- 1. Why where these years turning points in American History?
1898 Spanish American War 1914-1918 - WWI 1929 The Great
Depression
2. Cause and Effect of Migration Westward migration to
California in the 1800s? The Gold Rush Migration from rural
(country) to urban (city) parts inthe late 1800s? Industrial
Revolution and the creation of factories. Evenwomen were allowed to
work in them and earn money for the family. The Great Migration of
African Americans to theNorth (c. 1910-1930) 3. Unit 2 Westward
Expansion 4. Ways RR changed Americas Economy Transcontinental RR
made it possible to travel toCalifornia and tied the country
together. RR construction created demand for steel. (Bessemer Steel
process used.) Created national market from coast to coast. 5.
Homestead Act The Homestead Act became law in 1862 when it
wassigned by President Abraham Lincoln. Under the new law a U.S.
Citizen could get 160 acres of unoccupied land west of the
Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. They could keep
the land if they lived on the land for five years and made
improvements to the land. 6. Great Plains Challenges When they
purchased the land they were told it well-watered and wooded land
what they found was very different. Little rainfall Few trees Tough
soil Extreme temps Plagues of Grasshoppers Isolationism (no
neighbors close by). 7. Alaska Gold Rush Miners attracted to Far
West because of discoveries ofprecious metals in California and
Alaska. A large number of people went West in hopes of striking it
rich! 8. Indian Policies Due to precious metal discoveries many
Indians weremoved off of their own lands to new locations
reservations. Reservations Federal Government set aside land which
the government felt was undesirable (no one wanted). Indian Wars
during this time were put down by Federal Troops and forced onto
reservations in the Great Plains. 9. Indian Policies Many policies
were supposed to help, however mosttimes they made issues worse.
Dawes Act (1887) Wanted to Americanize Native Americans Abolished
Native American Tribes and alloted IndiansTribal lands to
individuals who then sold them. American Indian Citizenship Act
(1924) Granted US Citizenship to all Native Americans born in US.
10. Immigration 11. Problems faced by immigrants in the Gilded Age
Crowed tenements one room apartments thatlacked daylight, adequate
plumbing. Pollution, sewage contamination of water. Low pay, long
hours Cannot speak English 12. Nativists the policy of protecting
the interests of nativeinhabitants against those of immigrants.
Love of the US and its people Opposed immigration 13. Immigrants
Came because? Push Factors OPPRESSION POVERTY WAR RELIGIOUS/ETHNIC
PERSECUTION Pull Factors FREEDOM ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY CULTURAL TIES
14. Americanized Immigrants Immigrants were working, so many times
becomingmore American was left to the children. They learned to
speak, act, dress and behave like Americans. Negative effect:
immigrant parents may want anarranged marriage because that was
their custom in their country however once Americanized, many
immigrant children would not agree to this. 15. Immigration Quotas
Many people felt that thereason that unemployment was so high
because Chinese workers were taking the jobs and accepting lower
wages. Chinese Exclusion Act first federal law restricting
immigration. Prohibited Chinese immigration for 10 years. 16.
INDUSTRIALIZATION 17. Political Machines City Government
wassometimes run by bad (corrupt) leaders. Boss would tell the
workers what to do and who to vote for. The political machine would
often provide jobs for immigrants but stole from the city
government through overpriced contracts. 18. Industrialization
Effects Because of inventions and new technology there was great
economic expansion. Steam and electricity replaced human and animal
strength. Iron replaced wood. The Bessemer process made steel more
economical. Assembly line. Steam powered machines Coal to power the
steam machines. Pollution of air and waterways. 19. Technology
Telephone Alexander Graham Bell Electric Light Bulb Thomas Edison
Elevator Elisha Otis Airplane Orville and Wilbur Wright Sewing
Machine Elias Howe 20. Robber Baron or Captain of Industry? Robber
Baron was a businessman that sometimesused ruthless tactics to
destroy competition and to keep workers wages low. 21. Big Business
Owners - Carnegie Andrew Carnegie Grew up poor Invested in iron
works and built a steel mill in Pittsburgh. He made money by
selling steel to the Railroads. Bought iron and coal mines. Paid
his workers low wages and forced them to work 12 hour shifts. Later
in life he wanted to give back and donated over $350 million
dollars to build libraries and give money to Universities. 22. Big
Business - Rockefeller Controlled the refining of oil (Monopoly).
