Prohibited Business Transactions In Islam

PROHIBITED

BUSINESS

ACTIVITIES

IN ISLAM

MBA 30(A)

PROHIBITED BUSINESS ACTIVITIES IN ISLAM

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

First of all, we thanks to Allah, the almighty, for giving us the strength and will to do work on this project.

We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to our

respectable teacher “Sir Abdul Basit Qureshi” for his exemplary guidance,

monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of semester . The

encouragement and guidance given by Him will help us in future life of study.

We also like to pay gratitude to our group members (Wasim Aslam, Ishfaq Ali,

Muhammad Wasim, Sehree Mumtaz & Badar-ud-Duja) for their constant

encouragement and participation without which this project would not be possible.


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ISLAMIC HISTORY AND BUSINESS

INTRODUCTION:

ISLAM & BUSINESS

Islam is a true religion for all kind of mankind. It teaches and gives universal awareness and give

concrete proof on the base of QURAN and SUNNAH. In context of business, Islam clearly

prompt and persuaded the people to earn money through legal way.

Intention about business in Holy Book of Quran:

“Whereas Allah has permitted trading & forbidden Riba” (2:275)

ALLAH give clearly massage to permission of business but along with indicate to prohibited

activities of business in Islam.

Islam and business have inspirational relation:

The Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) first Profession was Trade. Historically

analyzing the early Three hundred (300) years of Islam, we find out that Islam reached in Arab

through trade and business activities. Sub-Continent, South Philippines, Indonesia, Europe, and

Africa on these areas Islam reached through business and trade.

Three main places of business transaction in Island Arab (Jazeera Arab).

MAKKAH

MADINA

TAIF

In Makkah there were big markets of Textile, Silk and they were also doing the trade of

Perfumery (Atar-farooshi), leather, gold, silver and agriculture.

In Taif they were also doing business related to leather. Big industries of leather and wine

factories were there. On the basis of pleasant weather, in field of agriculture they were better

than other Arabs city.


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Similarly in MADINA business activities relates to SAHABA KARAM (R.A).

HAZRAT ABU BAKAR SADDIQUE (R.A) had a big factory of Textile at Sukh. HAZRAT

UMER FAROOQ (R.A) was expanding his business from Hijaz to Najr. And also proved from

history that he was doing business of weapons. Hazrat Usman Ghani (R.A) was a Textile Dealer

and Hazrat Abdul Rahman Bin Auf(R.A) was related to business of Banaspati, cheese. Hazrat

Zubair’s (R.A) business was related to Garments. Sahaba karam (R.A) did business under rule

and restriction of Islam and always tried to avoid the prohibition of business.


First and the most important aspect of business in Islam is ethics. In Islam conducting a business

transaction varies from of unethical Business practices, Muslim should be avoid in that manner

of business activity.

Islam Prohibited Unethical Business Activities:

1. Dealing of Haram Items

2. Sale of Al-Gharar

3. Hoarding of Food Stuff

4. Exploitation of One’s Ignorance of Market Condition

5. Al-Najish (Trickery)

6. Cheating & Fraud in Business Transactions

7. Swearing

8. Giving Short Measure

9. Dealing In stolen Goods


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1. DEALING OF HARAM ITEM:

Dealing in unlawful items such as Carrion (Dead meat), Pigs and idols is strongly prohibited in

Islam. Dead meat would mean the flesh of any bird or animal dead from natural causes, without

being properly slaughter in Islamic way.

Allah says in Quran-e-Pak. (surah Al-Ma’idah. Ayat no.3)

Prohibited to you are dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated

to other than Allah , and [those animals] killed by strangling or by a violent blow or by a head-long fall or by the goring of horns, and those from which a wild animal has eaten, except what you [are able to] slaughter [before its death], and those which are sacrificed on stone altars, and

[prohibited is] that you seek decision through divining arrows. That is grave disobedience. This day those who disbelieve have despaired of [defeating] your religion; so fear them not, but fear

Me. This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion. But whoever is forced by severe hunger with no inclination to sin - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.

ام پر تم پر ُمردار حرام کر دیا گیا ہے اور خون اور سؤر کا گوشت اور جو ہللا کے سوا کسی اور کے ننگ کر مرنے واال اور سی ذبح کیا گیا ہو اور دم گھٹ کر مرنے واال اور چوٹ لگ کر مرنے واال اور ِگر

ے لگنے سے مرنے واال اور وہ بھی جسے درندوں نے کھایا ہو، سوائے اس کے کہ جسے تم )اس ک

یا مرنے سے پہلے( ذبح کر لو اور وہ )بھی حرام ہے( جو معبوداِن باطلہ کی قربان گاہوں پر ذبح کدن وہ ہ سب فسق ہے۔ آج کےجائے اور یہ بات بھی کہ تم تیروں کے ذریعہ آپس میں حّصے بانٹو۔ ی

و لوگ جو کافر ہوئے تمہارے دین )میں دخل اندازی( سے مایوس ہو چکے ہیں۔پس تم ان سے نہ ڈرنی بلکہ مجھ سے ڈرو۔ آج کے دن میں نے تمہارے لئے تمہارا دین کامل کر دیا اور تم پر میں نے اپ

و ور پر پسند کر لیا ہے۔ پس جنعمت تمام کر دی ہے اور میں نے اسالم کو تمہارے لئے دین کے طبھوک کی شدت سے )ممنوعہ چیز کھانے پر( مجبور ہو چکا ہو اس حال میں کہ وہ گناہ کی طرف

جھکنے واال نہ ہو تو ہللا یقیناً بہت بخشنے واال )اور( بار بار رحم کرنے واال ہے۔


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Therefore, it is not permissible for Muslim to trade in dead meat and same as trade in

pork or intoxicants, sale of Idols and statues are not permitted in Islam.

