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Internship Report
On
‟APARTMENT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION”
Submitted as a partial fulfillment of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering
Of
Mewar University, Chittorgarh
July, 2017
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Sir Avinesh Kumar Mr. P Hiska
HOD (Civil Engineering) B.Tech.VIII-Semester
Faculty of Mewar University (Civil Engineering)
Chittorgarh (Raj.) Roll No.: 150103570001
Guided By:
Er. K George
Chief Engineer
M/s Singh Construction Co.
Dimapur : Nagaland
i
DECLARATION
In accordance with the requirements for the degree of B.Tech. programme in Civil
Engineering, in Faculty of Engineering and Technology, I present this report entitled
―APARTMENT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION‖. This report is a record of
original work done by me under the guidance of my esteemed mentor Er. K. George
and my site supervisor Er. M P Shukla.
I declare that the work presented in the report is my own work except as
acknowledged in the text and footnotes, and that to my knowledge this material has
not been submitted either in whole or in part, for a degree at this University or at any
other such Institution for the award of any type of work.
Date Name
02/07/2017 P Hiska
APPROVED BY
Name of supervisor: Er. M P Shukla Name of mentor: Er. K. George
Signature: Signature:
ii
CERTIFICATE
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to thank each and every family, friends and individuals who
participated and supported me in completion of my final internship report.
I am very thankful to M/S SINGH CONSTRUCTION CO. For giving me the
opportunity to undertake my six months internship training in their working area. It
was a very good learning experience for me to have worked at this area. I would like
to convey my heartiest thanks to site supervisor Er. M P Shukla and its entire staff
member.
I would also thank my mentor Er. K. George for his endless support at site and in his
office by consulting me how things are done in the site and how to write this report in
outstanding manner.
I would like to thank to all the faculties of civil engineering department, Mewar
University, who brought me to my present performance and shape me like this during
the last three successive years.
Before I finish I would like to give my deepest thanks to all workers from the
contractor and the consultant side starting from engineers to daily laborers. Also for
those who do not listed in the above but support me in different areas I would like to
thank all.
P. HISKA
iv
ABSTRACT
This report provides a summary to my internship practice outcome which I gained
during my internship period stay in the site of construction. Actually, I was assigned
in the construction of residential building as well as where different types of civil
construction activities were going on. At the beginning they assigned me to work with
them as office engineer and participated in the preparation of takeoff sheet for the
completed villas, apartments and other infrastructures.
Thus, in the first chapter of this report, I have briefly described the hosting company‘s
background. In line with this, I have pointed out the main aim and the supplementary
tasks that are being executed by the project and some of the designs and
accomplishments of the project as well as the works that are being supervised and
their work flow hierarchy.
In the second part, I have discussed the overall internship experience including the
procedural work flow, the different sites I was assigned to, the tasks I have been
involved in and the challenges I faced in the sites as well as the corrective measures
that was taken.
The third chapter gives the detailed report of the residential apartment building that I
was working on during my internship period. The building was under construction
when I joined and was still under construction even after I left. My main assignment
was this building construction, so I focused more on this building construction during
my internship. This chapter consists of only those reports which I had executed,
experienced and learned in site and office.
The fourth chapter explains the main benefits of the internship class in terms of
different aspects and areas. It is obvious that the internship has a plus-point in terms
of improving skills and all round development. The advantages and gains of the
internship highlighted in brief.
The final and fifth chapter explains about the winding up and suggestions on the
project that our company runs. In the site we came across many things which were
appropriate and inappropriate to work in building construction. Thus, I comment and
gave my recommendation in some conditions and workings.
v
CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................
ABSTRACT
COMPANY PROFILE ............................................................................. 1
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................. 2
1. BACKGROUND OF THE HOSTING COMPANY ........................................ 2
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Vision ............................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Mission .......................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Main objectives ............................................................................................. 3
1.5 Quality assurance .......................................................................................... 5
1.6 Fields of specialization .................................................................................. 5
1.7 Services rendering ......................................................................................... 5
1.8 Founder of the Company ............................................................................... 6
1.9 Company Address ......................................................................................... 7
1.10 Company structure ........................................................................................ 7
1.11 Organization And Management .................................................................... 7
1.12 Reference projects and services rendered by the Company .......................... 8
1.13 Company‘s machineries‘, vehicles and equipment ....................................... 8
1.14 Organizational structure .............................................................................. 10
CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................ 12
2. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ................................................... 12
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 12
2.2 Joining the Company ................................................................................... 12
2.3 Short summary of the project ...................................................................... 13
2.4 Section of the company I was assigned to work in ..................................... 14
2.5 The work flow in the section ....................................................................... 15
DECLARATION ...................................................................................... i
....................................................................................... ii
iii
.............................................................................................. iv
vi
2.6 Work piece or task I was executing ............................................................. 18
2.6.1 Office Work ......................................................................................... 18
2.6.2 Site work .............................................................................................. 23
2.6.2.1 Earthwork and Excavation ........................................................... 24
2.6.2.1.1 Setting Out.............................................................................. 24
2.6.2.1.2 Excavation .............................................................................. 24
2.6.2.2 Foundation work .......................................................................... 27
2.6.2.2.1 Isolated Footing ...................................................................... 27
2.6.2.2.2 Combined Footing .................................................................. 27
2.6.2.3 Masonry Work ............................................................................. 29
2.6.2.4 Concrete Form Work ................................................................... 29
2.6.2.5 Concrete Mixing Method ............................................................. 33
2.6.2.5.1 Hand Mixing .......................................................................... 36
2.6.2.5.2 Machine Mixing ..................................................................... 36
2.6.2.6 Batching ....................................................................................... 37
2.6.2.7 Curing of Concrete ....................................................................... 40
2.6.2.8 Structural Work ............................................................................ 42
2.6.2.8.1 Grade Beam or Plinth Beam................................................... 42
2.6.2.8.2 Reinforcement Steel Bar ........................................................ 43
2.6.2.8.3 Slab ......................................................................................... 44
2.6.2.8.4 Splicing of Bars ...................................................................... 44
2.6.2.8.5 Superstructure Beam .............................................................. 45
2.6.2.8.6 Column ................................................................................... 45
2.6.2.9 Finishing Work ............................................................................ 45
2.6.2.9.1 Plastering Work ...................................................................... 45
2.6.2.9.2 Ceiling and Wall Finishing .................................................... 46
2.6.2.9.3 Floor Finishing ....................................................................... 47
2.7 Procedure I used when I perform work tasks .............................................. 49
2.8 My Performance during Executing the Work Tasks ................................... 50
2.9 Challenges that I faced ................................................................................ 50
2.10 Measures I Took For Challenges ................................................................. 52
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................ 55
vii
3. DETAILED PROJECT REPORT OF PLANNING AND DESIGN OF FIVE
STOREYED APARTMENT BUILDING ............................................................ 55
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 55
3.2 Plan and drawing of building (Ground Floor) ............................................. 56
3.3 Plan and drawings of first to top floor ......................................................... 57
3.4 Details of beams .......................................................................................... 58
3.5 Details of Elevator (Lift) ............................................................................. 61
3.6 Details of Footing and Columns Reinforcement ......................................... 64
3.7 Foundation Layout Plan .............................................................................. 65
3.8 Estimation and Costing ............................................................................... 66
3.8.1 Methods of taking out estimates .......................................................... 66
3.8.2 Detailed Estimation and Costing of my assigned Building. ................ 66
3.8.2.1 General Abstract of Cost .............................................................. 67
3.8.2.2 Quantity Estimate for Ground Floor ............................................ 68
3.8.2.3 Quantity Estimate for First Floor to Fourth Floor ....................... 73
3.8.2.4 Abstract of Estimated Cost for Ground Floor .............................. 76
3.8.2.5 Abstract of Estimated Cost for First Floor to Fourth Floor ......... 78
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................ 80
4. OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP ............................. 80
4.1 Overall benefits gained ................................................................................ 80
4.1.1 Improving practical skills .................................................................... 81
4.1.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge .................................................. 82
4.1.3 Upgrading personal communication skill ............................................ 83
4.1.4 Improving team work skill ................................................................... 84
4.1.5 Improving leadership skill ................................................................... 84
4.1.6 Understanding work ethics .................................................................. 85
4.1.7 Entrepreneur skill ................................................................................. 87
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................ 89
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................. 89
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 89
5.2 Recommendations ....................................................................................... 91
5.2.1 Recommendation to the hosting company ........................................... 91
viii
5.2.2 Recommendation to the University ..................................................... 94
REFERENCE .......................................................................................... 95
APPENDIX .............................................................................................. 96
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: List of Equipment, Vehicles & Machineries‘ of the Company ................... 9
Table 1.2 : List of Staffs .............................................................................................. 11
Table 2.1 : Format of takeoff sheet we used in the site. ............................................. 19
Table 2.2 : The format of bar schedule working paper we used at the site. ............... 20
Table 2.3 : The format of bill of quantity we used at the site. ..................................... 21
Table 2.4 : Formwork removal period at the site. ........................................................ 30
Table 2.5 : Admixture Used in the Site........................................................................ 36
Table 2.6 : Box Dimension Ratio. ............................................................................... 38
Table 2.7 : List of non-technical terms used in Site. ................................................... 52
Table 3.1 : General Abstract of Cost. .......................................................................... 67
Table 3.2 : Quantity Estimate for Ground Floor. ......................................................... 68
Table 3.3 : Quantity Estimate for First Floor to Fourth Floor. .................................... 73
Table 3.4 : Abstract of Estimated Cost for Ground Floor............................................ 76
Table 3.5 : Abstract of Estimated Cost for First Floor to Fourth Floor. ...................... 78
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Company Organization Flow Chart.............................................................. 7
Figure 1.2: Company's Excavator & Grader ................................................................ 10
Figure 1.3 Company's Dumper & Roller ..................................................................... 10
Figure 2.1 : Building construction in progress (Ground Floor). .................................. 14
Figure 2.2 : The work flow in the section. ................................................................... 15
Figure 2.3 : Pit and Trench Excavation and masonry work. ........................................ 25
Figure 2.4 : Isolated Footings (Photo taken from Chishi building construction site in
Dimapur) ...................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 2.5 : Combined Footing (Photo taken from New Market building site Visit in
Dimapur) ...................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 2.6 : Masonry work at construction site in Niesato Colony (my assigned
building). ...................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 2.7 Formwork and Falsework (taken from New Market Construction Site Visit
in Dimapur). ................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 2.8 : Formwork to Footing Pads (Photo taken from New Market Construction
Site Visit in Dimapur) .................................................................................................. 32
Figure 2.9 : Formwork to Foundation Column (Photo taken from New Market
Construction Site Visit in Dimapur). ........................................................................... 32
Figure 2.10 Formwork to Elevation Column (taken from New Market Construction
Site Visit). .................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 2.11 : Tilt Drum Mixer Used in Site................................................................. 37
Figure 2.12 : Batching Box Used in Site. .................................................................... 37
Figure 2.13 : Curing by Wet Covering (taken from my assigned building site). ........ 42
Figure 2.14 : structural grade beam construction (taken from site visit) ..................... 42
Figure 2.15 : Rebar at Plinth Level at Ground Floor for Parking (taken from assigned
building at Niesato Colony) ......................................................................................... 43
Figure 2.16 : Reinforcement steel bar for beam (taken from New Market Construction
Site Visit in Dimapur). ................................................................................................. 43
Figure 2.17 : Bar Overlapping (Splicing). ................................................................... 44
Figure 2.18 : Ceiling and Wall Finishing (taken from DDSC Stadium Repairing Work
Site in Dimapur). .......................................................................................................... 47
xi
Figure 2.19 : Marble Chips/Tiles (taken from DDSC Stadium Repairing Site in
Dimapur). ..................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 3.1 : Ground Floor Plan (photocopy of original building plan). ...................... 56
Figure 3.2 : Typical Floor Plan (photocopy of original building plan). ...................... 57
Figure 3.3 : Roof Beam Layout (photocopy of original building plan). ...................... 58
Figure 3.4 : Roof Beams Reinforcement Details (Photocopy of Original Building
Plan). ............................................................................................................................ 59
Figure 3.5 : Lift Elevation Detail (photocopy of Original building Plan). .................. 62
Figure 3.6 : Section of RCC Wall detailing Plan (photocopy of Original Building
Plan). ............................................................................................................................ 63
Figure 3.7 : Sections of Column Reinforcement and Footing (Photocopy of Original
Building Plan). ............................................................................................................. 64
Figure 3.8 : Foundation Layout Plan (Photocopy of Original Building Plan). ............ 65
1
COMPANY PROFILE
M/S SINGH CONSTRUCTION CO. is a multi-disciplinary Construction cum
Consulting firm, a reputation for responsive, innovative yet practical design
approaches to complex Architectural & Engineering problems. Through their
experience and dedication to the construction industry M/s Singh Construction Co.
construction cum consulting firm is committed to provide with the most professional,
efficient and cost effective consultancy services. The goal of the company is to satisfy
the most demanding construction needs in Nagaland or elsewhere in the North-East
India.
Registered in the year 1981 (Registration No.- NPW/Class-I/48), M/s Singh
Construction Co., is an architectural & engineering partnership providing design,
supervision, consultancy and project management services and engineering solution
for various categories of projects. With core staff strength of all professionals in
affiliated engineering firms, and the use of the most recent information technology in
the production of contract information, the firm has over the years acquired a
thorough capability to execute medium to large scale project from feasibility through
design and contract administration to completion and project administration.
The company employs well-experienced engineers and professional, since its
inception, the primary motto of the company has been to complete its projects in time,
deliver quality products and services. The company‘s commitment to quality, cost
control and client satisfaction will be the cornerstone for its uninterrupted growth into
a reputed construction firm in a short period of time.
M/s Singh Construction Co. is a dynamic organization of innovative professionals
who share a common goal to render the best and most effective services to the
demanding construction industry, which is sensitive to both cost containment and
service levels.
M/s Singh Construction Co. is a private limited company registered and licensed
under the existing authorizing institute to conduct a wide spectrum of works in the
field of construction. Its main/head office is located in Dimapur with different
construction and projects at various regions in Nagaland.
2
CHAPTER 1
1. BACKGROUND OF THE HOSTING COMPANY
1.1 Introduction
M/S SINGH CONSTRUCTION CO. is a multi-disciplinary Construction cum
Consulting firm, a reputation for responsive, innovative yet practical design
approaches to complex Architectural & Engineering problems. Through their
experience and dedication to the construction industry M/s Singh Construction Co.
construction cum consulting firm is committed to provide with the most professional,
efficient and cost effective consultancy services. The goal of the company is to satisfy
the most demanding construction needs in Nagaland or elsewhere in the North-East
India.
Registered in the year 1981 (Registration No.- NPW/Class-I/48), M/s Singh
Construction Co., is an architectural & engineering partnership providing design,
supervision, consultancy and project management services and engineering solution
for various categories of projects. With core staff strength of all professionals in
affiliated engineering firms, and the use of the most recent information technology in
the production of contract information, the firm has over the years acquired a
thorough capability to execute medium to large scale project from feasibility through
design and contract administration to completion and project administration.
The company employs well-experienced engineers and professional, since its
inception, the primary motto of the company has been to complete its projects in time,
deliver quality products and services. The company‘s commitment to quality, cost
control and client satisfaction will be the cornerstone for its uninterrupted growth into
a reputed construction firm in a short period of time.
M/s Singh Construction Co. is a dynamic organization of innovative professionals
who share a common goal to render the best and most effective services to the
demanding construction industry, which is sensitive to both cost containment and
service levels.
M/s Singh Construction Co. is a private limited company registered and licensed
under the existing authorizing institute to conduct a wide spectrum of works in the
3
field of construction. Its main/head office is located in Dimapur with different
construction and projects at various regions in Nagaland.
1.2 Vision
To be the premier choice for all construction works in Nagaland and competitive
factor undertaking all types of construction work nationally.
Their vision to the future is becoming one of the leading Architectural & Engineering
constructions cum consultants in Nagaland.
1.3 Mission
Guided by their vision, they shall provide quality services exceeding client‗s
expectations while adhering to the highest standards of technical and individual
excellence through continuous improvement training and innovation.
Adding value to clients.
Nurturing and promoting talents.
Respecting employees‘ intense efforts and contribution.
