U.S. History Time Line

By: Ordashia hawkins

1839 1850 1851

Social Darwinism -The philosophy called

social Darwinism grew out of the English natureralist Charles Darwin's theory of

biological evolution.

Sweat Shops-In sweat shops or work

shops, in tenements rather than in factories, workers had little choice but to put up with the conditions, the

work was tedious and required few skills.

Bessemer Process -The Bessemer Process

created by Henry Bessemer and William Kelly became

widely used. This technique involved

injecting air into molten iron to remove carbon and

other impurities.

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1862 1864 1866

Sand Creek Massacre-One of the most tragic events occurred in 1864.

Most of the Cheyenne thought they were protected U.S. gov. and returned to Colorado's Sand Creek Reserve. But General S.R. Curtis still

wanted them to suffer. In response Chivington & his troops descended on the Cheyenne. On Nov. 29, 1864 they killed over 150 inhabitants, mostly

children and women.

Long Drive-After a herd of animals were

gathered and branded, the trail boss chose a crew for the Long

Drive. This overland transport, or Long Drive, of the animals often lasted for about three months,

they included a cowboy for every 250 to 300 head of cattle, a cook,

and a wrangler.

Buffalo Soldiers-Members of the U.S. 10th

Calvary regiment of the U.S. army. Formed on Sept. 21, 1866, was established

by congress as the first peacetime all-black

regiments in the regular U.S. army.

Credit Mobilier-In one of the most infamous schemes, stockholders in the union Pacific railroad formed,

and in 1862, a construction co. called Credit Mobilier, where stockholders gave this co. a

contract to lay track at two to three times the actual cost and

pocketed the profits.

Homestead Act-A powerful attraction of the west was the land

itself. In 1862, congress passed the Homestead Act, offering 160 acres of free

land to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household. http://tinyurl.com/ce5pahk

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1867 1868 1869

Oliver Kelly-In 1867, Oliver Kelly started the Patrons of Husbandry, it was an organization for

farmers that became popularly known as

Grange.

Grange-A Grange is an organization

of farmers, it's original purpose was to provide a

social outlet &and an educational forum for

isolated families.

Sitting Bull-Sitting Bull (Tatanka

Iyotanka) leader of the Hunk papa Sioux, he

actually never signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie.

Tammy Hall- Boss tweed became head of Tammy Hall, New York

Cities powerful Democratic political machine in 1868.

George Westinghouse-An American entrepreneur & engineer who invented the railway air brake and

was a pioneer of the electrical industry.

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1871

George A. Custer-In1874, which Colonel

George Custer reported that the Black Hills, had

gold "From the grass roots down." and the gold rush

was on.

18741870

John D. Rockefeller-Corp. such as the standard oil company, established

by Rockefeller, took a different approach to

mergers: They joined w/ competing companies in trust arguments. He also

had a great fortune.

Civil Service- Reformers began to press

for the elimination of patronage and the

adoption of a merit system of hiring. Jobs in civil

service- gov. administration- should go

to the most qualified persons, reformers.

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Battle of Little Big Horn-An armed engagement

between combined forces Lakota, Northern

Cheyenne an Arapaho tribes against the 7th Calvary reg. of the U.S.

army.

Thomas A. Edison-In 1876, Edison became a

pioneer on the new industrial frontier, which he established the worlds first research lad in Menlo

Park, New Jersey.

Telephone-Alexander Bell & Weston invented this in 1876, the telephone's purpose was

to permit two or more users to conduct a

conversation when they aren't in the same area.

1876

Mark Twain-Samuel Clemens, the novelist humors better known as Mark Twain, inspired a host of other young authors when he declared his independence of of "Lit. and all that bosh." Yet some of

his books became classics in American literature - Adventures of

Huckleberry Finn.

Jim Crow Laws-Segregation Laws later

came to be known as Jim Crow Laws after a popular

old minstrel song that ended in the words "Jump,

Jim Crow."

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1877

Chief Joseph-Joseph led his band

during the most tumultuous period in their contemporary

history. His band and another took flight to

attempt to reach political asylum.

National Farmers Alliance-The Grange of farmers

gave rise to other organizations, such as

farmers alliances. Alliances sent lectures from town, to

town to educate people about topics such as lower interest rates on loans &

gov. control over railroads and banks.

Rubber Barons- By the late 1800's,the term was typically applied to

businessmen who used what were considered to

be exploitative practices to amass their wealth.

Gilded Age (1877-1917)-When Mark Twain &

Charles Dudley Warner wrote the novel, The Gilded Age, the title

became the name of the of the period from the

1870's to the 1890's. In the 19th century, cities

experienced rapid growth under inefficient gov. social

darwism, city bosses ect.

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George Pullman-The railroads helped cities not only grow, but branch

out. In 1880, for example George Pullman built

factory fo manufacturing sleepers &other railroad cars in the Illinois prairie.

Booker T. Washington-The prominent African

American educator Booker T. Washington believed that racism would end

once blacks acquired useful labor skills & proved their economic value to society.

By 1881 he headed the Tuskegee Normal and

Industrial Institute, now called Tuskegee

University , in Alabama

Assimilation-Native Americans still had supporters in the U.S. the well known writer Helen Hunt Jackson, for

example exposed the gov. many broken promises in her 1881 book" A century of Dishonor" at the

same time many sympathizers supported assimilation, which was a plan to have Native

Americans to give up their beliefs & way oflife to become part of the white culture.

188218811880

Ida B. Wells-B. Wells began her career as a teacher in Memphis, later she became a news editor. Racial justice was always her

theme in reporting. On March, 1882that theme became her

crusade, three African American businessmen, friends of hers were

lynched legally executed without trial, Wells saw it for what it really was

though, a way to get rid of negroes acquiring wealth.

