 mm thick (maximum permitted 600 mm) well compacted

hard fill. When over 150 mm thick, compact in 150 mm maximum layers using a vibrating plate compactor.

WEEK 20


Construction Activity: Second Floor Columns (grid a-c)

Duration: 5 days





Structural columns are built to bear the load from super structure above and transfer it downwards into foundation

The process of construction is following:





WEEK 21


Construction Activity: Second Floor Columns

Duration: 5 days




Technical Information: Structural columns are built to bear the load from super structure above and transfer it downwards into foundation


WEEK 22

Construction Activity : Ground Floor Stairs

Duration: 6 days





Stairs connect individual floors together by means of a series of incremental steps that allow a human to gradually climb. The stairs is built from a starter box, which is a series of starter bars protruding from the ground floor slab. Then timber form work is make at the desired pitch. The tread(depth) and riser(height) is carefully made to a uniform specifications. The half turn stairs turns 180 degrees through two right angles at an intervening landing. This space floor space on the relevant floor plans.


WEEK 23

Construction Activity 1: First Floor Stairs

Duration: 6 days





Stairs connect individual floors together by means of a series of incremental steps that allow a human to gradually climb. The stairs is built from a starter box, which is a series of starter bars protruding from the ground floor slab. Then timber form work is make at the desired pitch. The tread(depth) and riser(height) is carefully made to a uniform specifications. The half turn stairs turns 180 degrees through two right angles at an intervening landing. This space floor space on the relevant floor plans.


WEEK 24

Construction Activity : Ground Floor Wall

Duration: 5 days





A wall construction process for building a wall comprising the steps of:

a) providing a concrete footing having a plurality of vertical dowels each extending upwardly therefrom to a point past a top of the wall to be constructed;

b) Constructing a reinforcing screen by attaching screen reinforcing bars to and across said plurality of vertical dowels and providing a plurality of spacers;

c) Placing said plurality of spacers adjacent to said reinforcing screen in a manner such that said spacers define a plane against which a substantially planar surface may be positioned;

d) Providing a plurality of sheets of a foam insulating material having a first and second substantially planar surface;

e) Positioning one of said first and second surfaces against said spacers;

f) Providing a plurality of sheets of sheet-form lathe;

g) positioning said plurality of sheets of sheet-form lathe against said remaining first and second surfaces of said foam insulation that are not against said spacers;

h) fastening said plurality of sheets of sheet-form lathe, said plurality of sheets of foam insulation material, said spacers, and said reinforcing screen together in a manner such that each sheet of said plurality of sheets of foam insulation material is in contact with at least one spacer; and


j) Blowing a blown concrete mixture against said plurality of sheets of foam insulation material from a direction wherein said reinforcing screen is positioned between said plurality of sheets of foam insulation material and said nozzle from which said blown concrete is discharged.

WEEK 25

Construction Activity : Ground Floor Wall & First Floor Wall

Duration: 5 days





WEEK 26

Construction Activity : Ground Floor Wall & First Floor Wall

Duration: 7 days





WEEK 27

Construction Activity1 : Ground Floor Wall

Duration: 7 days




Construction Activity 2: Ground Floor door framing and installation

Duration: 2 days

Materials: Hollow single rabbet metal frame

Equipment: Wrench, Level, Screw Driver, measuring tape, marker

Skilled Worker: 2 General Workers, 1 Special Worker



:Doors are openings between exterior and interior, and between rooms. They are carefully positioned between columns where the wall will eventually be made. Doors are correctly oriented as to whether they open in or out and stood up right with wood temporarily nailed to columns and beams.

Construction Activity 3: Ground Floor window framing and installation

Duration: 3 days

Materials: Aluminum casement frame, glass window, screws Equipment: Wrench, Level, Screw Driver, measuring tape, marker



: : Windows provide ventilation for a building, a casement window provides 100% ventilation. A window frame is first installed, followed by the two smaller windows and their pivot brackets, the unit is topped off with trimming for aesthetics


WEEK 28

Construction Activity 1 : Second Floor Beam

Duration: 4 days





Duration: 2 days








Duration: 3 days






WEEK 29

Construction Activity : Second Floor Wall, Railing

Duration: 6 days






Duration: 2 days







Duration: 3 days






WEEK 30

Construction Activity : Roof Trusses

Duration: 5 days






The first step in covering roof is to erect a scaffold to a height which will bringthe eaves about waist-high to a man standing on the scaffold.Before any roof covering is applied, the roof sheathing must be swept clean andcarefully inspected for irregularities, cracks, holes, or other defects. No roofing should be applied unless the sheathing boards are absolutely dry.