To play a significant role in the construction sector.
To Increase its organizational strength by recruiting professionals, who will
have at their clearance.
Advanced, state of the art machineries.
Take an active participation in the nation‘s economic development thus
ensuring maximum customer satisfaction.
1.4 Main objectives
Unparalleled customer satisfaction and a spirit of challenge as well as change are core
components of the company.
The company core objectives are:
(i) Clients service. They add value to client‗s project through innovative solutions.
Consistency and knowledge in dealing with clients has contributed to fulfillment and
corporate success.
(ii) Excellence. They are resilient and persistent in talking on challenging goal and
setting higher performance benchmarks that helps them to excel in every way that is
meaningful to clients, employees and vendors.
4
(iii) Quality. They are driven to attend to client‗s concern responsively towards
delivering commitments.
(iv) Employees. The company pursues business opportunities that will enable them to
be competitive by empowering employees to take on initiative and at the same time
promote ownership of responsibilities and accountabilities to results and performance.
Besides the above mentioned core objectives, the company has the following
objectives:
Ensuring 95% of the projects executed by the company are accomplished
within the contract time.
To play active developmental role in the construction sector.
Undertaking gravel and asphalt road projects by maximizing its capacity.
Construction of multi-purpose apartment buildings and residential houses.
Construction of rail-ways.
Constructions of hotel buildings and becoming direct stake holder in
hospitality industry.
Establishing joint-venture investment projects with various international
companies with emphasis on construction related areas.
Investing in various business activities-service trade, rental buildings, rental
helicopter Services, agricultural sector etc…
To establish baseline data for construction services and delivery related
customer complaints and reduce the complaints by 80%.
To assess our customer satisfaction level once per year to ensure continual
improvement of the service and delivery performances build the capacity of
their employees through training two times per year and at demand on quality
and environmental management and on other training identified according to
competence check list.
To conduct internal audit and management review twice per year and at
demand.
To develop suppliers to get the right materials, at the right time from right
source.
Attaining high levels of professional and technical efficiency while keeping
pace with the ever-evolving technical advances in the industry
5
1.5 Quality assurance
Quality Policy
They are committed to become a leading Architectural and Engineering consultant in
the country by providing value added services in a quality conscious environment that
not only exceeds the expectation of customers, vendors‗ employees and shareholders,
but also raises the standards of excellence in industry. We are committed to achieve
our goal by continually improving people, processes and products.
Quality Objectives
To win major projects and attain premier in the industry.
To successfully execute projects undertaken.
Continues development of competence & skill based on K2N human
resources.
1.6 Fields of specialization
M/s Singh Construction Company is specialized in Architectural, Structural,
Electrical, Sanitary and Mechanical design and construction management of
commercial, residential, industrial, educational, military, sport facilities, hotel and
office buildings as well as earth and rock fill dam, concrete dams, tunnels, water and
distribution, drainage, waste water solid waste disposal, motor ways, and high ways,
air field, terminals and so on.
1.7 Services rendering
M/s. Singh Construction Company has a solid reputation for completing projects in
time, within budget and with a high standard quality. It has attracted the attention of
so many governmental institutions and private companies for its high quality
construction work and performances in road, bridge and building construction line. It
is currently executing major infrastructure projects at various parts of the state
(Nagaland).
The company owns qualified experience of any type of construction projects of:-
(i) Road construction
Urban and compound roads
6
Highways
Rural and feeder roads
(ii) Bridge construction
Construction of all kinds of bridges and highway bridges
(iii) Airport
(iv) Residential and non-residential buildings
(v) Other related fields with determinate skills to perform in such a professional way
to deliver its service to the satisfaction of their customers to enable them to achieve
their goal.
The company has a vital commitment in becoming a prominent contractor having
confident in its vital experience of the different disciplines of construction to deliver
its service in a much of professional way and full necessity of the dominant
customers.
They are involved in the construction of civil engineering projects of any types, such
as:
High rise condominium, building construction works
Water supply and other related construction works
Major and minor bridge works
Culvert works
Air filed construction works asphalt and/or gravel pavements
Major road work asphalt and/or gravel pavements.
1.8 Founder of the Company
M/S Singh Construction Co. is a private company and was founded and owned by
three persons on partnership. The names of these three persons are:
1. Sarabjit Singh Panesar
2. Jaspreet Kaur Panesar and
3. Taranjit Singh Panesar.
7
1.9 Company Address
The company currently maintains its office in Dimapur, Nagaland. The complete
profile as follows:
M/s Singh Construction Co.
Nepali Basti, Circular Road
District: Dimapur
Pin Code: 797112
State: Nagaland
Tel. No.: 03862-248871
E-Mail: [email protected]
1.10 Company structure
Figure 1.1 Company Organization Flow Chart
1.11 Organization And Management
In every organization, the most important asset is the people that play essential role in
the performance of the company‘s functions and responsibilities. Thus, M/s. Singh
8
Construction Co. is fortunate to have highly qualified and experienced personnel.
Reciprocally, the company has aimed to provide its employees all the basic
necessities while performing their assigned tasks and at the same time equipped them
through training and seminars to enhance their capabilities. The company as
organization and the employees, because of the mutual benefits that simultaneously
being enjoyed by, has grown tremendously and has blazed a track record of fulfilling
its obligation and commitment both the customers and the community. They would
like to be on the level where they should be. Having confidence in the organization,
they aim high. The teamwork that has been developed through the years of hard work
has reaped a harvest of opportunities and wealth. They will continue to improve and
develop new concepts both in management and technology.
The firm is capable of furnishing well coordinating Architectural and civil
engineering design services by utilizing its in-house staff as well as its professional
associates. All engineering services carry the quality control assurance and guarantee
of the company‘s firm.
The company carried out any project by forming a dedicated project team. Each team
is headed by a senior design engineer and draftsmen enough to complete the project in
schedule. Design teams are dynamically managed to accommodate necessary and
fluctuating workload and tights schedules. Flexible teaming capability enable the
company to undertake large and small project with the lowest overhead costs thus
providing the best value to the client.
1.12 Reference projects and services rendered by the Company
Following are the descriptions of some of the major projects handled and constructed
by the company:
1.13 Company’s machineries’, vehicles and equipment
M/s Singh Construction Co. has given due consideration to all aspects which pertain
to the realization of high standard in all directions and that ensure the company's
competence and reliability. In this regard, the company has equipped itself with
modern and heavy duty machinery and equipment in sufficient quantity along with the
establishment of a full-fledged service workshop, and as per the regulations of the
Ministry of Works and Urban Development.
9
The following table shows the quantity of some machineries, vehicles and equipment
of M/s Singh Construction Co.:
Table 1.1: List of Equipment, Vehicles & Machineries’ of the Company
Type of Equipment, Vehicles & Machineries’ Quantity
Dozers 3
Loaders 2
Excavators 2
Graders 2
Compactors (Rollers) 4
Mobile Crane 4
Tower Crane 1
Trucks 7
Mini & Long Bus 2
Truck Crane 2
Single & Double Cabin Pick-Up 3
Crusher 2
Mixer 30
Tamper 10 tonnes 6
Water Pump 12
Vibrator 16
Grinder 12
Generator Set 4
Jack Hammer 2
Drill & Cutter 32
Tool Set 22
Forklift 9
Dumper 2
Scaffolding and Formwork 4+150m2
10
The following figures show some of the machinery and equipment of M/s. Singh
Construction Co.
Figure 1.2: Company's Excavator & Grader
Figure 1.3 Company's Dumper & Roller
1.14 Organizational structure
M/s Singh Construction Co. is a well-structured and adequately staffed organization
capable of handling a number of projects at a time. The company uses the combined
knowledge and experience of personnel, from directors to skilled workers, for
consistent quality project delivery. The qualified, well-trained and committed
workforce also enables it to uphold project schedules, even under adverse
circumstances. All the achievements of the company have been made possible by the
dedicated efforts of executives and qualified personnel.
Employees at Company are working towards continuing success with the help of a
committed leadership and highly motivated workforce by enduring close relationships
with clients and alliance partners. The Company is highly increasing its manpower in
all levels of responsibility and professional practice pertaining to construction work.
11
This has created a relaxed and easy handling of a number of significant projects at a
time.
Besides working with freelance professionals and experts in various areas of
engineering disciplines, The Company has over 71 permanent staff with a core of 15
qualified professional civil engineers, mechanical engineers, professional surveyors
and other various disciplines. These teams are supported by a comprehensive array of
managerial, business, financial and administrative staff. Their expertise enables the
firm to offer clients a scope of services tailored to the operating requirements of
different regions, different cultures and environmental condition.
Some professional staff members with their level of education and their number is
indicated on the following table:
Table 1.2 : List of Staffs
Sl. No. Professional Staffs Qualification Total No.
1. Engineers Civil Eng., B.Sc.,
M.Sc., Degree
15
2. Surveyor Technical diploma 6
3. Construction
Superintendent
Certificate 6
4. Foreman Certificate 6
5. Material Inspector Certificate 5
6. Non-technical staff Diploma/Certificate 5
7. Operators Licensed 40
12
CHAPTER 2
2. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1 Introduction
The main aim of higher educational institutions, especially technology institutions, is
producing knowledgeable, well performed, country builder, productive and talented
students. Those students, after graduation, will be working in different companies,
organizations and other working sectors all over the country. Almost all practical
engineering applications are done based on the theories and principles of different
engineering fields that have been developed progressively.
Civil engineering practical applications, i.e., design, construction and supervision
have laid down their foundation on those theories and principles of the civil
engineering studying fields. In turn those principles and theories are the backbone for
different studying fields in higher technology institutions, like Mewar University. The
most interesting part of civil engineering study is that of its theories and principles are
almost applicable in all civil engineering design, construction and super vision works.
As under graduate student, I have grasp the basic principles and theories of civil
engineering design and construction work in my last three years of studying in this
university, civil engineering department. But this theoretical knowledge is not enough
to being a qualified civil engineer at the time of graduation. Knowing the practical
work and the real situation besides the theoretical knowledge in time of studying
makes one experienced in practical and theoretical knowledge at the time of
graduation. This is why the university needs its students to have an internship
program before graduation. For that matter I was really interested with my internship
program.
2.2 Joining the Company
The University, Mewar University, has relationships and tie-ups with different
companies and organizations through the University‘s Training & Placement
Department. The university‘s Training & Placement department has different
purposes and uses in introducing the university and its student for the external world.
13
The university‘s Training & Placement department presented two choices to opt any
one for every intern students.
1. Working internship program in a company which has been searched and
founded by the university‘s Training & Placement department.
2. Searching internship place by the intern student himself anywhere which
are comfortable and advantageous.
I was the intern student of the second option. Starting from July 2016 I was searching
a construction company by myself. I was also comparing different construction
companies and projects. Finally I decide to take my internship program in M/s Singh
Construction Co. in my home town, Dimapur. On contacting the company‘s HR
Manager, he agreed and allowed me to undertake my six months internship course in
their company. On 2nd
January 2017 I joined the company and I was blessed to have a
very experienced and knowledgeable mentor and a very friendly and experienced site
engineer to guide and assist me in every field of my training program right from
office works to site works. During my internship I was initially working in office
learning paper works after that I was working in site where a Residential Apartment
Building construction was in progress.
2.3 Short summary of the project
Among many projects of the Company as mentioned in the Company‘s Profile. Thus
from those listed I have been working in the Residential Apartment Building
Construction project at Niesato Colony, Dimapur, Nagaland.
Project title: M/s Singh Apartment Construction TA2016.
Project location: Niesato Colony, Dimapur.
Client: Temjen Ao.
Contractor: M/s Singh Construction Co.
Consultant: Environ Assemblers.
Cost of project: ₹ 1,23,29,230.00 (estimated).
The objective of the project is to build G+4 (five storeyed) residential apartment
building which gives high quality services.
14
Figure 2.1 : Building construction in progress (Ground Floor).
2.4 Section of the company I was assigned to work in
Upon my arrival at the site I was assigned to observe and carry out tasks that were the
responsibility of an office engineer from the contractor side. I must admit the tasks I
was handed at first were somewhat not related to the responsibility of the site engineer
for they were drawing floor plan and reinforcement bars for slab. But as time went by
I started to carryout office and site engineer tasks.
My hosting company has many projects in our country as I mentioned in the company
profile. Thus from those listed I have been working in the M/s Singh Apartment
Construction TA2016 construction project. The project is to erect and construct a
mega G+4 floors building. The ground floor plan area is 8535 square feet where
around 45% of plan area is allotted for parking. The building being an apartment
building, it is designed likewise where every flat has 2BHK (two bedrooms, one hall
and one kitchen). The building being a residential building all the floors (G+1, G+2,
G+3, G+4) is designed the same with same room dimensions, specifications having
2BHK for each flat. But when I was arrived at the site the footing, foundation, and
column for the ground floor were already constructed
15
On the site as per the contract different offices are provided (temporary office
buildings) in each offices varies activities carried out. Such as Consultants office,
Project manager‘s office, Administration, Finance, Office Engineer‘s, Site Engineer,
Forman‘s, Store, Guard‘s house and Surveying office.
2.5 The work flow in the section
The working flow of the consultant and the contractor has many advantages in order
to work every task closely and to solve problems arise between them. In every work
there is a work flow whatever small is the section, my working site at Niesato Colony
project the work flow was look like the chart below.
As shown in the chart every work was executed based on this flow.
Figure 2.2 : The work flow in the section.
1. Design and Supervisor team: The team includes structural engineer, architectural
engineers, sanitary engineers, electrical engineers and other experienced engineers in
other professions. The design and supervision team is a team from the consultant side
which guide every work executed in that site and gives supervision for the contractor
based on the drawing and the specification (bill of quantity).
This team mostly comes to the site when there is amiss or some miss understanding
on drawings, working techniques, drawing detailing error, and for meeting between
the three parties. The team provides continuous service to the project from start to
finish, establishing and maintaining the quality and integrity of each design.
16
2. Resident Engineer: Position is responsible for multiple construction projects or a
single project of a large scale requiring multiple disciplines. This includes reviewing
design; supervising construction progress and scheduling; starting up process
systems/equipment or facilities for turning over to the owner's personnel. Supervise
field staff and contractors on the site with responsibility for quality construction in
accordance with plans and specifications. He/she also responsible for approval of
change orders, invoices, and payment applications which may include final payment.
So, the resident engineer mostly control every work as much as possible in terms of
their quality, cost and time. Testing of materials delivered at site and safety of
workers starting from managers to daily labors also the duty of the resident engineer.
3. Project Engineer: The project manager has so many responsibilities at the site and
in our site these positions is accountable for the contractor or the owner and are
appointed by the owner of the construction company. The main duty of the manager
is; manages the whole site work execution, Makes payment to sub contract workers,
Approves material request, Analyses the work processes, Executes sub-contracting
agreements, Reviews and checks the reports made by the office engineer.
4. Site Engineer: Site engineer shall be accountable for the following tasks and
responsibilities:
Studying the work plan submitted by the contactor and suggests any
modifications.
To watch and inspect the construction work and assure that it is done in full
accordance with the drawings, technical specifications and bills of quantities.
Supervising the works on site in accordance with the contract documents
and using the template and procedure established by the consultant.
Inspecting and testing materials prior to their use at site as per sample
approved by the consultant and ensuring removal of rejected material out from site.
Ensuring the correct implementation of the works according to technical
specifications, to designs and quality of materials
Checking of layout and setting out of buildings with respect to existing
structures and site levels.
17
Checking and testing of completed works before they are covered by the
contractor, taking photos on a regular basis and also on account of defective work.
Ensuring that health and safety measures are adopted and followed to the
full extent.
prepare weekly report and suggest and instruct additional safety measures if
needed
Maintain a filing system for all site memos and instructions, measured
quantities of work and materials on site, reports and other documents and
correspondence pertaining to the construction activities and
Maintain a site order book to be made available for the consultants and
senior officers to write comments or defects in construction noticed during site visits
and carrying out compliance at site.
5. Foreman: A foreman is the worker or tradesman who is in charge of a construction
crew and is a skilled supervisor who is responsible to work side by side with the
project manager, property owner, and other construction design engineers in order to
complete a project in a given time limit. His job is to employ the suitable workers on
the various tasks to complete the job, and supervise all phases of the construction
project from start to end or supervise only a portion of the building process Normally
the foreman is a construction worker with many years of experience in a particular
trade who is charged with organizing the overall construction of a particular project.