Forced to dissolve his company because it was unfair tothe market
place. Later in life became a philanthropist and gave large amounts
of money away. 23. Labor Unions Worker Problems: Long hours, low
wages, poor working conditions, child labor, no benefits, no job
security. Rise of Labor Unions organized to help protectworkers
Knights of Labor American Federal of Labor begun by Samuel Gompers
24. Government Attitude toward Labor Unions Government had
anti-union bias Many in government saw unions as driving up the
costof goods. 25. Gilded Age for Women Minorities Children 26.
Laissez Fair Policies a policy that allows businesses to operate
with verylittle interference from the government. 27. Progressive
Era 28. Populist A new national party that supported the commonman.
Farmer gave their support to this party. Populist party felt that
the government needed to take a larger role to end: Oppression
Injustice Poverty. 29. Farmers Problems New Farm machinery and the
opening of the GreatPlains led to OVERproduction. Food prices fell
and expenses of the farmer stayed the same. Farmers lost money and
many lost their homes. 30. Progressives Took name from the belief
of progress. Most progressives were middle class and reflectedthose
ideas. 31. Muckrakers of the Time Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle
and exposed themeat packing industry for unsafe practices. Janne
Addams started Hull House to helpimmigrants in their neighborhoods
assimilate to American Life with classes in child care, English and
nursing (to name a few). 32. Jacob Riis photographer of Child
Labor. Ida Tarbell writer, wrote about Rockfellers StandardOil
business and his ruthlessness in the business world. W.E.B. DuBois
founded the NAACP NationalAssociation for the Advancement of
Colored People. Ida B. Wells organized an anti-lynching
crusade.Hanging was a tactic used to intimidate African American.
Susan B. Anthony Womens Rights and suffrageadvocate. 33. Social
Gospel Movement Protestant ministers called for reform. Organized
to help people less fortunate. Christians were called upon to
perform acts of charityand goodness this movement strongly
influenced PROHIBITION. 34. Progressive Laws & Reforms 16th
Amendment gave Congress the power to taxpersonal income. 17th
Amendment 2 senators will be elected from eachstate. 18th Amendment
prohibited the sale of alcohol 19th Amendment Womens right to vote
35. Reforms National Park Service Protected public parks and
monuments. Anti-Trust Legislation (Clayton Antitrust Act) Increased
the federal governments power to prvent unfair business practices.
Interstate Commerce Commission Help regulate certain industries.
36. Reforms Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 Meat Inspection Act 1906
Both passed to protect the consumer Federal Reserve Created to
regulate the amount of money in circulation. Its duties today are
to conduct the nations monetary policy, supervise and regulate
banking institutions, maintain the stability of the financial
system and provide financial services to depository institutions,
the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions. 37. Teddy
Roosevelt Square Deal Helped break up bad trusts Square Deal: Meat
Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act Protection of Nations
natural resources. Withheld federal lands from public sale. 38.
Sanford Dole In Hawaii there was unrest and the Queen tried toget
power back from American settlers that had plantation there. Queen
Liliukalani was overthrown. Attorney Sanford Dole, was the leader
of the provisional government of Hawaii while plans were worked out
in the US in order to annex Hawaii. Served as President of Hawaii
and then later as Governor of Hawaii after it was annexed by US.