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1884

Joseph Pulitzer-Pulitzer was an Hungarian

immigrant who had bought the New York World in

1883, he pioneered popular innovation, such as

a large Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage, &

women's news.

1883

George Eastman-New techniques eliminated

the need to develop pictures right away.

George Eastman developed a series of

more covalent alternatives to the heavy glass plates

previously used. Years later he founded "Kodak".

Mugwumps-Republican Political

activists who bolted from the U.S. Republican Party by supporting Democratic

Candidates.

Settlement House-In the late 1880's, a few reformers established Settlement Houses, or

community centuries in slum neiborhoods that provided assistance to

people in the are, especially immigrants.

1884 Toynbee Hall.

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1886

Haymarket Affair-Labor leaders were

pressing for changes on May 4, 1886, 3,000 people

gathered at Chicago's Haymarket Square to

protest police brutality- a striker had been killed and several had been wounded

at the McCormick Harvester plant the day

before.

Colored Farmer's Alliance-Membership grew to over 4 million. About 250,000

African Americans belonged to Colored

Farmers National Alliance. Some Alliance members promoted cooperation

between black and white alliances, but most

members accepted the separation between them.

Samuel Gompers-

One approach to the organization of labor was

craft unionism, which included skilled workers

from one or more trades. Samuel Gompers led the

cigar makers international union to join with other

craft unions in 1886.

Jane Adams-Settlement Houses in the

U.S. were founded by Charles Stover & Stanton

Colt in NY City in 1886. Jane Adams was one

of the most influential members of the

movement.

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18891887

Interstate Commerce Commission-Interstate Commerence

Actin1887which reestablished the right of the federal gov. to

supervise railroad activity &it also established a five-member

interstate commerce commission, because of this they had

trouble regulating the railroad.

Daws Act-In 1887 congress passed the Daws Act aiming to

"Americanize" the Native Americans. It gave some of

the land to individual Native Americans 160

acres each.

Andrew Carneigie-In 1889 Carneigie had his

own steal Co. & manufactured more steel then all factories in Great

Britain.

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Ghost Dance-Because the Sioux were so desperate they turned to a

Paiute prophet who promised that is the Sioux performed ritual called the

Ghost Dance, Native American lands and way of

life would be restored.

1890

Sherman Antitrust Act-In 1890, the Sherman

Antitrust Act made it illegal to form a trust that

interfered with free trade between states with other

countries.

Wounded Knee-On Dec. 28, 1890, the 7th cavalry rounded up 350

starving & freezing Sioux, and

demanded them o give up their weapons, a shot was fired, and soldiers opened fire with a deadly cannon. Within minutes they killed

300 unarmed Native Americans including

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18941892Omaha Platform-

On July 2, 1892, a populist party convention in Omaha, Nebraska,

demanded reformers to lift the burden of debt from

farmers, and other workers, and to give the people a greater voice in

their gov.

Ellis Island-Immigrants were scared

they would not be admitted to the U.S. they had to pass inspection at

immigration stations. Such as the one at Castle Garden

in NY, which was later moved to Ellis Island in NY

harbor.

Populist-Leaders o the alliance

movement realized that to make far-reaching changes, they would need to built a

base of political power. Populist, the movement of the people was born with

the founding of the Populist or peoples party.

Pullman Strike-The town of Pullman remained firmly under

company control. They were not allowed to loiter on their own front steps or to drink alcohol.

Pullman hoped his rules would maintain a stable work environment. But his refusal to lower rents after cutting his worker pay led to a violent strike

in 1894.

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"Cross of Gold Speech"-This speech was made

famous by William J. Bryan and he i characterized by a

quote from it. "The humblest citizen in all the

land, when clad in armor of a righteous cause, is

stronger than all the hosts of error."

1896

Plessey v. Ferguson-In 1896, Plessey v.

Ferguson was brought to the supreme court to test

whether or not segregation was acceptable by the

constitution. The supreme court ruled that the

separation of races in public was legal and did

not violate the 14th amendment.

Mail-Order Catalog-In 1896 the post

office introduced rural free delivery (RFD) system that brought packages directly

to every home.

William McKinley-As the 1896 campaign

progressed the Republican Party stated it's firm commitment to gold

standard & nominated Ohioan William McKinley

for president.

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Ragtime-Ragtime is a blend of

African-American spirituals and European musicals

form it. Ragtime originated in the 1800’s in the south.

1897

19031901

Bimetallism -The central issue was

which metal would be the basis of the nations

monetary system. One one side were he "Silverites",

who favored bimetallism, a monetary system which

the gov. could give citizens either gold or silver in

exchange for paper currency or checks.

Orville & Wilbur Wright-They had many attempts at

flying “Heavier-then-air” craft aloft. First they build a glider. Their first successful flight Dec. 17, 1903 at Kitty

Hawk, NC.

1905

W.E.B. Dubois-In 1905, Dubois founded the Niagara Movement, which insisted blacks to

seek a liberal arts education so the

community would have well educated leaders.

1904

Eugene v. Debs-Some labor leaders felt

that unions should include all laborers-skilled &

unskilled- in a specific industry. This concept

captured the imagination of Eugene v. Debs, who

attempted to form such an industrial union.

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1910

Angel Island-While European immigrants arriving on

the East Coast passed through Ellis Island, Asians-primarily Chinese- arriving on the

West Coast gained admission at Angel Island in San Fran. Bay. Immigrants

endured harsh questioning and long detention in filthy ram shack buildings.

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