Typically the foreman is a person with specialist knowledge of a given trade who has
moved into the position and is now focused on an overall management of all trades
rather than any particular specialized group.
A good foreman is the keystone of their projects since they control every work more
closely than the others like project manager, site engineer etc. the Forman also have a
duty of motivating workers and choosing good workers for every aspects of work.
6. Surveyor: In any construction a surveyor is mandatory so, in our site the surveyor
works starting from setting out to checking verticality, keeping the natural level of the
building, checking elevation of columns.
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7. Skilled and Unskilled Workers: This group includes masons, carpenter, bar
benders and the daily laborers. In our country workers of such group are appointed
only by experience these have its own advantage on the constriction. They work
everything as they ordered by withier the Forman or the site engineer.
8. Store keeper: store the sites equipment, construction materials and controls the
number of materials that came in and out of the store.
So, among these sections, I worked in different sections both in the site and in the
office of my hosting company.
2.6 Work piece or task I was executing
Actually I assigned from the university to work with consultants but consultation is
not easy task to perform especially for students because it needs experienced and
further specialized person in the field and most of the work is not parallel with civil
engineering it has different field within it. So, to know every work what civil
engineers do I try to work and share experience with company‘s Engineers‘ in
addition to consultant. And also the consultant main work at the site is controlling
time, cost, quality and safety of workers so those work needs inspection, test
conducting and taking different measures when the contractor don‗t execute it
properly. Their main work is to advice and provides abettor idea how the project will
finish with a minimum cost, time and quality.
Generally I have been working in the two sections as mentioned above. I classify the
works into office work and site work. Mostly the work I executed on the site was
supervising, working as a site engineer, surveyor and Foreman.
2.6.1 Office Work
In my six months internship period I experience Office works that are worked mostly
at the site this includes some tasks performed by office engineer and quantity
surveyor. Such as:
1. Taking off
2. Bill of quantity
3. Report writing
4. Reading and interpreting drawings
1. Taking off: This is the process of preparing / defining a detailed list of all labor
and materials necessary for the work and entering the items on properly dimensioned
19
paper. The standard form used for entering the dimensions taken or scaled from
drawings to determine the accurate quantity in each trade of work, except
reinforcement steel, is called take off sheet or dimension paper. The main aim of
this sheet is for payment and cost estimation for purchasing and preparing bill of
quantity. The dimension paper used for taking off is double – ruled A4 size paper as
shown below:
Table 2.1 : Format of takeoff sheet we used in the site.
Take Off Sheet
Project:_______ Block type:___________
Client: ________
Consultant:________ Location:____________
Contractor:____________
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Column 1 is used for stating the number of times an item occurs and is called the time
stating column.
Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the dimensions of the items
of works. The dimensions are entered in the order indicated below:
Length, Width, Height or thickness.
Column 3 is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in column 2 are
multiplied to determine the quantity of the work either in m, m2, m
3 or in Pcs. or No.
Whereas column 4 is called description column and description of the work item is
briefly stated. Based on the above format I have calculated the quantity of concrete in
20
m2 and in m
3, formwork in m
2 and excavation in m
2. We were to use m
3 for depth
greater than 30 cm and if it is less than we use m2.
A separate sheet (Bar Schedule) is used to prepare reinforcement quantities as
shown below:
Bar schedule is used to know the amount of rebar used on the site and to tell the bar
bender that the amount of bar needed in some position of the building and its number.
The following tasks are part of the taking off (used to facilitate defining the
quantities): Describing the item, bracketing (relating the description to the quantity),
dotting on, the ampersand (ditto), waste calculations, deduction of items, correction
of dimensions (nullifying).
Table 2.2 : The format of bar schedule working paper we used at the site.
Sheet No._________
Bar Schedule Sheet
Project:________ Block Type:_______
Client:_________ Date:____________
Consultant:________ Location:_________
Contractor:________
_________ ____________ __________
Contractor Site Supervisor Consultant
Ite
m
Loca
tion
Dr
.
N
o.
Sha
pe
Diamet
er
Length
No.
Of
Bars
No.
Of
Floor
s
No.
of
Me
mb
ers
Leng
th
∑L for each
diameter
Total length
Weight in Kg/m
Total weight in Kg
2. Bill of Quantity: The traditional purpose of bills of quantities is to act as a uniform
basis for inviting competitive tenders, and to assist in valuing completed work. Bills
of quantity are first designed to meet the needs of estimators, although some
21
estimators say the bill format has changed to assist the consultants, in cost planning
exercises through the widespread use of elemental bills.
A contractor can also make use of the bill of quantities in many ways, for example:
1. To plan material purchasing (note the danger in ordering from a bill: the contractor
should always order materials from drawn information and the specification, making
the contract administrator aware of any differences)
2. Preparing resourced programmes.
3. Cost control during the contract to ensure work is within budget.
4. Data collection during construction for bonus systems and feedback information
for estimators.
It is the format which is used in a bill of quantity to list (include) a short description of
the specification along with its measuring unit, quantity and unit prices to determine
the total Cost for each trade of item. In the site the bill of quantity is done by
consultant with the contract document but at site we work it again for payment.
Table 2.3 : The format of bill of quantity we used at the site.
Project_________
____________ ___________
Client Contractor
Item Description Unit Quantity Unit price
(Rate)
Amount
There are four clearly defined steps in preparation of Bill of Quantities:
Taking off
Squaring
Abstracting
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Writing the bill off quantity
Report Writing
Reporting is a controlling / informative mechanism which will help in evaluating the
status of a project. It entails us how we are accomplishing our set targets at the onset
of a project. It will also help decision makers to follow the status of the project
without being present physically on the site. The reports should explain the history of
the project. It should be realistic and self-explanatory. Numbers in a report are far
important than number crunching. Putting numbers for a report writer like 10% or
90% may be simple but the meaning for the decision makers is very vital. Putting
wrong figures knowingly or unknowingly are devastating.
Types of Report:
The types of reports to be submitted in a project depends on project type; complexity;
working habit etc.
In our project we work the following reports
Weekly report and
Monthly report
Weekly Progress Report: This is the lowest report form. (lowest means the level of
view of the project is high). In short - it evaluates the accomplishment of the weekly
plan and puts the next week schedule. This report will show the achievement/
drawbacks of the project at the broadest level and help the project manager ( PM) or
Resident Engineer (RE) to solve the shortcomings at the grass root level.
Major Contents of a Weekly Report: Project data ,Accomplishment of weekly Plan,
Weekly labor and Machinery Deployment, Material Delivered to the site, major
Problems of the week , Solutions given to the major problems, Anticipated problems
to be solved for the next week , next week plan and so on.
Monthly Progress Report: This is a report with a view of many eyes. This will be
thoroughly seen by second level observers. The contractor, the client and the
Consultant‗s representative will make an in depth view of the report to have full
information about the project status. This is a report where major bottle necks of the
project will be narrated and the performance of the parties will be vividly seen.
Major Contents of Monthly Progress Report: Accomplishment of monthly Plan,
Monthly labor and Machinery Deployment, Material Delivered to the site, major
23
Problems of the month , Solutions given to the major problems, Anticipated problems
to be solved for the next month , next month plan, Contractual matters -Delay
Notifications (if any) ,variations ( if any) and so on.
Reading and Interpreting Drawings: Drawings are the means by which the designer
conveys the physical, quantitative, and visual description of the project to the
contractor. The drawings are a two-dimensional representation of the physical
structure that meets the objectives of the owner. They are also known as plans or
blueprints
In our site there were 4 types of drawing;
1. Architectural drawing
2. Structural drawing
3. Sanitary drawing
4. Electrical installation drawing
These drawings are the main language between the architect, designer and any worker
at the site or office to build the model in position as specified by the designer and the
client, based on the agreement. Thus, to work as an engineer in the construction site it
is mandatory knowing drawings and any other specification. Drawings are the most
common means of communication for all types and sizes of project. Thus, I
understand each drawing and knew every symbol abbreviation for every section and I
was able to communicate with different workers using it.
2.6.2 Site work
The site work was the very important task for me because the internship main
objective lies over here and I have gained so much of knowledge from the site like
communication skill, handling workers, management skill etc. within six months I
have the ability to see many works from the project.
The work tasks I executed at site were:
Supervising of works
Inspecting the worked element and how they work
Checking the work based on the given check list
Testing materials
The site work in general overlay over the supervision part so I have been working as
supervisor based on the given check list that our company give to us. Every work
must be checked weather it was executed based on the methodology that the
24
contractor provides to the consultant or not. If not the contractor must report the case
why they didn‗t execute upon it.
2.6.2.1 Earthwork and Excavation
Before carrying out any work on any site the site will be inspected where necessary in
conjunction with the engineer. Before starting any work, the site will be surveyed in
cooperation with the engineer's representative to establish existing ground levels, and
these agreed ground levels shall form the basis for the calculation of quantities of any
subsequent excavation and filling.
2.6.2.1.1 Setting Out
Setting out is the process of laying down the excavation lines and center lines etc. on
the ground, before excavation is started. The setting out is done correctly with proper
measuring tape and accurate leveling instrument.
The steps in marking points can be summarized as follows;
Establish reference points;
Fix wooden pegs and batten boards around the site to be excavated.
Make the center line of the walls;
Mark the plinth lines;
By stretching strings, check right angles by forming triangles with sides
3, 4 and 5 units long or by measuring the diagonals;
If all dimensions are correct and all corners are right angel, the cutting
Lines are marked on the ground using limes.
I didn‘t saw this work but I tried to grasp some knowledge and ideas by asking the
engineers how it was worked and its main procedures.
2.6.2.1.2 Excavation
Excavation is the first step of construction. It refers to the process of removing soil or
rock from its original location, typically in preparation for constructing foundations,
basements, and underground utility lines and for grading of the ground surface.
Excavated material required for backfill or grading fill is stockpiled on the site for
subsequent use. Excavation work I have seen was including bulk excavation, pit
excavation and trench excavation. The main aim of the excavation work is to remove
organic soils or unwanted soil for the safety of the building from chemical attacking.
Excavation shall be carried out to the lines, levels, width, depth and grades and shown
25
on the drawings, directed by the Engineer or as appropriate to the works to be placed
in the excavation.
Pit excavation: It is an excavation made for foundation footing pad with column by
considering working space of 200 up to 300mm to each side of the dimension.
Trench excavation: It is an excavation made for constructing foundation walls stone
masonry with leaving working area for both sides of the wall of specified width on the
plan.
This depth is filled by the stone masonry which placed on 5cm thick lean
concrete
Stone masonry should be laid with specified mortar, well filled joint
The stone should be hard, sound, free from crack and weathering
It should be freshly quarried from an approved quarry
It is not round surface
Figure 2.3 : Pit and Trench Excavation and masonry work.
Bulk excavation: It is an excavation made for making the ground level or an
excavation made for filling selected material. Or we can say that bulk excavation
means removing black cotton soil because as you know black cotton soil is very
expansive and it has a low bearing capacity therefore we must remove it from the site
and the area is back filled with selected materials.
Fill: Fill work will follow the erection of foundation column. Bulk, pit and trench
excavations need to be back filled with a better soil type, which will have better
26
compaction character and would bring the minimum required proctor density. In order
to attain the minimum standard as mentioned on the Bill of Quantity, they deploy
appropriate machineries.
Niesato Colony area had shown that the natural excavated soil alone wouldn‗t attain
the compaction density based on the tested value. The soil should have to be blended
with a granular material like red ash. The excavated soil was deposited somewhere
close to the project site and it was blended there with the red ash to be borrowed from
outside. The blending process involves different machineries like loader, excavator,
and dump trucks. After blending, it was transported to the right place it has filled. The
dump trucks dump it within the site laid out, and then the loader spread it to the
required thickness, which is at every 20mm. Eight ton roller self-equipped with water
sprinkling device ram and vibrate it well. This was done to the bulk fill area. For the
pit the same blended fill was utilized, but the machines that compact was different
than the bulk fill area. Here the roller wouldn‗t apply rather it was performed by frog
compactors. Water was sprinkled by hose in order to increase the PI of the fill, so that
it was compacted to the required stage. The final levels of fill was adjusted, graded
and prepared to receive bedding to lay on fill.
Cart Away: This is the disposing off extra excavated material away from the
construction site. Cart away is calculated by deducting the back fill from the total
volume of soil excavated.
𝑉 = 𝑇. 𝑆 - 𝐵. 𝐹
𝑉 =(𝑇. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸 + 𝐵. 𝐸)- 𝐵. 𝐹
Where,
T.S =total soil,
B.F =back fill
T.E = soil obtained from trench excavation
P.E = soil excavated from pit excavation
B.E = Bulk Excavated soil
27
N.B:-since cart away is measured by meter cube, all the other soil amounts are
changed to meter cube.
2.6.2.2 Foundation work
In my internship practice, I have practiced the two main shallow foundation types,
isolated footings and combined footings. A foundation is part of a structure which is
in direct contact with the ground to which the loads are transmitted. Since foundation
is constructed bellow the floor finished level, it is included as one part of the sub
structures of the building. Foundations are normally placed below the ground level.
The soil or rock surface on which a building rests is called the foundation bed.
Foundations have the following purposes:
To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring
intensity of loading with the safe bearing capacity of the soil lying underneath.
To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal
settlement.
To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting materials.
To secure a level and firm bed for building operation.
To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.
To ensure safety against undermining and protection against soil movements.
To provide even surface for the structure to rest etc.
2.6.2.2.1 Isolated Footing
Isolated footings are footings which carry a load from a single column. Reinforcement
is provided in the form of steel bars and is placed in both directions. Under normal
conditions, square & rectangular footings are economical for supporting columns &
wall. Figure is shown in figure 2.4.
2.6.2.2.2 Combined Footing
The following pictures show combined footing before concert cast and after cast:
A combined footing is usually used to support the columns of unequal loads. In such
case, the resultant of the applied loads would not coincide with the centroid of the
footings and consequently the soil pressure would not be uniform. Combined
foundation is an efficient foundation solution is when there are two interior columns
which are so close to each other that the two isolating footings stress zones in the soil
areas would overlap. Figure is shown in figure 2.5.
28
Here at the bottom we can see the pictures that I took from site visits
.
Figure 2.4 : Isolated Footings (Photo taken from Chishi building construction site
in Dimapur)
Figure 2.5 : Combined Footing (Photo taken from New Market building site Visit
in Dimapur)
Figure 2.6 : Masonry work at construction site in Niesato Colony (my assigned
building).
29
2.6.2.3 Masonry Work
Masonry are works that are executed by laying building material units such as stone,
brick and HCB of specified dimension by providing a binding material such as
mortar. I got the opportunity to see masonry work above the plinth beam of the
building. The masonry below the plinth beam was built of non-modular bricks and
above the plinth beam also the non-modular bricks were used. Stone used for masonry
work shall be hard and sound, free from vents, cracks, fishers, discoloration or other
defects that will adversely affect strength or appearance. After constructing masonry
wall, the plinth beam was constructed directly over it. It gives an appearance of
additional stability to the building and also the clearance from the ground level as
shown in figure 2.6.
Note that stone wall is measured by volume and the masonry wall over lied in a c-5
lean concrete.
2.6.2.4 Concrete Form Work
As fresh concrete is in plastic state when it is placed for construction purpose so, it
becomes necessary to provide some temporary structure to confine and support the
concrete till it gains sufficient strength for self-supporting. This temporary structure is
called form work. Concrete formwork serves as a mold to produce concrete elements
having a desired size and configuration. It is usually erected for this purpose and then
removed after the concrete has cured to a satisfactory strength. In some cases,
concrete forms may be left in place to become part of the permanent structure. For
satisfactory performance, formwork must be adequately strong and stiff to carry the
loads produced by the concrete, the workers placing and finishing the concrete, and
any equipment or materials supported by the forms.
In the site the form work material we use was plywood material which had a good
surface finish.
Plywood is used extensively for concrete forms and provides the following
advantages:
It is economical in large panels.
It is available in various thicknesses.
It creates smooth, finished surfaces on concrete.
30
The general step used to construct a formwork in the site is:
Prepare the false works in the desired position and level.