Doles cousin developed the Dole Company. 39. Alfred Thayer Manhan
Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History Argued for making US
into a world power.The US needed a strong navy, merchant marine to
protect its colonial interests. Lead advocate for imperial
expansion. 40. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR 41. Causes of the Spanish
American War HUMANITARIAN: Americans sympathized with the Cuban
Revolution because they felt like it was like their own. They also
had seen pictures of Cubans in military camps, where 30% of Cubans
died from starvation. EXPANSIONIST: Americans realized they could
seize land from Spain, who was weak. New colonies = new naval
bases. ECONOMIC: Spain had imposed taxes on Cuba and Cuba had
experienced an economic collapse. Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine
Yellow Journalism Jingoism = intense patriotism 42. Effects of the
Spanish-American War United States defeats Spain in less than four
months 2,446 Americans died (400 in combat, the rest fromdisease)
Spain recognizes Cubas independence. United States begins to
control Cuban politics and economy. Puerto Rico, Philippines, and
Guam become United States territories. United States is recognized
as a world power. 43. M.A.I.N 44. Long Term Causes Militarism
Glorifying Military Power Keeping a large standing armyprepared for
war Arms race for military technology 45. Long Term Causes Alliance
System Designed to keep peace in Europe,instead pushed continent
towards war Many Alliances made in secret By 1907 two major
alliances: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente 46. Long Term Causes
Imperialism European competition for colonies Quest for colonies
often almost led towar Imperialism led to rivalry and mistrust
amongst European nations 47. Long Term Causes Nationalism- Deep
Devotion to OnesNation Competition and Rivalry developed between
European nations for territory and markets (Example France and
Germany- Alsace-Lorraine) 48. Leaders Triple AllianceTriple
EntenteKaiser Wilhelm IIDavid Lloyd George(Germany)(England)Franz
Joseph IRaymond Poincare(Austria-Hungary)(France)Vittorio
OrlandoCzar Nicholas II(Italy)(Russia) 49. 1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:England (Great Britian)Triple
Alliance:GermanyFranceAustriaHungryRussiaItaly 50. Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:Central Powers: 51. The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied
Powers:Central Powers:Nicholas II [Rus] Kaiser Wilhelm IIGeorge V
[Br](Germany)Victor Emmanuel II [It]Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres.
Poincare [Fr]Franz Josef [A-H] 52. Results of WWI 53. Wilsons 14
Points Proposed by Wilson as a basis for Peace treaty. Create new
nation-states: Poland Break up Austria Hungry Freedom of the Seas
No secret treaties, open diplomacy League of Nations 54. Treat of
Versailles Ended WWI. Dealt harshly with Germany Germany lost
colonies Austria-Hungry and Ottoman Turkey were broken into
separate national-states. League of Nations created. 55. 1920s 56.
*Flappers wore short skirts bobbed their hair listened to jazz
music flaunted their dislike for the old views about women. * they
were open to flaunting sexuality, smoked cigarettes, drank booze
and drove cars. 57. THE RED SCARE & LABOR UNREST 58. Twenties
Tensions Vocabulary: Write these words at the top of the page that
says A: Red Scare Capitalism: Economic system ofPrivate Ownership.
(U.S.) Communism: Classless society marked by government ownership
of property and industry. (Soviet Union) Red Scare: Intense fear of
communism and other politically radical ideas. 59. Causes of the
Red Scare 1.Communism was considered a threat to American values
(capitalism, individualism, civil liberties)2. Lenin argued that
for communism to work it would have to spread world wide. 3.
Americans feared the spread of Communism. 60. Effects of the Red
Scare 1. Renewed nativism: laws restricting immigration rebirth of
KKK 2. Attack on civil liberties: Supreme Court rules the
government can silence free speech when it creates a clear and
present danger. Many states banned antiAmerican writings, red
flags, etc. 61. Early Twenties Labor Unrest After WWI, competition
for jobs increased as soldiersreturned from the war. Competition
created:- Class struggles (Rich V. Poor) - Racial tensions (White
V. Black, White V. Immigrants) Political unrest (Capitalists V.
Communists) 62. Strikes and Labor Riots 191914 million people go on
strike Seattle Central Strike 35,000 ships builders walkedoff the
job. Then Union asked all CITY workers to walk off. ALL ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY CAME TO A HAULT. Boston Police Strike Steel workers and
coal miners (organized by the AFL) 63. Government sides against
Labor Unions. There is no right to strike against the public safety
by anybody, anywhere, anytime. (Pres. Calvin Coolidge)Do you agree?
64. The Red Scare and Nativism Labor unrest andriots get linked to
anti-communist fears New immigrants get blamed 1921- Quotas are
established 65. Palmerbombs sent Raids In 1919 mail by radicals to
rich industrialists and government leaders exploded in many cities.