An underlay of roofing felt is first applied to the sheathing. Roofing felt usually comes in3-foot-wide rolls and should be laid with a 2-inch top lap and a 4-inch side lap.Bundles of shingles should be distributed along the scaffold before work begins. Thereare 27 strips in a bundle of 1 x 3 asphalt strip shingles. Three bundles will cover 100square feet. After the first course at the eaves (the starter course) is laid by inverting the firstCourse of shingles or the starter strip of mineral-surfaced roll roofing, each coursethat follows is begun by stretching a guideline or by snapping a chalk line fromedge to edge. This positions the course.

Strip shingles should be nailed with 1-inch copper or hot-dipped, galvanized roofing nails, two to each tab; this means six nails to each full strip. Nails should be placed about 6 1/2 inches from the butt edges to ensure that each nail will be covered by the next course (blind-nailing) and driven through two courses.An asbestos-cement roof is laid in about the same way as the asphalt strip shingles.A binder is used to bond the roofing felt together and form a watertight seal. Asphalt andcoal tar are the two main types of bituminous binders used.Drying out of the binder causes deterioration of built-up roofs.If this did not happen, a built-up roof would last indefinitely. Asphalt is the preferredbinder. It is used on roofs sloping up to 6 inches per foot (1/4 pitch). Asphalt has a meltingpoint of 350' to 41 0°F. A roof covered with asphalt should be protected with a covering ofslag, gravel, or other protective material. Tar has a lower melting point (300° to 350°F)than asphalt, so it will move more easily; therefore, it is not recommended for roofs having aslope of more than 3 inches per foot (1/8 pitch).


Aggregate, crushed stone, or gravel from 1/4 to 5/8 inch in diameter is embedded in a coat of asphalt or tar to hold the roof covering down. It also prevents the binding from disintegrating because of the weather.Gravel stops on slag or gravel-surfaced roofs, and metal-edge strips on smooth-surfacedbuilt-up roofs are used to finish all exposed edges and eaves to prevent wind from gettingunder the edges and causing blow offs. The gravel stop also prevents the loss of gravel orslag off the edge of the roof. The flashing flange of the gravel stop or edge strip is placedover the last ply of felt. It should be nailed securely to the roof deck and double felt stripped.Then the finished coat of bitumen and surfacing or cap sheet should be applied. The lip of thegravel stop should extend a minimum of 3/4 inch above the roof deck. The lip of the edge strip should be a maximum of 1/2 inch above the deck. Both should be securely fastened to the fascia board

WEEK 31


Construction Activity : Roof

Duration: 4 days




Week 32

Construction Activity: Electrical Wiring

Duration: 7 days


Materials: insulated cooper wires, electrical tape, and connector Equipment: Test pen, voltage meter

Skilled Worker: 2 electricians

Technical Information: Electrical cables are pulled through PVC pipe am bedded in the concrete walls or along the wall surface.

Week 33:

Construction Activity: Plumbing

Duration: 7 days

Materials: assorted dimensions of PVC pipe, connectors, PVC glue Equipment: Saw, measuring tape

Skilled Worker: Plumber

Technical Information: Plumbing is essential for bringing in clean water into a building and taking waste products away. PVC pipes are pieced together, in order to connect various systems together.

Week 34:

Construction Activity: Sanitary Fittings

Duration: 5 days

Materials: Ceramics

Equipment: Saw, Measuring tape, drill

Skilled Worker: Special Worker, 2 General Workers

Technical Information: Sanitary fittings such as sick, water closet and shower are usually bought as modular units and are easily installed. Just connect the plumbing to the inlet and outlet, and ensure the fastening is secure.

Week 35:

Construction Activity: Tiling (Ground Floor)

Duration: 5 days


Materials: Mortar, Grout, homogeneous ceramic tiles Equipment: Putty knife, spacers, level

Skilled Worker: 2 Tilers

Technical Information: Tiles are a durable, easy to clean modular finish that requires careful installation in order to last a long time. A tiling pattern is first determined and the tiler spread mortar on the floor surface. The tiles are uniformly spaced and align with the aid of spacers. The gaps are made to allow for expansion and are filled with grout.

Week 36:

Construction Activity : Tiling (Second Floor)

Duration: 5 days




Week 37:

Construction Activity : Tiling (Second Floor)

Duration: 5 days




Week 38:

Construction Activity : Plastering (Ground Floor)


Duration: 5 days

Materials: Plaster Board

Equipment: Ramset concrete nailer, Makita concrete driller, Laser Level machine, Plumbs, Basic hand tools, Makita steel bench cutters, Ceiling gun, Ladder, Steel square ruler, Drilling Machine


Technical Information: All leveling set out coordinates shall be based on the setting out levels provided on design.

Week 39:

Construction Activity: Plastering (first Floor)

Duration: 5 days





Week 40:

Construction Activity : Plastering (first Floor)

Duration: 5 days







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Building Construction Project 2 Report