Preparing the form work in a desired shape based on the drawing or the size of
the structure that is going to be cast.
Painting with a releasing agent if needed.
Nailing it with appropriate bracing element and false work.
The type of formwork that was utilized on our site was a combination of ply wood,
bamboo and timber (eucalyptus) where necessary. The purpose of employing ply
wood, bamboo and timber is to make sure that quality concrete with perfect alignment
would result. For horizontal structures like reinforced concrete slab the ply wood
without being cut was placed. At the same time for the beams they use plywood form
work for the soffit and timber or plywood for the sides. For vertical reinforced
concrete structures ply wood formwork with timber false work was used. As most of
the elevation columns assume uniform size, the ply wood was cut in size and was
produced in a manner it could be easily fixed and dismantled. The bracing was done
from timber and nailed perfectly to confine the fresh concrete. Reinforced concrete
slabs and beams formwork was supported and fixed on eucalyptus pops and props.
Dismantling of the formwork commenced after the allowable dates have elapsed since
the day of the concrete casting. Accordingly column and side formworks will be
dismantled after 16 hours elapsed from the concrete casting and other soffit
formworks should stay in position until the concrete gets cured. The dates of
dismantling for the soffit formworks were shortened by the use of fast curing concrete
admixtures. The use of these admixtures will allow them to move fast forward with
the construction and immediate utilization of the formwork on other successive
structures.
Table 2.4 : Formwork removal period at the site.
Vertical column, walls and beams 24 hour
Soffit work to slab and beam 24 to 28 Days
Props to slab and beam 14 Days
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Figure 2.7 Formwork and Falsework (taken from New Market Construction Site
Visit in Dimapur).
Formworks to Footing Pads: Most of the pads which have larger and similar size
were made via plywood formworks. Those of pads with a smaller size were made via
together fixed timbers of locally available type. Such formworks was dismantled and
directly fitted to their similar type pads, successively as shown in figure 2.8.
Formworks to Foundation Column: A Foundation column with similar cross-
section and height was identified and their respective formworks were made ready, in
a manner that they could be able to use them in rotation as shown in figure 2.9.
Formwork to Elevation Columns: same as explained in Foundation Columns. The
only exception here was the height of the columns. Since the height of the columns in
some of the blocks is different than the others, the formwork preparations were
consider this fact as shown in figure 2.10.
32
Figure 2.8 : Formwork to Footing Pads (Photo taken from New Market
Construction Site Visit in Dimapur)
Figure 2.9 : Formwork to Foundation Column (Photo taken from New Market
Construction Site Visit in Dimapur).
Figure 2.10 Formwork to Elevation Column (taken from New Market Construction
Site Visit).
33
Formwork to Grade Beams: together sawn timbers of locally available type were
made ready for all internal and external surfaces of the Grade Beams.
Formwork to Suspended slabs and beams: Plywood formwork was made available
to all these parts of the structure.
2.6.2.5 Concrete Mixing Method
Concrete: Concrete is a composite consisting of the dispersed phase of aggregates
(ranging from its maximum size coarse aggregates down to the fine sand particles)
embedded in the matrix of cement paste. This is a Portland cement concrete with the
four constituents of Portland cement, water, stone and sand. These basic components
remain in current concrete but other constituents are now often added to modify its
fresh and hardened properties.
This has broadened the scope in the design and construction of concrete structures. It
has also introduced factors that designers should recognize in order to realize the
desired performance in terms of structural adequacy, constructability, and required
service life. These are translated into strength, workability and durability in relation to
properties of concrete.
In addition, there is the need to satisfy these provisions at the most cost effective price
in practice. Since our building is a reinforced concrete structure the concrete work
was commenced every day for constructing/development of every part of the building.
Constituents of Concrete: The constituents of modern concrete have increased from
the basic four (cement, water, stone, and sand) to include both chemical and mineral
admixtures. These admixtures have been in use for decades, first in special
circumstances, but have now been incorporated in more and more general applications
for their technical and at times economic benefits in either or both fresh and hardened
properties of concrete.
Cement: Cement may be described as a material with adhesive and cohesive
properties that make it capable of bonding mineral fragments (‗aggregates‘) into a
compact whole. In this process, it imparts strength and durability to the hardened
mass called concrete. The cements used in the making of concrete are called hydraulic
cements so named, because they have the property of reacting chemically with water
in an exothermic (heat generating) process called hydration that results in water
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resistant products. The products of hydration form a viscous cement paste, which
coats the aggregate surfaces and fills some of the void spaces between the aggregate
pieces.
The cement paste loses consistency (‗stiffens‘) on account of gradual loss of ‗free
water‘, adsorption and evaporation, and subsequently ‗sets‘, transforming the mixture
into a solid mass. If the consistency of the cement paste is either excessively ‗harsh‘
or excessively ‗wet‘, there is a danger of segregation, i.e., the aggregate tends to
separate out of the mix; this will adversely affect the quality of the hardened concrete
and result in a ‗honeycomb‘ appearance. The freshly set cement paste gains strength
with time (‗hardens‘), on account of progressive filling of the void spaces in the paste
with the reaction products, also resulting in a decrease in porosity and permeability.
Aggregate: Since aggregate occupies about three-quarters of the volume of concrete,
it contributes significantly to the structural performance of concrete, especially
strength, durability and volume stability. In general, aggregates in concrete have been
grouped according to their sizes into fine and coarse aggregates.
The separation is based on materials passing or retained on the nominally 5 mm
(ASTM No. 4) sieve. It is common to refer to fine aggregate as sand and coarse
aggregate as stone. Traditionally, aggregates are derived from natural sources in the
form of river gravel or crushed rocks and river sand. Fine aggregate produced by
crushing rocks to sand sizes is referred as manufactured sand.
Water: Water has a significant role to play in the making of concrete — in mixing of
fresh concrete and in curing of hardened concrete. In order to ensure proper strength
development and durability of concrete, it is necessary that the water used for mixing
and curing is free from impurities such as oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar and organic
materials.
Water that is fit for human consumption (i.e., potable water) is generally considered to
be suitable for concreting. However, when the portability of the water is suspect, it is
advisable to perform a chemical analysis of the water.
Admixtures:
Admixtures are defined as materials other cement, water and aggregate that are used
as ingredients of concrete and are added to the batch immediately before use or during
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mixing. These day concrete I being used for so many purposes in different condition.
In these conditions ordinary concrete may fail to exhibit the required quality or
durability or workability. In most cases admixture is used to modify the property of
the ordinary concrete so as to make it suitable to any condition.
Admixtures are additives that are introduced in a concrete mix to modify the
properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened states. Fast curing admixtures allow
curing the concrete within 3 to 5 days after the date of pouring the concrete. Such
application will only be made after the conduct of the test and the satisfaction of the
Resident Engineer.
The amount of the admixture to be added varies in accordance to the manufacturer‗s
specification. All relevant documents and specifications will be available before
conducting the mix design and test for approval. After the satisfaction of the
Supervisor the Contractor will execute the successive duties.
If the use of admixtures ensures the early curing of the concrete structure, the date of
removal of the formwork will be dictated accordingly.
In our site two type of admixture has been used. This are:
a) Nito bond
Nito bond is used for bonding fresh to old concrete especially for beam after it is
suspended for 24 hours. Its color description is supposed to be white and green. There
is another agent called Epoxy which has a capacity to harden after 30 minutes.
b) Rheomix
Rheomix is another type of admixtures used in the site. It is used for bonding old
poured concrete with fresh poured concrete especially for plastering, slab, stair case
and normal beam. Its color appears to be white. It will be mixed with water before
used. And its mix ratio goes like this with two steps.
The first step said to be primary coat uses a ratio with water one to four (1:4). The
second and the final step said to be secondary coat uses a ratio with water one to one
(1:1).
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Table 2.5 : Admixture Used in the Site.
Admixture name Use Dosage
Epoxy resin concrete
bonding agent
(NITOBOND EP)
For bonding of fresh wet
concrete to existing
cement surface.
By spraying over the joint
(not specified).
High performance super
plasticizing admixture,
accelerator (CONPLAST
SP 430)
To provide excellent
acceleration of strength
gain at early stage and
major increase in strength
at all age by significantly
reducing water demand in
a concrete mix.
Ranges from 1litter per
100 kg cement material.
Concrete Mixing Method: Through mixing of materials is essential for the
production of uniform concrete. The mixing should ensure that the mass becomes
homogeneous, uniform in colors & consistency. There are two methods adapted for
mixing concrete.
Hand Mixing and
Machine Mixing.
2.6.2.5.1 Hand Mixing
Hand mixing is practiced for small scale unimportant concrete works. As the mixing
cannot be through & efficient, it is desirable to add 10% more cement to compensate
the inferior concrete produced by this method.
2.6.2.5.2 Machine Mixing
Machine mixing obviously gives better and uniform mixes than hand mixing and
because of this reason, it is generally recommended. There are different types of
concrete mixers such as, Tilting drum mixer, non-tilting drum type, pan mixer type,
truck mixer, plant mixer etc.
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It is seen from experiment that the strength of concrete will increase with increasing
time of mixing, but for mixing time beyond 2 min, the important in compressive
strength is not very significant.
The following figure shows one of the mixer machines called tilt drum mixer which
we used in site:
Figure 2.11 : Tilt Drum Mixer Used in Site.
2.6.2.6 Batching
Prior to the mixing of ingredients it is essential to measure the materials accurately to
ensure the right proportions. The concrete may be batched either by weight or by
volume. The batching is done by using batching box which is shown in the following
figure:
Figure 2.12 : Batching Box Used in Site.
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The following table shows the ratio and box dimension of different concrete classes:
Table 2.6 : Box Dimension Ratio.
CONCRETE
CLASS
RATIO BOX
DIMENSION
USES
C-5 1:4:6 16*40*50 Lean Concrete
C-25 1:2:3 18*40*50 Pad, Slab, Beam,
Stair, Column,
Shear wall.
C-30 1:2:3 16*40*50 Grade Beam,
Column, Shear
Wall.
Methodology: The concrete work involves three types of concrete grades; C-5, C-20,
C-25. Except for the lean concrete to the rest of the concrete types we are going to
employ ordinary Portland cement of ACC Cement. For the later prepare test cubes
and sample was taken for different curing schedules.
Fast curing concrete admixture for all horizontal but suspended reinforced concrete
structures was introduced. The use of this admixture will bring down the date of cure
to a considerable standard. Taking the advantage of this shortened date of curing, the
formworks can be relocated in a speedy manner to the next successive job.The
required grade cement was purchased and stored in advance.
The secure of such important materials at the earliest possible time would have an
enormous advantage. A store was constructed out of Corrugated iron sheet (both the
wall and the roofing).
A platform elevated from the natural ground level was made from dry eucalyptus in a
very close spacing in one direction. A thick polyethylene sheet was placed on top of
the wood and then the cement is stored. Gravel was available around Dimapur town.
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The mix design will comprise of the employment of fine aggregate altogether with
approved sand quality. The concrete work requires machine intensive approach, so
that relevant output could be implied.
A stationary mixer of 750lit capacity and mobile mixer of 2500lit capacity were
deployed for the batching of the concrete.
The mobile mixer was self-loading, self-watering and self-shooting, with the help of
extra shooter produced on site. The stationed mixers will be supplied with dumper and
the output also will be conveyed by the same to the specific place. As they are going
to use fast curing admixture, the workability of the concrete increases, before the
setting time begins.
As the curing date will be shortened the project will be advantaged from time. The
uplifted structures was essentially were supported by the mobile crane. Such
mechanized approach is essential to fulfill the interest of the project to complete the
task within the specified period of time.
The maximum concrete work capacity within a day was 165m3/day. The concrete
casting was stopped where allowable distances are covered with respect to the
structural elements.
The continuation was performed by creating a strong bondage methodology. Such
bondage points do not exceed more than 1/3 distance from the nearest beam. Joints
were treated with special chemicals like epoxy, so that harmonized structural concrete
was established.
Lean concrete(C-5): It poured and placed in position on a surface which presupposes
trimming. The mix was made by utilization of 150kg cement /m3 of concrete in
minimum. The cement use for such work was PPC.
Footing Pad(C-25): After the form work is done concrete was mixed using the ratio
of 1:2:3 ratios. The capacity of the self-feeder mixer was satisfy alone this amount.
Since the mixer is reaching close to the pads and equipped with own shooter the
pouring was easy.
Foundation Column(C-25): It basically follows the finish of the footing pads.
Forthwith the casting of the footing pad concrete and the placement of rebar and
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fixing of formwork, the same number of footing columns as the footing pads was
casted. Concrete was poured by labor receiving from the dumpers.
Grade Beam(C-25): Following the finish of masonry wall lean concrete will be
poured in order to maintain even and level surface. Forthwith the placing of
reinforcement bar and the formwork the concrete were poured. Where the casting of
the concrete could not be finalized within the day proper joining places will be
maintained like keeping the distance, 1/3 of the grade beams length.
Ground Slab(C-20): c-20 grade of concrete was applied on ground slabs. After the
works underneath are finalized and the horizontal level is maintained, the placement
of the reinforcement bar mesh was take place.
The next thing that will come is casting of the concrete. As all ground slabs are
surrounded with grids of the grade beams, it was simple to cast on each grid,
following the guide of level given by the grade beam.
Elevation column(C-25): The same procedure was followed as the foundation
columns. Though the height in some of the blocks is different than the others, the
casting was monolithic.
Suspended Slabs and Beams(C-25): The concrete casting of suspended slabs and the
adjoining beams executed at the same time. Before the casting of the concrete the
placement and tying of the concrete spacers were carefully done, in order to ensure
the required concrete cover. Dusts and other detrimental dirt were getting removed.
After making sure that all surfaces are clean and the temporary structures are stiff
enough the casting was induced.
The library and the dining block suspended slabs and adjoining beams are of huge
volume. Therefore, highly mechanized casting was deployed to carry out the duty. For
the sake of minimizing the joints, the output of the work there was escalated. Into this
effect, mobile crane and the self-feeder mixer were used. Working of extended extra
hour was also observed.
2.6.2.7 Curing of Concrete
The curing of concrete is a reaction between the type of cement in the concrete and
the water. This reaction between cement and water is known as hydration .when the
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concrete sets and gains strength through this process. So curing is very importance for
the following main reasons:
It is known that all the properties of good concrete are related to perfect setting of
cement. It is also know that the process of setting involves complex hydration
reaction, which requires a lot of water. A good quality of water is added to the
concretes while making the mix.
After placing the concrete, some water from the concrete may be lost due to
evaporation. Hence the first and foremost purpose of curing is to provide enough
quantity of water for cement to hydrate the set completely.
To prevent formation of surface cracks due to rapid loss of water while the concrete
is fresh and concrete.
Another purpose of curing is to maintain a proper temperature in and around
the concrete during the setting process. This is because both freezing and drying
temperatures hamper the process of setting of cement in a normal manner.
The most important purpose of curing is to ensure the concrete of good quality
when set, strong enough to stress, hard to abrasion and resistant to chemical attacks.
Such a concrete is quite durable.
Different method of procedures has been adopted for curing in the site. These are:
Spraying of water
Pounding of water
Wet covering
Sprinkling water on concrete
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Here we can see a figure which shows wet covering of a column:
Figure 2.13 : Curing by Wet Covering (taken from my assigned building site).
2.6.2.8 Structural Work
2.6.2.8.1 Grade Beam or Plinth Beam
We can see the construction of a grade beam in the following figure.
Figure 2.14 : structural grade beam construction (taken from site visit)
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It has a direct contact with the foundation columns and is constructed above the
masonry wall. The reinforcement and provision of detailing is similar to other types of
beams. It is used to carry and transfer super structural loads to the foundations.
Figure 2.15 : Rebar at Plinth Level at Ground Floor for Parking (taken from
assigned building at Niesato Colony)
2.6.2.8.2 Reinforcement Steel Bar
In the following figure we can see steel bars of beam:
Figure 2.16 : Reinforcement steel bar for beam (taken from New Market
Construction Site Visit in Dimapur).
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Reinforcement steel bars play great role in making reinforced concrete structure more
strong and durable. All reinforcement is free from loose mill scale, loose rust, oil and
grease, or other harmful matter, which might prevent the proper adhesion to concrete.
As necessary reinforcements cleaned by wire brushing. The reinforcement must
always be cleaned before placed in position or before concrete poured.