Attorney General A.Mitchell Palmer conducted raids to arrested
thousands of Communists, Socialists, and anarchists. Without formal
charges 66. Restrictions on Immigration & The Rise of the KKK
67. Quota Act The objective of this act was to temporarily limit
thenumbers of immigrants to the United States by imposing quotas
based on country of birth. 68. Rising Intolerance/ the New KKK The
Ku Klux Klanattracted more than four million members. The KKK
terrorized a long list of people: Catholics, Blacks, Jews, Asians,
immigrants, and homosexuals. 69. Prohibition 70. Causes of the 18th
Amendment (Prohibition) Temperancemovement: arguing to eliminate
drunkenness Reduce family abuse Prevent absenteeismon the job amd
promote worker production 71. Effects of the 18th Amendment:
Prohibition 1.Bootleggers emerge: suppliers of illegal
alcohol.2.Speakeasies: illegal bars3.Rise of organized crime:
supplying illegal alcohol became big business and very profitable,
resulting in the rise of gangsters like Al Capone. 72.
Prohibition1933 with the Ends Prohibition ends in 21st amendment.
Prohibition is remembered as oneof the worst social experiments in
U.S. history. You cannot legislate Morality Bill Maher 73. The
Science vs. Religion Debate 74. Twenties Tensions Vocabulary:
Fundamentalism: Belief that the Biblewas inspired by God and does
not contain mistakes. Literal Interpretation (Scopes Monkey Trial)
75. Scopes Monkey Trial Tennessee law outlawed theteaching of
evolution. The ACLU, (American CivilLiberties Union) asked a
science teacher to break the law and test it in court. The case
became known asthe monkey trial and fueled the debate between
science and religious fundamentalism. 76. Prosecutor and Defense
talk during the Scopes Trial William JenningsBryan assisted the
prosecution. Clarence Darrow represented John Scopes. 77. 1920s
Presidents Decade of Republican Presidents. All three Presidents
would support Laissez Faireeconomies. 78. Return to Normalcy As a
candidate forpresident, Warren G. Harding promised to return
America to normal after WWI . His presidency however (1921-1923) is
known as one of the most corrupt in American history. 79. Teapot
Dome Scandal The worst scandal of theHarding Administration.
Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall secretly gave private oil
companies the right to drill for oil on government land in Teapot
Dome, Wyoming. Fall received more than $300,000 in illegal payments
and gifts disguised as loans. 80. Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929
Coolidge became presidentfollowing the death of Harding in 1923.
The chief business of the American people is business. Silent Cal
believed that the government should leave business alone and allow
it to grow (laissez fair). 81. Herbert Hoover 1929 - 1933 The last
RepublicanPresident of the 1920s. The stock market crashed six
months after he took office. Hoover becomes vilified in history
because of his stance on how to fix the Depression. 82. Republican
Economic Policies Trickle Down Economics Raised Taxes for middle
and lower classes Loaned European countries more $ to help pay back
the $11 billion war debt High Tariffs Increased gap between rich
and poor. Autarky United States politics to refer to the idea that
tax breaks or other economic benefits provided by government to
businesses and upper income levels will benefit poorer members of
society by improving the economy as a whole.[ 83. Overproduction of
Goods Industrial Goods Production increased but demand decreased.
Farm Products Production increased- demand decreased. 84. Unchecked
Stock Speculation Investors believed that thestock market would go
up indefinitely and that companies profits would continue to
increase. The value of many companies stock became artificially
inflated and did not represent the companies true worth. Some
economists predicted that the market was headed for a fall
investors did not listen. 85. Unregulated Banking System Margin
Buying allowedinvestors to put 10 or 20% cash down and borrow the
rest from a bank. October 29, 1929 Black Tuesday- orders to sell at
any price. Fortunes were lost within hours as the Stock Market
crashed. The Great Crash caused the collapse of the banking system-
by 1932 6,000 banks had closed. 86. Unequal Distribution of Wealth
Large gap between rich and poor. 1% of America owned over 59% ofthe
wealth. 60% of American families lived on $2,000 per year or less.
87. Effects of The Great Depression Nine million savings accounts
wiped out. 60% of Americans are at the poverty level. Two million
homeless people. Long bread lines were seen in most major cities.
People lived in Hoovervilles shacks made out ofplywood, cardboard
metal, etc..
