Basic units of EVERYTHING!

Which of these is true?

1 2 3

3%

82%

15%

1. “Atom” and “molecule” mean the same thing.

2. Atoms are made of molecules.

3. Molecules are made of atoms.

What is the smallest structure in this list that can be seen with an ordinary desk microscope?

1 2 3 4

35%

18%

10%

38%1. Cells.2. Cell nucleus.3. Atoms.4. Chain molecules,

such as proteins.

Atoms

In our model of scale, remember that the BB represented an atom.

As a class, identify the atoms represented here and label the sub-atomic particles.

Electrons

ProtonsNeutrons

Hydrogen Helium

What elements are represented here? Use the Periodic Table on the wall to identify these atoms.

What does the term “valence shell” mean? Label the valence shell on each of these.

Carbon OxygenPhosphorous Calcium

IonsLoss or gain of

an electron makes an

atom into an ion.

+

-

-Gaining an electron makes a positive or

negative ion?

Losing an electron makes

a positive or negative ion?

IsotopesAtoms that gain or lose

a neutron become isotopes.

Radioactive isotopes are used in medicine for imaging (such as

PET scanners).

Why is this important?• Each element has distinct

properties: color, melting point, reactivity, etc.

• The basic atomic structure of each element determines that element’s properties. Change the structure, and you have an entirely different element.

Which of these is found in the nucleus of an atom?

1 2 3 4

78%

6%6%11%

1. Protons2. Electrons3. DNA4. Depends on the

atom

An ion is an atom that has lost or gained:

1 2 3 4

83%

11%

0%6%

1. An electron2. A proton3. A neutron4. Any sub-atomic

particle

T or F: An atomic nucleus and a cell nucleus are about the

same size.

1. True2. False3. Depends on which

cell and which atom.

Atoms bond together• Molecules are made up of atoms

bonded together.• The structure of an individual atom

determines:• Whether the atom can form

bonds.• How many other atoms it can

bond to.

In our model of scale, remember that the marble represented a

small molecule, such as glucose.

How many atoms can each of these atoms

bond with?

How do we know?

Fill in the blank column with number of covalent bonds formed by each atom.

14

32

52

Ionic Bonding

Ionic substances tend to form crystaline lattices rather than distinct molecules.

Covalent BondingCo = together

valent = valence shells

The hydrogen atom. How many bonds can it form?

Covalent bondingA hydrogen molecule. How many hydrogen atoms are involved?

Can there be more? Why or why not?

• Describe in your own words the difference between ionic and covalent bonding.

WORK

TOGETHER

Covalent Bonding

Polar bonding between atoms produces a polar molecule, which has areas with slightly positive

or slightly negative charges.

• Describe in your own words the difference between nonpolar and polar covalent bonding

WORK

TOGETHER

When atoms bond together, they make:

1 2 3 4 5

20% 20% 20%20%20%

1. Cells2. Molecules3. More atoms4. Ions5. Isotopes

Which of these is true?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%6%

94%1. Molecules and cells are about the same size.

2. Molecules are much smaller than cells.

3. Cells are much smaller than molecules.

4. “Cell” and “molecule” mean the same thing.

Which kind of bond between atoms creates a distinct

molecule?

1 2 3

44%

17%

39%1. Ionic bonding2. Covalent bonding3. Both ionic and

covalent bonding.

Which is true about polar covalent bonding?

1 2 3

6%0%

94%1. An electron is

shared equally between two atoms.

2. An electron is shared unequally between two atoms.

3. An electron leaves one atoms and becomes part of another.

True or false? The atomic “shell” is a cell membrane.

1 2

88%

13%

1. True2. False

Why is polarity so important?

Salt dissolves in water. Oil does not.Why?

What will oil dissolve in? Why?

• Is a water molecule in the gas phase larger than, smaller than, or the same size as a water molecule in the solid phase?

• Describe what happens to water molecules as liquid water evaporates.

WORK

TOGETHER

Molecules bond together

Weak attractive forces between molecules are called hydrogen bonds.

Here, sugar (a polar substance) is in solution with water (also polar). Mark where the hydrogen bonds will form.

Hydrogen bonding occurs:

1 2 3 4

25% 25%25%25%1. Between atoms.2. Between

molecules.3. Between cells4. Between any

particles.

Hydrogen bonding is:

1 2 3

33% 33%33%1. Strong and difficult to break, like polar covalent bonding.

2. A strong attraction between charged ions, like ionic bonding.

3. A weak attraction between polar molecules.

Properties of Water• Water is:

• Cohesive• Adhesive• A “universal solvent”

• Water also has:• A high specific heat• A high heat of vaporization

pH is a ratio between H+ and OH- ions in solution.

• One unusual property of water is that it is less dense in the solid stage than in the liquid stage, which causes ice to float. Why does water become less dense as it freezes? Use what you learned about hydrogen bonding between molecules.

WORK

TOGETHER

Recap

1.What is the difference between atoms and molecules?

2.What is the difference between ionic bonding and polar covalent bonding?

3.How is polarity related to pH?