2.6.2.8.3 Slab
Slab is a plane horizontal structural element used to support live loads and equipment
loads and transfer these loads to the supporting beams or walls. Slabs can be one way
or two way depending on the ratio of the long span to the short span if the ratio of the
long span to the short span is greater than two, the slab is said to be one way; but if
this ratio is less than two, the slab is said to be two way. When a slab is one way, the
bending is one directional and when it is two way, the bending is two directional.
Slabs can be categorized into three; solid, flat, or ribbed. Solid slab is made of
reinforced concrete. In case of our site we are able to see construction of solid slab.
2.6.2.8.4 Splicing of Bars
Reinforced concrete can function as a structural material only if there is a perfect
bond (adhesion) between the concrete and the reinforcing bars. This bond allows two
lengths of reinforcing bars to function as one continuous bar through lap splices.
Sometimes it becomes impossible to get required length of bar or it is required to
make use surplus small length of bar and may be the drawing recommend to splice
bar at that position. Then it is necessary to give a suitable lap of bar as shown in the
figure over each other to develop full strength.
Figure 2.17 : Bar Overlapping (Splicing).
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When splicing or overlapping was provided in reinforcing steel they must be away
from the section which have maximum stress. I.e. bar was spliced in the site for
bottom reinforcement at the support and for top reinforcement at the center in a length
of four times the larger diameter of bar for every structure.
2.6.2.8.5 Superstructure Beam
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result
of the external loads, own weight, span and external reaction to these loads is called a
bending moment.
Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry
horizontal loads i.e. loads due to an earth quake or wind .The loads carried by a beam
are transferred to columns walls which then transfer the force to adjacent structural
compression members.
2.6.2.8.6 Column
Column is a vertical structural member transmitting axial compression load with or
without moments. The cross sectional dimension of a column are generally
considerably less than its height. Column supports mainly vertical loads from the
floors and roof and transmits this load to the foundation.
2.6.2.9 Finishing Work
2.6.2.9.1 Plastering Work
Plastering work is the end work to bring construction decoration with plaster, such as
a layer of plaster on an interior wall or exterior walls. The process of creating plaster
work called plastering. It has been used in projects to fill rough and uneven surface.
Cement mortar is a mixture of water, cement and sand which is used for plastering
purpose on the site.
There are three types plastering these are:
First coat: Is used to create a rough surface for the next coat to adhere effectively. It
is made with a ratio of 1:4 i.e. 1 Bag of cement and 4 Box of sand. 1 up to 2 days of
curing is needed for it to attain sufficient strength.
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Second coat: It covers most of the body of the coating and creates a good base for the
next coating. Misalignment of HCB, Beam or any other structure can be balanced by
the second coating type.
On average it has a thickness of 1.5 cm. It is made with a ratio of 1:3 i.e. 1 Bag of
cement and 2 Box of sand. One week of curing is needed for this type of coating
to attain sufficient strength and adhere effectively.
Third coat: On average it has two up to four millimeters of thickness. This stage of
coating is the last and outermost part. It should have smooth and uniform appearance
as its aesthetic value is great importance. It‘s made with a ratio of 1:1 i.e. 1 Bag of
cement and 1 Box of coarse sand. It should be cured successively with great attention
until it gets enough strength.
2.6.2.9.2 Ceiling and Wall Finishing
Gypsum chuck: It can be considered as both internal walls finishing and ceiling
finishing process. Gypsum chucking is performed over well plastered wall or roof
after all the moisture get dried.
It is applied only for internal walls since it is easily failed by dampness.
Gypsum chucking means painting a thick gypsum paste, gypsum with water, to create
a smooth and good looking surface. It also helps to decrease paint consumption of the
wall by filling all the voids and creating a smooth surface.
Application procedure: Mixing: -To mix add the water into clean container then add
the powder gypsum onto the water and mix slowly until mix is homogeneous to avoid
foaming.
Paint the paste repeatedly through by squeezing over the wall or roof to have a final
smooth surface. The following picture shows gypsum work of ceiling and wall
finishing:
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Figure 2.18 : Ceiling and Wall Finishing (taken from DDSC Stadium Repairing
Work Site in Dimapur).
2.6.2.9.3 Floor Finishing
Floor finish is one of the last steps of a construction. Among the floor finishing factor
that will influence the selection of floor finishing are as follows:
Function of the floor
Price
Maintenance
Comfortable
We can see marble chips after laying in the bottom figure:
Figure 2.19 : Marble Chips/Tiles (taken from DDSC Stadium Repairing Site in
Dimapur).
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A good finishing will have the following characteristic:
Look attractive
Safe and comfortable
Long lasting and able to prevent high temperature and fungi-chemical
corrosion
Types of floor finishing
There are different floor finish exercised in the site these are:
Terrazzo tile
Ceramics
Marble chips/tiles
PVC tile/plastic tiles
Marble flooring: Marble flooring is one of the most expensive floor finishes.
Properties:
Made of sedimentary rocks
Different sources – Granite, Marble
Durable, Water proof and Good aesthetical appearance
Available in different dimensions and colors
Construction: The construction of marble flooring follows the following procedure
The casted concrete surface has to be chiseled.
this is done to create bondage between the surfaces
Spread cement screed over the chiseled surface and level it
Pour cement paste (cement with water) over the screed and fix the marble
keeping the level.
Marble flooring has to be cured and cleaned before use
Marble Chips/ Tiles: The marble chips floor finish is a little bit different from the
floor finish laying methods that is lay here and there. After the marble chips lay it will
be fully covered with mortar to the extent that even the top surfaces of marble chips
are not visible and after 21days the top covering of the mortar will be
polished/washed with washing machine.
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2.7 Procedure I used when I perform work tasks
The site work I performed was controlling how the work was going on and
supervising the work based on the given check list which was given to us from the
company‘s office. The checklist for site supervisors is issued in order to ensure a
uniform system of supervision of building construction projects and as a result ensure
the quality of construction. In the checklist the responsibilities, liabilities and
limitations of the supervisor are briefly mentioned in the steps to the general terms.
Details of construction are specified in the drawings, technical specifications and in
the general and special conditions of the contract. The duty of mine was to ensure that
the construction works are executed in accordance with the contract requirements. In
the application of the checklist the details specified in the contract document always
precede before the application and use of it. There were also tables and forms in the
checklist that helped to record the incidences affecting the work and as references. In
addition the standard technical specifications were used as reference on the
preparation of the checklist and shall always have precedence over the checklist.
Therefore, I worked most of my time at site to become more familiar with site works
and to get more practical knowledge. Site work in general includes every kind of
work executed at the site starting from setting out till finishing works based on the
given specification and methodology. The site work that I have been trough in the six
months internship period was in the sub structure work and super structure work
exclusively. A normal building consists of two parts in general this are the super
structure and the sub structure.
Any structure below the ground floor slab level including the basement, retaining
walls, ground slab, grade beam, and foundation is called a substructure. In most of the
cases, substructure work can be categorized as earthwork, concrete work and masonry
work. I have seen that how the excavation was done, concrete pouring, masonry work
and back filling.
Super structure is the part of a building which extend above the grade beam or
everything above the sub structure includes slab (1st floor slab), column, walls, roof
etc. the purpose of the super structure is to enclose and divide space as well as spread
load safely in to the sub structure.
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2.8 My Performance during Executing the Work Tasks
Absolutely good! The reason behind this performance was that I integrated with all
workers within a short time and get involved in different site works to gain more
knowledge about the working environment in the site and improved myself with more
site works and office work. Since the site work was very repetitive I was working in
different section to get involved and pass through different piece of works. Especially
the work tasks I was performing in the office work were very impressive because I
didn‗t have any knowledge about the quantity works, cost and report writing etc. In
general in the last six months I performed all my duties sincerely and nicely and got
knowledge of the practical world and relate it with the theory I have learned in the
class in the last three years. Also I transformed myself to another level of skill, ethics,
knowledge and leadership using this internship class and I performed it well.
2.9 Challenges that I faced
Construction projects are complex and time-consuming undertakings that require the
interaction and cooperation of many different persons to accomplish. The construction
industry is typically divided into specialty areas, with each area requiring different
skills, resources, and knowledge to participate effectively in it. In order to integrate
and work closely in each section it is a challenging task to one person especially when
he/she is fresh or beginner. In fact some challenges may be solved by me but some are
above my limit and even the workers at the site also.
During the course of the six months internship program at the company, it was
expected that I face some sort of difficulties. Indeed I was challenged to some extent.
These challenges were not due to my lack of initiation towards performing the task I
was given instead it was simply a matter of experience in the field. And that was
something that could be solved by continually engaging one‘s self to the activities in
the course of time. But there were also some challenges that could have been
corrected by the company and what I did or should have done wouldn‘t have brought
that much difference.
Around the first month through the program, I was a bit confused. This was due to the
fact that the employees of the company were obviously more experienced than I was
and already understood the easiest ways that enabled them to accomplish their
respective tasks in a proper manner.
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During the course of time, there were occasions where I was given full responsibility
on a specific task, for instance preparing a quantity from for a given project, and at
first I didn‘t feel I was up to the task but through time I learned to accept challenges
with confidence.
While attending my routine site visits, I had to interact with the professionals that
were stationed at those sites. And these professionals, even though their knowledge of
the construction world was to a great extent, had to use these layman terms while
performing their usual activities that were not clear to me at the time. It could be said
that they were communicating with a whole different vocabulary. Almost every
construction machinery had its own name and every process was identified with a
description different from what I had previously learned.
Being able to meet the expected arrival time at the company was a bit hard to get used
to at first. I am sure no one found this particular case of challenge easy at first.
Especially if one was stationed within the office for the majority of the internship
program, it was hard getting used to spending that much time after attending the
company that early.
During those site visits, I had trouble engaging the attention of the working men while
I was trying to inquire about the different things that I had observed.
While I was faced with such speed bumps, I obviously had to look for alternatives that
may greatly reduce the challenges I was facing. And these measures did help in way
that made the work flow easier to conduct;
Through time, I had to bring myself to learn the manners by which activities
were conducted so that there won‘t be any gap created because of me.
Regarding the arrival time to the company, I simply brought myself to get
used to the fact and engaged myself in activities so that I didn‘t have to waste
time just by sitting around in the office doing nothing.
Developed my confidence in the matter of accepting a responsibility by
volunteering to execute different tasks and managing to complete these tasks
to the requirements set by my superiors.
When it came to understanding the terms that were used on the construction
site by the professionals, all i could do was learn these terms by continuously
trying to use them in a discussion and inquiring whenever necessary.
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Being able to command the attention of the site workers was a bit hard at first
but through time and after a discussion or two about the tasks conducted on
the site, it got a lot easier.
In general I have faced the following challenges in the internship period.
Communication problem with workers in the office and at the site.
Shortage of working drawings like structural, architectural, sanitary, electrical
and some other details.
Weather condition of the site.
Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work at the site.
Underestimation by workers such as engineers, Foreman.
Unsatisfactory answers for questions from engineers.
Safety facility.
2.10 Measures I Took For Challenges
Communication challenge was the most dangerous challenge from all challenges
because of that it blocks me from finding more knowledge from skilled workers and
other persons those are closed to the site work. Their language at the site was mostly
an Italian word that makes me more confused and it was uneasy to know those words
within a few days. At last I was able to understand those words through experience
and by working with the employees. Those words are:
Table 2.7 : List of non-technical terms used in Site.
Technical Word Word Used in Site Meaning
Stirrup Staffia Shear resistance members
of columns, beams and
shears walls.
Plumb bob Tumbi It is used for checking
verticality of structural
members.
Footing pad bars Girila Reinforcement bar mesh
under footing pad
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Bottom soffit Phondo Used as a formwork for
beams and slabs at the
bottom.
Side board Sponda Used as a formwork for
beams and slabs on
vertical sides.
Brace Mekesecha Support a vertical side
formwork of a beam and
column diagonally.
Scaffolding Kebeleto Used as a support of
formworks of a slab and
beam at the bottom.
Tee Khuri Support a formwork of a
beam.
Profile Line Used for setting out works.
String Rooshi Used to maintain
alignment.
Yoke Kabja Used to fix the formworks
together in their position
Trowel Corni Used to apply and spread
mortar or plaster.
Spade Pharwa Used to dig soil.
Tape Phita Measuring instrument.
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Those are the main site language I able to understand but there are some others
language they used to communicate that I didn‗t able understand it still.
Drawing shortage: since I have been working in the consultant side we, asked
together the resident engineer. And he gives as in soft copy and hard copy as we want
within a week.
Weather condition of the site: since I‗m fresh to such work I have been in a big
nuisance particularly in the first month to adopt this kind of working environment.
The main challenge was the sun light and dustiness of the site due to construction
equipment. I bought a hat from the market that was suitable for sunlight and I wear a
sun glass to combat the hot condition.
Shortage of knowledge in some portion of works like quantity, bill of quantity, taking
off, bar schedule and report writing was some challenges I have faced in the site. To
solve these problems I try to ask workers at the site and read related literature to know
more about this works. Lastly I knew how to work those things.
The underestimation and the answer were not solved throughout the month with some
workers but I try to communicate friendly with some workers to make myself clear
and to know more knowledge from workers. And the answering problem was aroused
due to that the contractors have no idea about how the building is designed and some
shortage of knowledge about the design. We ask the design supervision team when
they come for supervision and monthly meeting of the tree parties and know how the
structural design was designed and some other misunderstanding.
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CHAPTER 3
3. DETAILED PROJECT REPORT OF PLANNING
AND DESIGN OF FIVE STOREYED
APARTMENT BUILDING
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter a Detailed Project Report (DPR) of G+4 (five storeyed) Residential
Apartment Building on which I was entrusted to carry out the works has been
discussed which I had done at site and office during my six months internship
training. The building construction site is located at Niesato Colony, Dimapur:
Nagaland. The planned site is also well connected to other major places nearby as it is
situated near National Highway running from Assam to Kohima. The highway is
traversed by local city auto rickshaw throughout the day, giving better connectivity to
the place. Moreover, airport and railway station of Dimapur is just 20 minutes and 10
minutes‘ drive from the site. Dimapur has a monsoon influenced humid subtropical
climate characterized by very hot summers and cool winters. The maximum rainfall
recorded is about 24.9cm in the month of August. The area faces an absolute
maximum temperature of 42ᵒC during summers and a minimum of 6ᵒC during chilly
winters. The maximum recorded wind velocity is 93 Km/hr. during the month of
March.
The detailed planning and design of the building as per requirements of residential
building has been discussed in further topics to come.
When I joined the Company in the month of January, the earthwork and foundation
works were already done at site, the columns were left for curing, and the ground
floor work was going on. But my mentor briefed me ‗what‘ and ‗how‘ the works of
earthwork and foundation works were done.
I couldn‘t stay till the completion of the building as I had to leave as my six months
internship period came to an end. The building was still under construction till the
time of writing this project report. In this project report writing, I wrote only which I
executed, experienced and learned from my six months internship period.
56
3.2 Plan and drawing of building (Ground Floor)
The plan and drawing of the proposed G+4 residential apartment building that I was
working on during my internship was designed by Aling Lotha. This building project
was executing by the company I was working with, M/s Singh Construction Co.
The plan of the proposed apartment is shown below:
Figure 3.1 : Ground Floor Plan (photocopy of original building plan).
57
From the plan it is seen that the centre to centre distance between two walls of a room
is 12ft. The building apartment is of 2BHK flat. The plan area of the building is 87ft.
x 87ft. The ground floor has a parking space area of 87ft. x 36ft. Each footing is
isolated footing.
3.3 Plan and drawings of first to top floor
The plan and design of the typical floor plan/drawing is shown below:
Figure 3.2 : Typical Floor Plan (photocopy of original building plan).
58
The building being an apartment building, design all the floors from first to top floor
are the same. The room dimensions are all same. The apartment flat is typically a
2BHK flat (two bathrooms, one hall and one kitchen).
3.4 Details of beams
The drawings of the roof beam layout and beams details are shown below:
Figure 3.3 : Roof Beam Layout (photocopy of original building plan).
59
Roof beam reinforcement detail plan:
Figure 3.4 : Roof Beams Reinforcement Details (Photocopy of Original Building
Plan).
60
All the construction work at site was strictly executed as per the drawings given by
the engineer. The site engineer who was supervising me taught me how to read and
execute the plan and drawings in the site. In office my mentor taught me how to
design the building components like beams, slab, column, staircase, lift and so on as
per the IS Code specifications.
From the design detailing plans as shown above, the depth of the Roof-Beam and
Plinth-Beam is given as 14inches and 12inches respectively. The width for both the
Roof-Beam and Plinth-Beam is given as 10inches. But not in the case of Plinth-Beam.
The following points for each type of beam are concluded as:
(i) Roof Beam (RB1):
The roof beam at the end support section have high shear as compared with the mid-
section of the beam. So for this reason to overcome this shear extra reinforcement has
to be provided in the compression zone of the beam. From the drawing it is seen that
for Roof-Beam at end support section 6 nos. (3 at compression zone & 3 at tension
zone) of main bar of 16mm dia. reinforcement bar is provided and also 8 mm stirrups
at a centre to centre distance of 6inches are provided.
The roof beam at the middle section of the building has fewer shear and lesser
moments, for these reasons the reinforcement at the compression zone of the mid-
section of the beam is provided with lesser number of reinforcement bar. From the
drawing it is seen that 5 nos. (2 at compression zone & 3 at tension zone) of main bar
of 16mm dia. reinforcement bar is provided and also 8 mm stirrups at a centre to
centre distance of 6inches are provided. Both of those types of Roof-Beam are
represented as RB1.
(ii) Roof- Beam (RB2):
This beam is same as the RB1. All the diameter, type of steel, spacing of bar and
stirrups are the same for the cases of End Support Section and Mid-Section as seen in
the case of RB1, except that the diameter of the centre Reinforcement bar provided at
the compression zone of this beam is smaller. The diameter of centre reinforcement
bar in compression zone in this beam is 20mm. This type of Roof-Beam is
represented as RB2.
61
(iii) Tie-Beam (TB-1):
Tie Beam is also called Plinth Beam. This beam is provided at the bottom of the
building. The brickwork of the superstructure starts from this beam. The depth and
width of this beam is 12inches and 10inches respectively.
For End Support Section, the beam is provided with 6 nos. of 16mm dia.
reinforcement bars. 8mm Stirrups at a c/c distance of 6inch are provided.
For Mid-Section, the beam is provided with 5 nos. of 16mm dia. reinforcement bars
(2 in compression & 3 in tension zone). 8mm Stirrups at c/c distance are provided.
These types of Tie-Beam are represented as TB1.
3.5 Details of Elevator (Lift)
The G+4 apartment building had an Elevator (Lift) which connects all the floors of
the building. Although I couldn‘t see the work complete as I had to leave the training
as my training period came to end.
The dimensions of the Lift are:
Width of Entrance – 800mm
Height of Car inside – 1600mm
Width of Car inside – 1100mm
Height of total Fin. Hoist Way – 2000mm
Width of total Fin. Hoist Way – 1900mm
To carry the load, moment and shear due to this Lift, the wall section had to be
provided with RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) and designed accordingly. The
height between successive floor levels of the building was 1500mm.
The design drawings of the section of RCC wall is shown below:
62
Figure 3.5 : Lift Elevation Detail (photocopy of Original building Plan).
63
Figure 3.6 : Section of RCC Wall detailing Plan (photocopy of Original Building
Plan).
It was unfortunate that I couldn‘t see how the Lift work execution would take place as
the Lift were to be installed after most of the building superstructure were completed.
And as a matter of fact the Lift would not be installed yet as the building were still
under construction till the time of writing this project report.
64
3.6 Details of Footing and Columns Reinforcement
All the loads of the structure is transferred to beams and from beams it is transferred
to columns and from columns it is transferred to column footings and from footings to
the soil beneath. So the columns and footings has to be designed so as to withstand
the loads with minimum cost.
The plan and cross-section of the Footing and Column Reinforcement is shown
below:
Figure 3.7 : Sections of Column Reinforcement and Footing (Photocopy of
Original Building Plan).
65
The details of columns reinforcements and footings are shown in above figure. All the
dimensions of columns are the same of 12‖x16‖. All the column footings are of same
dimensions of which the heights of the lean concrete is 5‖, first footing is 10‖ and
second footing is 18‖. The height of foundation from ground level is 7‘. The cross-
sectional area of footing is 8‘x7‘. The height of the room is 10‘.
3.7 Foundation Layout Plan
The Foundation Layout Plan is shown below:
Figure 3.8 : Foundation Layout Plan (Photocopy of Original Building Plan).
66
The foundation layout of the building in which I was working was built strictly
according to the plan shown above. In this building plan all the footings are of same
size and shape. There are 64 (sixty four) column footings in total.
3.8 Estimation and Costing
The estimation and costing was the first thing that I was taught in my internship
period. My mentor taught me very well how to do estimation and costing of the
buildings, bridges and roads. The estimation of buildings and bridges are very much
related. We did the costing of the building by taking the current market price of the
materials used.
3.8.1 Methods of taking out estimates
The calculations of quantities of materials can be done using various methods of
estimates. The application of an individual method depends upon the design and
shape of the building. The different methods are as under:
1. Centre line method.
2. Crossing method.
3. Out to out and in to in method.
4. Bay method.
5. Service unit method.
The two most extensively used common method in estimation is:
1. Centre Line Method
2. Out to out and in to in Method (Long wall and Short wall Method)
1. Centre Line Method: This method is suitable only if the offsets are symmetrical and
the building is more or less rectangular in shape. The centre line of the building is
determined carefully after doing deductions for repeated measurements (as explained
in the next problem). This centre line acts as length for the complete calculations of
the estimate. If the deduction is not cared for the results of estimates may be wrong.
All the walls should have the same section.
2. Out to out & In to in Method: This method is also called Long wall and short wall
method. This method is most practicable under all circumstances and is generally
followed in the P.W.D. for computing the quantities of various items.
3.8.2 Detailed Estimation and Costing of my assigned Building.
The building which was assigned to me was a G+4 (five storeyed) apartment building
at Niesato Colony in Dimapur, Nagaland. The apartment was designed by Aling
67
Lotha and was checked and verified by Loguseng Semp of Environ Assemblers,
Dimapur. This building project was executing by the company I was working with,
M/s Singh Construction Co. In making this Estimation, my mentor assisted me. He
taught me very well. He gave me so much knowledge in estimating the building from
theory and practical point of view for which I am highly obliged to him.
3.8.2.1 General Abstract of Cost
Proposed Construction of M/s Singh Apartment Construction TA2016.
Table 3.1 : General Abstract of Cost.
Sl.
No.
Particulars Amount
(INR)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cost Of Building
a) Ground Floor
b) First Floor
c) Second Floor
d) Third Floor
e) Fourth Floor
Total Civil Cost:
Add 10% for Water Supply & Sanitation on (F)
Add 9% for Electrification on (F)
Add 5% for Contingency on (F)
Add 2.5% for Work Charged Establishment on (F)
Grand Total:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
₹ 35,08,523.71
₹ 15,59,476.44
₹ 15,59,476.44
₹ 15,59,476.44
₹ 15,59,476.44
₹ 97,46,429.47
₹ 9,74,642.95
₹ 8,77,178.66
₹ 4,87,321.48
₹ 2,43,660.74
₹ 1,23,29,233.30
Say : ₹ 1,23,29,200.00
(Rupees One Crore Twenty Three Lakhs Twenty Nine Thousand Two Hundred)
only
68
3.8.2.2 Quantity Estimate for Ground Floor
CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES ESTIMATE FOR GROUND FLOOR.
Table 3.2 : Quantity Estimate for Ground Floor.
It
e
m
N
o.
Description of Item N
o Dimensions in
metre
Quantity Remarks
Lengt
h
(metre
)
Bread
th
(metr
e)
Heigh
t
(metr
e)
1
2
3
4
5
SUB-HEAD I.
EARTHWORK
Surface dressing
and setting
foundation plan
Earth work in
excavation
(a) Column footings
(b) Panel walls
(considering first as
if there is no
column)
Outer sides………..
Inner sides………...
Deduct the length
covered by the
column footing
Outer sides………..
Inner sides………...
Earthwork in
filling in foundation
trench by loose earth
Sand Gravel filling
up to plinth
(a) For Main walls
(b) For passage way
(c) For staircase row
(d) center room
SUB-HEAD II.
CONRETE WORK
Cement concrete
M10
(a) For Mat concrete
of column footings
1
64
8
8
28.96
2.44
28.96
24.39
2.44
2.13
28.96
2.13
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
-
2.13
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Total
838.68 Sq m
708.48 Cum
46.85 Cu m
40.90 Cu m
46.85 (-ve)
40.90 (-ve)
876.81 Cum
28.96=26.52 +
2.44
28.96=26.52 +
2.44
24.39=26.52 –
2.13
3.35=3.67 +
0.31
4.27=4.57- 0.31
2.54=2.44+.10
Offset=0.05
th of excavation (approx.) 175.36 Cum
36
6
6
1
64
3.35
3.35
4.27
4.27
2.54
3.35
4.27
3.35
4.27
2.23
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
Total
0.13
242.41
51.50
51.50
10.94
356.35Cu m
47.13 Cu m
69
It
e
m
N
o.
Description of Item No Dimensions in metre Quantity Remarks
Lengt
h
(metr
e)
Breadt
h
(metre
)
Heigh
t
(metr
e)
6
(b) For foundation
of Panel walls
(without columns)
Long walls………...
Short walls………...
Cement Concrete
M15(1:3:6) RCC
work including
shuttering but
excluding
reinforcement
(a)Column footings
(i) Lower portion of
column…………….
(ii) Trapezoidal
portion……………..
(b)Columns………..
(c) Beams (TB1)
Outer sides………...
Inner sides…………
(d) Beams (RB)
Outer sides………..
Front & back
sides…………
(e) Roof Slab
(including staircase,
skylight, Lift areas
first)………………..
Deduct: (i) staircase………..
(ii) skylight………..
(iii) skylight……….
(iv) Lift…………….
(v) Waste chute……
8
8
64
64
64
1
1
2
4
1
1
tot
9.44
9.46
2.44
0.60
0.60
2.13
0.15
0.15
Total
0.25
6.80
6.81
60.74 Cu m
83.16
9.44=(26.52+
2.44)–
(2.44x8)
9.44==(26.52-
2.44)–
(2.44x6)
4.99=1.29+
0.40+0.25+
3.05
23.65=26.52-
0.41-6x0.41
26.93=26.52+
0.41
26.83=26.52+
0.31
0.10=1.22-
0.25/2
2.14=2.51-
0.25/2 - 0.25
15cm bearing
( ) ( )
x0.46
78.37
0.41
23.65
24.35
23.65
24.35
26.93
4.32
4.32
1.10
1.98
2.14
21.48
m
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.36
0.36
26.83
3.42
3.42
2.01
1.83
1.83
21.96
m
Total
4.99
0.25
0.25
Total
0.25
0.25
Total
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
Total
161.53Cu m
40.59 Cu m
58.65
60.39
119.04Cu m
68.11
70.13
138.24Cu m
72.25 Cu m
1.48 (-ve)
2.96(-ve)
0.89(-ve)
0.36(-ve)
0.39(-ve)
0.39(-ve)
66.17 Cu m
70
It
e
m
N
o.
Description of Item No Dimensions in
metre
Quantity Remarks
Lengt
h
(metr
e)
Breadt
h
(metre
)
Heig
ht
(metr
e)
7
(f) R.C. Lintel over
doors and windows
Windows, W1
W1 & D (combined)
W2
W3
W4
W5
Outer doors
For Inside walls –
Over doors, D
Toilet doors D1
Trap Door
(g) Balcony
(h) Staircase:
Base of toe wall…...
Waist slab of flights.
Landing (Lower)…..
Landing (at 1st floor)
Steps (without
reinforcement)……..
Railing at staircase...
Hand rail…………
25cm thick DPC
(1:2:4)
Outer wall…………
Inner wall………….
Deduct the length
covered by:
Column……………
Outer door openings
Inner door openings
Toilet door openings
Deduct parking
openings
7
2
6
2
2
2
8
6
6
1
6
1
2
1
1
18
2
2
8
8
64
10
6
6
1.50
2.80
1.30
2.40
3.65
1.40
1.30
46.40
1.3
1.2
1.3
3.97
2.80
2.69
2.80
2.80
1.40
2.69
2.69
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
1.67
0.25
1.40
1.55
1.35
0.25
0.08
x0.012
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
010
Total
0.10
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.60
Total
0.21
0.11
0.16
0.10
0.15
0.03
0.21
0.08
0.07
0.01
1.13 Cu m
3.98 Cu m
0.14
1.13
0.65
0.57
0.53
0.26
0.07
42.12 Cu m
1.50=1.20+
1.30
2.80=1.50+
1.30
3.65=3.35+
0.30
1.40=1.1+
0.30
1.3=1+0.3
1.2=0.9+0.3
1.3=1+0.30
3.97=3.67
+0.30
1.55=1.40+
0.15
Bearing in
20cm wall
26.72=26.52
+0.20
26.32=26.52
-0.20
Grand Total (a) to (h) 572.8 Cu m
26.72
26.32
0.41
1.00
1.00
0.90
0.20
0.20
0.31
0.20
0.10
0.10
-
-
Total
-
-
-
-
42.75
42.11
84.86 Sq m
8.13 (-ve)
2.00 (-ve)
0.60 (-ve)
0.54 (-ve)
71
It
e
m
N
o.
Description of Item No Dimensions in metre Quantity Remarks
Lengt
h
(metr
e)
Breadt
h
(metre
)
Height
(metre
)
8
9
Long side………….
Short side………….
SUB-HEAD III.
BRICKWORK
1st class brickwork
in cement mortar
(1:6) in foundation
and plinth (first
consider as if there
are no columns)
Long walls………...
Short walls………...
Deduct the length
covered by columns
Long side………….
Short side………….
1st class brickwork
if 20cm thick
cement mortar
(1:6) in
superstructure wall
(20cm)
Outer side long wall
Front side short wall
Front shortest wall
Center shortest wall
Deduct:
Column lengths
Wall openings
Wall openings
Doors……………
Deduct Windows:
W1………………...
W2………………...
W3………………...
W4………………...
Deduct Lintels…….
8
8
8
8
2
2
1
2
28
1
2
10
9
6
2
2
1
26.32
9.74
26.93
26.21
0.41
0.31
26.72
26.32
4.26
3.26
0.41
4.26
3.36
1.00
1.2
1.00
2.10
3.35
46.40
0.2
0.2
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.31
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
-
-
Total
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
Total
3.05
3.05
3.05
3.05
3.05
3.05
3.05
2.10
1.50
0.70
1.20
1.20
0.10
Total
42.11 (-ve)
15.58 (-ve)
15.90 Sq m
45.24
44.03
2.76 (-ve)
2.08 (-ve)
84.43 Cu m
32.60
32.11
2.60
3.98
10.85 (-ve)
2.60 (-ve)
4.10 (-ve)
4.20 (-ve)
3.24 (-ve)
0.84 (-ve)
1.01 (-ve)
1.61 (-ve)
0.93 (-ve)
41.91 Cu m
9.74=10.97-
041-2x0.41
1.05=0.6 +
0.6-0.15
2.67=26.52
+0.20
26.32=26.52
-0.20
4.26=4.57 -
0.31
46.40 is the
total length
from 6(f)
72
It
e
m
N
o.
Description of Item N
o Dimensions in
metre
Quantity Remarks
Lengt
h
(metre
)
Bread
th
(metr
e)
Heigh
t
(metr
e)
10
11
12
13
14
Half brickwork of
10cm thick in
cement mortar (1:3)
with H.B. wire
netting
Short length wall
Long length wall
Deduct: Doors
D…………………..
D1…………………
Deduct Lift Door
Deduct Trap Door
SUB-HEAD IV.
FLOORING
7.5cm thick
terraced flooring in
lime concrete
(1.5:2:7) over a
brick flat…………..
Deduct Columns….
25mm thick
Terrazzo work with
Italian marbles for
floors…………….
Deduct:
Skylights
Skylights
Lift & waste chute
column
Supplying, fitting
and fixing
porcelain tiles for
dado of toilet…….
Tor Steel
Reinforcement
(a) Footing @0.6%
of concrete
(b) Column @1.2%
of concrete
(c) Beams @1% of
concrete
32
5
6
6
1
1
1
36
1
2
2
1
36
6
3.35
4.16
1.00
0.90
1.90
1.30
26.11
0.41
26.21
4.98
2.26
3.92
0.41
3.37
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
26.21
0.31
10.56
3.39
0.86
1.83
0.31
3.57
3.05
3.05
2.10
2.10
2.00
1.00
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total
-
32.70
6.34
1.26 (-ve)
1.13 (-ve)
0.38 (-ve)
0.13 (-ve)
34.14 Cu m
684.34
4.58 (-ve)
276.78
33.47 (-ve)
3.89 (-ve)
7.17 (-ve)
4.58 (-ve)
227.67 Sq m
72.19 Sq m
76.08q
38.23q
23.36q
382.22 quintals
76.08q
38.23q
23.36q
161.53x
x78.5q
40.59x
x78.5q
29.79x
x78.5q
Total
73
It
e
m
N
o.
Description of Item No Dimensions in
metre
Quantity Remarks
Lengt
h
(metr
e)
Bread
th
(metr
e)
Heigh
t
(metr
e)
(d) Slab @0.8% of
concrete……………
(e) Lintel @0.6% of
concrete…………..
(f) Balcony @0.8%
of concrete………..
(g) Staircase @0.8%
of concrete…………
(h) within floor of
parking @0.8% of
concrete……………
66.17x
x78.5q
1.13x
x78.5q
3.98x
x78.5q
42.12x
x78.5q
276.30x
x78.5q
Total
41.55q
0.53q
2.50q
26.45q
173.52q
382.22 quintals
3.8.2.3 Quantity Estimate for First Floor to Fourth Floor
CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES ESTIMATE FOR FIRST FLOOR.TO FOURTH
FLOOR
Table 3.3 : Quantity Estimate for First Floor to Fourth Floor.
It
e
m
N
o.
Description of Item N
o Dimensions in
metre
Quantity Remarks
Lengt
h
(metre
)
Bread
th
(metr
e)
Heigh
t
(metr
e)
1
SUB-HEAD I.
CONCRETE
WORK
Cement concrete
(1:2:4) for RCC
work including
shuttering but
excluding
reinforcement
(a) Columns:
For 1st Floor……….
For 2nd
Floor……….
For 3rd
Floor……….
For 4th
Floor……….
(b)Beams:
For 1st Floor……….
For 2nd
Floor……….
64
0.41
0.31
2.69
21.88 Cu m
21.88 Cu m
21.88 Cu m
21.88 Cu m
138.24 Cu m
138.24Cu m
2.69=(3.05+
0.10) – 0.46
Beam depth
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
74
It
e
m
N
o.
Description of Item N
o Dimensions in
metre
Quantity Remarks
Lengt
h
(metre
)
Bread
th
(metr
e)
Heigh
t
(metr
e)
2
3
For 3rd
Floor……….
For 4th
Floor……….
(c) Slab:
For 1st Floor……….
For 2nd
Floor……….
For 3rd
Floor……….
For 4th
Floor……….
Slab of Staircase
roof………………...
(d) Lintel over
Doors & Windows:
For 1st Floor……….
For 2nd
Floor……….
For 3rd
Floor……….
For 4th
Floor……….
(e) Balcony at:
1st Floor…………....
2nd
Floor…………...
3rd
Floor……………
4th
Floor……………
(f) Staircase for:
1st Floor…………....
2nd
Floor…………...
3rd
Floor……………
4th
Floor……………
7.5cm thick (av.)
lime terracing on
roof………………...
SUB –HEAD II
BRICKWORK.
1st class brickwork
(1:6) in
superstructure wall
For 1st Floor……….
For 2nd
Floor……….
For 3rd
Floor……….
For 4th
Floor……….
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
138.24 Cu m
138.24 Cu m
66.17 Cu m
66.17 Cu m
66.17 Cu m
66.17 Cu m
1.48 Cu m
2.26 Cu m
2.26 Cu m
2.26 Cu m
2.26 Cu m
7.96 Cu m
7.96 Cu m
7.96 Cu m
7.96 Cu m
42.12 Cu m
42.12 Cu m
42.12 Cu m
42.12 Cu m
1116.00 Cu m
722.53 Sq m
83.82 Cu m
83.82 Cu m
83.82 Cu m
83.82 Cu m
335.28 Cu m
1
4.32
3.42
0.10
2 times of Ground Floor
= 2x1.3…………………..
Same as Ground Floor…..
Same as Ground Floor…..
Same as Ground Floor…..
2 times of Ground Floor
= 2x3.98…………………
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as Ground Floor…..
Same as Ground Floor…..
Same as Ground Floor…..
Same as Ground Floor…..
1
23.93
96.83
Total
-
2 times as brickwork in
Ground Floor = 2x41.91
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………..
Total
75
It
e
m
N
o.
Description of Item N
o Dimensions in
metre
Quantity Remarks
Lengt
h
(metre
)
Bread
th
(metr
e)
Heigh
t
(metr
e)
4
5
6
7
Half brickwork of
10cm thick
For 1st Floor……….
For 2nd
Floor……….
For 3rd
Floor……….
For 4th
Floor……….
SUB-HEAD III.
STEELWORK.
Tor steel
reinforcement
(a) Column @1.2%
of concrete…………
(b) Beams @1% of
concrete……………
(c) Slab @0.8% of
concrete……………
(d) Lintel @0.6% of
concrete…………..
(e) Balcony @0.8%
of concrete………..
(f) Staircase @0.8%
of concrete…………
Skylight:
(a) Adjacent to
staircase & Lift ……
(b) Adjacent to
Kitchen ……………
Elevator (Lift) Car
inside ……………...
2 times as Ground Floor
= 2x36.14 ……………….
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Same as 1st Floor………...
Total
72.28 Cu m
72.28 Cu m
72.28 Cu m
72.28 Cu m
289.12Cu m
87.52x
x78.5q ………..
552.96 x
x78.5q ……...
264.68x
x78.5q ………
9.04x
x78.5q …………
31.84x
x78.5q ………..
168.48x
x78.5q ………
Total
82.44q
434.07q
166.22q
4.26q
20.00q
105.81q
812.80 quintals
33.47
7.77
41.24 Sq rm
3.8 Sq rm
2
4
1
4.98
rm
2.26
rm
1.9
rm
3.36
rm
0.86
rm
2 rm
-
-
Total
-
76
3.8.2.4 Abstract of Estimated Cost for Ground Floor
(Note: Rates are as per the Market Price in Nagaland in the year 2016-17.)
Table 3.4 : Abstract of Estimated Cost for Ground Floor.
Item
No.
Description of
Item
Quantity Unit Rate (₹) Unit of
Rate (₹)
Amount (₹)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
SUB-HEAD I.
EARTHWORK
Surface dressing
and setting
foundation plan
Earth work in
excavation for
foundation and
trenches
Earthwork in
filling in
foundation
trench by loose
earth
Sand Gravel
filling in plinth
level with local
sand
SUB-HEAD II.
CONRETE
WORK Cement concrete
M10 with grade
stone ballast
Cement concrete
M15(1:3:6) RCC
work including
shuttering but
excluding
reinforcement
25cm thick DPC
(1:2:4)
838.68
876.81
175.36
356.35
60.74
572.80
15.90
Sq m
Cu m
Cu m
Cu m
Cu m
Cu m
Sq m
40.00
30.00
20.00
365.00
2480.00
2700.00
83.00
Sq m
Cu m
Cu m
Cu m
Cu m
Cu m
Sq m
33547.00
26304.30
3507.20
130067.00
150635.20
1546560.00
1319.70
77
Item
No.
Description of Item Quantity Unit Rate (₹) Unit of
Rate (₹)
Amount (₹)
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
SUB-HEAD III.
BRICKWORK
1st class brickwork
in cement mortar
(1:6) in foundation
and plinth
1st class brickwork
if 20cm thick
cement mortar (1:6)
in superstructure
wall (20cm)
Brickwork of 10cm
thick in cement
mortar (1:3) with
H.B. wire netting in
every third layer
SUB-HEAD IV.
FLOORING
7.5cm thick
terraced flooring in
lime concrete
(1.5:2:7) over a
brick flat soling
25mm thick
Terrazzo work with
Italian marbles
Supplying, fitting
and fixing
porcelain tiles for
dado for other than
white
SUB-HEAD V.
STEELWORK
Tor Steel
Reinforcement
84.43
41.91
36.14
679.76
227.67
72.19
382.22
Cu m
Cu m
Cu m
Sq m
Sq m
Sq m
Quintal
1810.00
1918.00
846.00
415.00
780.00
245.00
2290.00
Cu m
Cu m
Cu m
Sq m
Sq m
Sq m
Quintal
152818.30
80383.38
30574.44
282100.40
177582.60
17686.55
875436.69
Total Amount of Ground Floor : ₹3508523.71
78
3.8.2.5 Abstract of Estimated Cost for First Floor to Fourth Floor
Table 3.5 : Abstract of Estimated Cost for First Floor to Fourth Floor.
Item
No.
Description of
Item
Quantity Unit Rate (₹) Unit of
Rate (₹)
Amount (₹)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
SUB-HEAD I.
CONCRETE
WORK
Cement concrete
M15 (1:2:4) for
RCC work
including
shuttering but
excluding
reinforcement
7.5cm thick (av.)
lime terracing on
roof
SUB –HEAD II
BRICKWORK.
1st class brickwork
(1:6) in
superstructure wall
Brickwork of
10cm thick
SUB-HEAD III.
STEELWORK.
Tor steel
reinforcement
Skylight
Elevator (Lift)
(a) Car
inside……..
(b) Lift
mechanical gears
including hoisting
hooks……
1116.00
722.53
335.28
289.12
812.80
41.24
3.8
Cu m
Sq m
Cu m
Cu m
Quintal
Sq rm
Sq rm
2700.00
220.00
1810.00
846.00
2290.40
178.00
25455.00
Cu m
Sq m
Cu m
Cu m
Quintal
Sq rm
Sq rm
3013200.00
158956.60
606856.80
244595.52
1861637.12
7340.12
96729.00
248590.00 For total height of building
Total Amount of First Floor to Fourth Floor : ₹ 6237905.76
79
Total estimated cost of all the floors = (3508523.71 + 6237905.76) = ₹ 9746429.47
Add 10% cost of building for Water Supply & Sanitation = 974642.95
Add 9% cost of building for Electrification = 877178.66
Add 5% cost of building for Contingency on = 487321.00
Add 2.5% cost of building for Work Charged Establishment on = 243660.74
Total : 2582803.83
Estimated cost of the five storeyed building = 9746429.47 + 2582803.83
= ₹ 1,23,29,233.30
= ₹ 1,23,29,230.00 (say)
(Rupees One Crore Twenty Three Lakhs Twenty Nine Thousand Two Hundred
only)
80
CHAPTER 4
4. OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM
INTERNSHIP
Internship is a class healed at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the outside
working environment before the student graduate. The main aim of this practice
(internship) is to teach students communication with different workers or employees,
to improve practical skill what they learned in classrooms, upgrading the theoretical
knowledge in addition to the class, improve their leadership skill, team playing skill
and etc.
In my six months stay in M/s Singh Construction Co., Dimapur, with Environ
Assemblers consultant I have acquire much knowledge in different tasks as explained
below in different section. This different knowledge got me a good performance in the
internship period and I gain experience that helps me after the graduation in the
upcoming working era of mine.
4.1 Overall benefits gained
It is obvious that student learn a lot and gain much when exposed to practical
scenario. Likewise all what I know and learn has got the real practical interpretations.
The engineering course that I have taken in our university is a pillar on my internship
programs. The theoretical knowledge always assists to understand practical situations
easily. Because these course guides for me to
Know construction material
Select construction material
manage construction work
Know working schedules
Upgrade leadership skill.
The site work especially for construction work is more a matter-of-fact than
theoretical but I had known much the theoretical only before the internship program
because of this gap challenges are the beginning point to gain knowledge, or to fit the
81
career goals. This internship program gives me an advantage to face these challenges
and system of implementation of construction work.
4.1.1 Improving practical skills
This type of skill are gained when one person experience the theoretical knowledge in
practices theoretical education may or may not exactly apply on the field as practical
skills.
The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I
found a practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the six months. The
knowledge we have learned in the classroom is helpful to get those practical or real
work in the site and totally different from the actual knowledge gained from the class.
Thus I found some knowledge in the site which helps me to work with the site
environment or site peoples.
Some of the practical knowledge I gain from the internship class was:
Construction of formwork and false work for some reinforced concrete
structure. In any construction work the first stage before casting of concrete is
designing and constructing of form work. As I explained in the work
procedure the formwork and false work must be stiff and must resist the fresh
concrete till the concrete gain its strength. Thus the construction stage of form
work was new to me since I‗m new for the practical world now I gain practical
knowledge about how it is worked and erected.
Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according the specified drawing.
After the formwork and false work is ready the bar bending, positioning and
tying work goes next. This work is done based on the working drawing
provided in the working drawings (structural drawing) by the design team of
that specified structure. In most case it was new for me to see such work since
it is a practical work only performed at the site.
Surveying on building construction. We conduct the surveying class in the
field for its lab session of the course in the normal class. But we don‗t know
about how it is going to be in building construction in particular and in which
particular stage of the construction work it used either the super structure or
sub structure.
82
Casting and pouring of reinforced concrete structure and equipment used for
casting. Concrete is a vital material in any construction of reinforced concrete
and is the main constituent or ingredient of any reinforced concrete structure.
Thus it is mandatory to know this material in practice including how it is
treated, placed (poured), mixed and the equipment used for those work. I got
the practical knowledge in terms of those listed aspects of concrete.
Different construction equipment (machines) and their use in construction site.
Many of great structures before are a product of numerous human power and
countless days inspired by great powers. Machines are capable of handling
tough work which may be beyond the scope of human labor to be performed.
They can be expected to work with fair degree of effectiveness even under
adverse weather, climate or topographical conditions. I generally know how
equipment‗s are used in the site including their specific purpose.
4.1.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge
The internship class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it also help
students to upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they have. I try to integrate
the practical knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in different place
in order to get more knowledge than the theory we learned on the class. I got the
internship class very interesting in terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge and I
learned from the site some theories that we haven‗t learn in the class room by
searching different related literature. Some of those are:
Gain how concrete could be produced and used.
Visualizing structural and architectural drawings
Improving which type of construction material should be use
Increasing awareness about the department course.
Quantity surveying
Structural design of shear wall and its advantage
Construction equipment
Report writing
I learned those things in exclusive cause it is hard to read and understand everything
from books and asking some peoples at site to those things ashamed me. Generally I
83
change myself alit bit after the internship period in my knowledge than before I took
it.
4.1.3 Upgrading personal communication skill
Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others in order to
get some messages and knowledge. The communications systems within the building
design and construction enterprise has taken on a large role in the achievement of
profitability and efficiency. A basic understanding of communication systems is
beneficial to all building professionals and trades, as they all play a part in the success
of the construction. Construction is one of the places that require a good
communication skill either managing every trade of work or asking what is going on
over there. So, communication is an important way of learning, which can be defined
formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills and sharing
what we know. Cool communication is important in the real constructions world and
it can appear in different forms as speaking, writing, and listening. In the site the most
things I gain is due to communication with other workers like engineers, skilled and
non-skilled workers, Forman etc. in some place/case it is very difficult to talk workers
and ask them what we want because of that they underestimate us and sometimes
they are not eager to tell. But I improve and know how to communicate with different
classes of workers in the site.
Good communication is the life blood of the engineering profession. Even though, it
takes many forms, such as speaking, writing and listening, it has the following
advantages such as:
handling information,
persuading people and
improving relationships with others
In the construction company, working with any individual peacefully was gained from
interpersonal communication that is asking questions and listening effectively to the
answers in the great way to show respect for their experience and ability.
Finally, to communicate effectively, it is essential to choose the suitable medium.
Selecting the right communication channel is like shopping in the right store. If you
select the wrong store, you will not get the items you want. Similarly, if you select the
wrong communication channel, you will not get the result you want.
84
4.1.4 Improving team work skill
Team work skill for construction work Team works, especially for engineers, involve
in every piece of task and achieving good team work skill is essential for Effective
completion of tasks and increasing productivity. This skill already exists in my
personality in the campus due to different assignment and project works that I work
together with students. But this skill is more than this in the construction site. In the
construction site the work is already a team work and it needs more closeness of
workers to solve problems arise in different aspects, misunderstanding in the drawing
or working methodology and consult every work. We the students at the site also
works together as a team to get more understanding and share ideas. More or less I
improved my team work status by working together with different professionals,
student and workers as a whole in the civil engineering works and consulting.
Even if tasks are done individually by the respective person at different section of the
construction company, there are times at which different individuals come together to
work for common goal of the company for increasing productivity. The most
important point in team playing skill is just reach an agreement from different points
on the work to be done.
Furthermore, to have a common understanding on the task that is to be accomplished,
I have always tried to listen carefully to those individuals with whom I am working.
After listening others idea, I tried to provide an idea which is very constructive for the
task being done.
Team work, especially for engineers, involve in every piece of task. Thus, generally
some qualities of a good team working skill I gained are as follows:
Cooperative and help other
Active participant
listen actively is another essential for teams to function effective
speaking and expressing my thought and ideas clearly, directly, honestly and
with respect for the work of the team
4.1.5 Improving leadership skill
Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an
organizational goal or mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and
organized to perform its day to day activities. Among all other managements I have
85
seen that human resource management is the most important one. I have actually
observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work done by
each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan (schedule).
Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor people. For effective leadership I
understood that personal values like confidence, effective communication and
devotion are very important.
In order to be good Leadership the following criteria should be fulfilled.
Those are:-
Be technically proficient (skilled with different knowledge‗s).
Seeking self-improvement.
Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions.
Make sound and timely decisions.
Know your people and look out for their well-being.
Keep your workers informed.
Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers.
Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished.
Use the full capabilities of your organization.
Listening to others.
Being organized.
Able to communicate clearly and efficiently.
In the site it was impossible for us to lead anything because we go to the site to learn
about the site work and we didn‗t have enough ability to handle such works in such
short time but we have learned how to become a good leader and the main signal of a
good leader.
Finally, what I take hold of is becoming a leader isn‗t easy because it takes a
conscious commitment and consistent effort to develop one‗s leadership skills. But on
the positive side, anyone who is willing to make the effort can become a good leader.
4.1.6 Understanding work ethics
Ethics defines morality and determines the meaning and rational justification of the
right way to live, correct values as well as correct ways of treating others. As workers
made to specialize in different fields, specific codes of conduct were expected from
86
each worker. In today‘s complex world, Ethical conduct of workers is very important
for developing healthy working environment and increasing productivity.
The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in one‗s
behavior towards appreciating the process of work flow and performing rather well on
the job so that this work flow will not be jeopardized in the long run. During my
internship program, I could say that I have managed to do my side of the job
description with a high spirit and enthusiasm so that there was a smooth flow of
activities both in the office and on construction site. Work ethics involve such
characteristics as honesty, responsibility, reliability, accountability and etc.
Punctuality is one of the major issues that could be raised when talking about work
ethics and on my side I tried meet this criteria by attending to my working station in
time so that there will not be any delay on the activities planned for that day. The
behavior that one shows towards his peers and colleagues is also one manifestation of
the concept of work ethics. Personally, I always respected and gave priority the
employers of the company. Elements of work ethics that worth mentioning are:-
punctuality, honesty, reliability, office discipline, corporation and responsibility.
We as a student should follow the rules and regulations set by the company and avoid
complaining any work load, activity or assignment that may arise on the site or office.
It is a pleasure of supervisors if we have a good work ethics and we are responsible
for any given tasks. Since the aim of internship is to let students know the outside
environment pertinent to their field, which includes of such the above dealt qualities,
I, with great interest, tried to meet my responsibilities and work ethics that I was
supposed to fulfill by my side.
Generally, I can say I have gained the potential benefits by taking the Engineering
Internship Program.
There are two common types of ethics. These are Personal ethics and Work ethics.
Personal ethics: All human beings as rational creatures are expected to exhibit
certain personal principles of ethics. These principles of personal ethics are values
which are expected to be possessed by all individuals in their life, and contribute a lot
for a smooth interaction among individuals and peaceful coexistence of a society.
Principles of personal ethics include:
87
Concern for the well-being of others,
Honesty,
Fairness and
Obeying to the law.
Work Ethics: Work ethics refers to the standards or a set of moral principles for
regulating behaviors of a certain defined profession. In order to consider that an
activity to be a profession, it should be carried out by one who has advanced
education, knowledge, and skills. Thus, for developing healthy working environment
and increase productivity, ethical work conducts are important medium.
The following are some of the common professional ethical principles which are
apply in the construction environment: these are:
Impartiality,
Punctuality
confidentiality
Accountability,
Transparency and openness,
Integrity,
Avoiding probable or apparent conflict of interests,
respecting the work ethics,
combating corruption and
Presenting the report on time.
4.1.7 Entrepreneur skill
Entrepreneurship can be defined as the process of involving the creation of new
enterprises. Entrepreneurship can also be defined as the process of involving the
creation of new enterprises and that the entrepreneur is the founder. He or she is the
person who perceives the market opportunity and then has the motivation, drive and
ability to mobilize resources to meet it. A construction project mainly requires large
human, financial, physical (material and equipment) institutional (management)
resources. Entrepreneurship is special human talent that helps manage those factors of
production such as labor machinery and capital and takes risks of making loses. An
entrepreneur is required to establish meaningful relationship between activity and
authority which is intimately related to planning function. This type of skill is a
88
capacity to create your own share company with other. In our site the contractors or
the consultant are a good example or a role model for me to become an entrepreneur
and work my own bossiness rather working in organization as employed. But to
become an entrepreneur especially in our country takes a time to know the business
well and a capacity to work such work need more money that we already have before.
Meanwhile, I got some advantages regarding the entrepreneurship skill and I have a
dream and motivation to become one of the greatest entrepreneurs in our country in
the upcoming years in the construction industry or any other working areas as a
whole.
The major characteristics of entrepreneurs that I have observed in the construction
place include the following:
Self-confident multi-skilled
Innovative skills
Results-orientated
A risk-taker
Total commitment
Self-Motivated
Communication skills
Management skills
Ability to work independently and as part of team work
89
CHAPTER 5
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the
reality work at the field of construction or civil engineering work. We all who take the
internship class go to companies that already working either as a consultant or a
contractor. The responsibilities of the hosting company are to teach students and
shape them in the six months as real site workers. My hosting company was a
consultant and construction team and they helped me take the internship session in
their company in acquiring different knowledge in different positions. They
collaborate with the contractors to teach us in that section and they believe that the
civil engineering work is more important for us than the consulting office.
This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field
works can be only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an
experience in building construction. We were able to acquire a high level of
confidence to deal with problems that arise in a building construction.
Since I took my internship session in the consulting and construction side M/S
SINGH CONSTRUCTION CO. I got opportunity to work in the different party of the
construction work which helped me to gain more knowledge by seeing what they
work in their own office and what are their main responsibilities to the client and also
each other.
M/S SINGH CONSTRUCTION CO. is general a construction cum consultancy
company in Dimapur, Nagaland, with state-wide projects and operate in the fields of
road, bridge, building construction and infrastructure development. Behind every
company‘s construction project, there is a strong commitment and promise of a
dedicated management and professional team that strive to meet the highest level of
quality construction. Since I was working with the side of this construction company,
I have understand
The overall organization of the company and the work flow
The tasks of the engineers and other employees.
90
The challenges of the works that will face the engineers and their solutions.
Management of human resource and the overall site and project activity.
More over working with skilled and experienced engineers and foreman gives me
great quality and made confidential.
Working with a consultant team gets me more knowledge than that of the contractor
in case that the consultation work includes the duty of the site engineers and in the
consultant office there are different office that are more important for me to upgrade
my knowledge in different aspects of work. The consultant team by its nature includes
designer team including structural engineers, architects, sanitary, electrical and
mechanical engineers, the contract administration and supervision team includes site
coordinators, supervisors and quantity workers and the financial office. This helps me
to get more knowledge than the contractors.
From the design team especially from the structural designers I got some clues about
how to design and the phases and different procedure in the designing of any structure
starting from the roof to the footing. The architects also helped me to know every
symbols used in any drawing and room orientations, how each room of the specified
space can be together without being disturbed by one another. In the sanitary and
electrical engineers also help us by teaching us about the riser diagram and
installation of each junction in place for a building.
They help me to understand what is going to be when I work in the consultant office.
The contractors also avail practical knowledge for us to improve our practical
knowledge status in the field. And also the contractors make us more familiar with
site works starting from communication skill, handling of different site works
equipment utilization manpower control to finishing of the work within the time
scheduled by the client.
However, this internship program was not free from challenges. The most challenge
was the amount of money allocated to the project was insufficient to handle all the
expense of the students during the internship experience and shortage of resource for
student like computer, class rooms for student only and any other problem exist. But
they come up with the challenges and teach us how we must gown to be in the field
after the graduation.
91
The most interesting part of my internship program was that the atmosphere I was
doing was suitable. The hugeness of the project, the enrichment of the company with
machineries, equipment and man power, experienced engineers and other situations
has lead me to be confidential, well experienced and skilled. Some of the benefits that
I gain due to internship program are:
Practical skills
Upgrading of theoretical knowledge and able to use it for practical work.
Developing of communication skill.
Developing skill of team work.
Improving personal ethics and knowing work ethics.
Being able to do different tasks.
Overall the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career. We are
proud to be able to contribute towards nation building during the country's extremely
critical period of the history. It will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and
to replicate in other disciplines as well.
5.2 Recommendations
5.2.1 Recommendation to the hosting company
Most works in the site needs careful attention and successive supervision of works but
the in some case the site works goes improperly due to different causes. This kind of
carelessness is not good for ether the consultant or the contractor. Therefore I suggest
supervisors and site engineers to take a care full look after the work executed on the
site and the work that will be executed.
In the site there are works which are performed in the way that were not to be
performed. Such works leads to safety problem, loose of human power if its degree is
high and economy if it is ordered to demolish it.
Thus I recommend for the company the following:
Testing of material before it delivered to the site and after it delivered and also
when it is in use for construction.
It is better to use steel form work than wood (plywood) formwork as it is very
repetitively used, stiff, not flammable easily and removed easily without damaging
the concrete structure.
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Use thicker eucalyptus false work in order to avoid the bulging of concrete
The mixing is very local and it must be mixed using mixing plant and the
proportion must be redesigned by using laboratory tests since the project is very huge
and is constructed a high raised building.
Bar staggering around support also need a special attention or re designing
because of that it hard to compact using vibrator through it.
The soil blended at the site must be as it is specified in the laboratory result
and the equipment used for blinding must be effective in the mixing process.
Compacting of the soil more than 20cm in pit and other excavation is
improper and it doesn‗t full fill the needed density. So, compaction must be in each
20cm layer as specified.
A cover material could be used for curing for any casted concrete structure
until it attains its strength.
Formwork should remove easily without damaging the concrete surface.
Addition of water for concrete casting should be known not by guessing.
Exaggerated design of some structural part of the building also uneconomical
and must be studied its requirement before provide it.
Use modern machinery or equipment for high productivity and to finish works
on time.
At the casting of column opening must be prepared at 1.50m for the columns
which are above 2.5m height.
Curing to be done properly.
After casting concrete of a column its formwork should be removed after 24
hours, but in our site they remove the column within 12-14 hours.
Ignoring the student suggestion is also a problem in the site which is
unreasonable and illogical. The sources of this kind of ignorance mainly arise from
under estimating of the student it must also avoid unless and otherwise it has a reason.
Safety work around the site
Human life is irreplaceable, which is susceptible of minor infections. Now days it has
become common to hear accidents on the construction industry. The more the
accidents are becoming redundant the responsibility of the contractors and the
attention to give to safety of the workers is progressing to be paramount. Therefore, it
cannot be denied to work on increasing the safety condition of the site. The most
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effective way of avoiding risks is the preventive strategy. As the health professionals
use to say ―prevention is better than cure‖, it is more than reasonable to be abide by
such motto. Less concerned safety rule, regulation and training are among the
problem in the site.
Safety of all working staffs and visitors should be observed to a highest care.
Infliction of injury shall be minimized. For this prior readiness is very important. The
safety management will be carried out with a special superintendent to be assigned on
site. The superintendent will be assisted with a dresser to be employed for the site.
Safety of the workers and visitors will be managed in the following strategies;
Preventive Strategy: Success would only be possible if there are workers, who can
give their potential output without fear of any unforeseen risks. While they are
striving to achieve the targeted result, they may not be focused on their safety matters.
This has to be taken care of by others, devoted for the same purpose. The preventive
strategy involves the following elements:
Orientation: - All working and visiting people must be oriented about safety and the
care they have to take once they are within the territory of construction. Falls from
scaffoldings, suspended slabs, roofs, ladders, lift holes, stairs, pits and the like are the
potential risks that the workers should be aware of. Orientation must include on how
to work with machines and equipment, the possible accident they may inflict and what
rules and procedures they have to follow when working with.
Signage: - Important signs that could remind people who are moving within the
working location should be situated in a place where everybody can see or look.
Firm Temporary Works: - All temporary works like scaffoldings and ladders should
be made strong, so that they are able to withstand the possible load to come upon
them.
Temporary guards: Temporary guard rails should be made in places where there are
open spaces where a person might fall down.
Lighting: - Appropriate lighting must be delivered, if there need to work on the night
times.
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Helmets: - Wearing of helmets must be mandatory for some staffs, supervisors and
visitors as mentioned on the contract document. Such should be made ready available
on site, with the appropriate coloring.
Accident Administration
After involving the above stated methods of prevention of accident, there could arise
different disastrous calamities within the project, which necessitate the application of
most serious and acute acting administration.
First Aid: - A dresser, who has relevant professional background will be assigned on
site for any possible first aid.
Secondary Treatment: Some accidents may require secondary treatment as a result
of infliction serious injury.
5.2.2 Recommendation to the University
The student goes to the internship class are owned by the university and are given to
the companies that use or teach us throughout the six months. So, before and after we
go to the companies the University must fulfill the following:
Evaluating and supervising student as they are in the site by sending mentors
on time.
Giving courses that are appropriate for the site work before the internship class
is commenced like report writing, quantity survey etc.
Organizing students those reside in the same place to create a team playing
skill and provide group working environment in order to share ideas.
Working with the companies closely to address more knowledge to the
student.
Mostly those listed problem challenges the student at site and if the university can
erase these challenges the intern student can do every work without being stressed and
worries. I would like to thank the Mewar University, Rajasthan, for introducing the
six months internship in our course of engineering, which most of the universities do
not offer. This internship was a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the
practical or the reality work at the field of construction or civil engineering work.
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REFERENCE
1. B.N. Dutta, “Estimating And Costing In Civil Engineering Theory And Practice
Including Specifications And Valuations”, Twenty-Sixth Revised Edition, 2007.
2. Dr. B.C. Punmia, Er. Ashok Kumar Jain, Dr. Arun K. Jain, “R.C.C. Designs
(Reinforced Concrete Structures)”, Tenth Edition, 2006.
3. Dr. K.R. Arora, ―Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering‖, Seventh Edition,
2015.
4. IS: 456-2000, ―Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of practice
(Fourth Revision)”, July 2000.
5. M. Chakraborti, “Estimating, Costing, Specification & Valuation In Civil
Engineering”, Fourteenth Edition, 2007.
6. P.N. Khanna, ―Indian Practical Civil Engineers’ Handbook”, Engineers‘
Publishers, New Delhi, 2008.
7. S. Ramamrutham, R. Narayan, “Theory of Structures”, New Ninth Revised and
Enlarged Edition, 2014.
8. Shashi Bhushan Suman, “Design of Concrete Structures”, Third Edition, 2015.
9. www.scholar.google.com
10. www.wikipedia.com
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APPENDIX
γc partial safety factor for concrete
γs partial safety factor for steel
C-5 concrete that have 5 MPa compressive strength
C–20 concrete that have 20 MPa compressive strength
fck characteristic compressive strength of concrete
fcd design compressive strength of concrete
ft. feet
m metre
q quintal
rm running metre
Sq ft square feet
Sq rm square running metre
Sq m square metre