The Holy Quran also says) Surah Al-Ma’idah. Ayat no. 90)

“O ye who believe! Wine and the game of hazard and idols and divining arrows

are only an abomination of Satan’s handiwork. So shun each one of them that you may prosper.”

اور بت)پرستی( اور تِیروں سے قسمت ١اے وہ لوگو جو ایمان الئے ہو! یقیناً مدہوش کرنے والی چیز اور جؤ

ناپاک شیطانی عمل ہیں۔ پس ان سے پوری طرح بچو تاکہ تم کامیاب ہو جاؤ۔ آزمائی یہ سب

The Prophet (P.B.U.H) is also reported to have said;

“Allah and His Messenger made illegal the trade of alcoholic liquors, dead

animals, pigs and idols.” (Bukhari, No: 2082)

The Prophet (P.B.U.H) also said;

"If Allah makes something unlawful, he makes its price also unlawful.

(Ahmad, No: 2546)


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2. Sale of Al-Gharar (Uncertainty, Risks, Speculation)

The Prohibition of Gharar

There are numerous Hadiths forbidding Gharar sales, and specific instances thereof. One

commonly cited Hadith was narrated by Muslim, 'Ahmad, 'Abu Dawud, Al Tirmidhi, Al

Nasa'i, Al Darami and 'Ibn Majah on the authority of 'Abu Hurayra (R.A) (translation of

the version in Muslim) that

“The Prophet (P.B.U.H) prohibited the pebble sale and the Gharar sale.”

A good translation of Gharar is "risk" or "uncertainty”

Many classical examples of Gharar were provided explicitly in the Hadith. They include

the sale of fish in the sea, birds in the sky, an unborn. Calf in its mother's womb, a

runaway animal, the semen and unfertilized eggs of camels, un ripened fruits on the tree,

etc. All such cases involve the sale of an item which may or may not exist. In such

circumstances, to mention but a few, the fish in the sea may never be caught, the calf may

be still born, and the fruits may never ripen. In all such cases, it is in the best interest of

the trading parties to be very specific about what is being sold and for what price. For

instance, 'Ahmad and 'Ibn Majah narrated on the authority of 'Abu Said Al Khudriy

(mAbpwh):

The Prophet (P.B.U.H)) has forbidden the purchase of the unborn animal in its mother's

womb, the sale of the milk in the udder without measurement, the purchase of spoils of

war prior to their distribution, the purchase of charities prior to their receipt, and the

purchase of the catch of a diver.

“Oh Prophet of Allāh! A man comes to me and asks me to sell him what is not with me,

so I sell him [what he wants] and then buy the goods for him in the market [and deliver]'.

And the Prophet (P.B.U.H) said: 'sell not what is not with you.”

Hadīth: Sunan Abī Dāwūd, No.3503

An Islamic finance term describing a risky or hazardous sale, where details concerning

the sale item are unknown or uncertain. Gharar is generally prohibited under Islam, which

explicitly forbids trades that are considered to have excessive risk due to uncertainty.


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Speculation

Investment in stocks, property, etc. in the hope of gain but with the risk of loss the company's

move into property speculation"

84. Avoid Suspicion (Speculation), Spying and Backbiting

And do not pursue that of which you have no knowledge. Indeed, the hearing, the sight and

the heart - about all those [one] will be questioned.

(Surah No. 17, Al Isra (Bani Israil), Ayat No. 36)

O believers ! Avoid suspicion (speculation) as much as possible: suspicion (speculation) in some

cases is a sin: and spy not on each other, nor backbite on one another. Would any of you like to

eat the flesh of his dead brother ? No ; you would hate it (so hate backbiting), and fear Allah: In

fact, Allah is the One Who forgives and accepts repentance, Most Merciful.

(Surah no. 49, al hujurat, ayat no. 12)


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As far as possible we must avoid making suspicion or speculations on others matters, but if we

speculate that a particular family is noble and very helpful then it is not prohibitted.

Unneccessarily if we establish our views about bad habits of some persons or bad behaviour of

some families then it is sin. Besides this if we start showing curiosity about the internal matters

of some families and do spying for establishing our views then it is a big sin. Allah has Warned

for not involving ourselves in back biting.

Hadith:

Said the Prophet Mohammad (saws) " If a person narrates the bad deeds of another person in his

absence to others, it will be an act of backbiting. The companions of the prophet asked " If that

person is possessing those bad deeds is it still a backbiting " the Prophet replied " If those bad

deeds are narrated to that person and if he minds them then this is the backbiting, and if the evil

deeds are not present, then these are allegations."

(Muslim, Abu Daud and Tirmizi)


The Arabic word for hoarding is “Ihtikar”. It means storing foodstuffs or withholding

them in expectation of rise in their prices. Sometimes, a handful of traders operating in

the market buy the entire quantity of an item, rice for example, and store it up with the

object of selling it later at the time of scarcity to draw maximum profit out of it and to

dictate the prices. The consumers are left with no choice but to purchase the article

concerned from the one who hoards, as he is the only one in the market who holds it.

Sometimes, a trader hobnobs with the suppliers who will only sell their merchandise to

him. As a result, he holds the entire stock of the essential items that other traders do not

possess. He is, therefore, in a position to dictate his terms in the market and sell them at

an exorbitantly high price to the needy people. This is an unjust practice and a clear case

of exploitation and deservedly condemned by Islam. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) is reported to

have condemned the hoarders when he said:

“No one hoards but the traitors (i.e. the sinners).”

(Abu Da’ud, No. 2990)


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Hadith Sahih Muslim

“Ma’mar (Allah be pleased with him) reported Allah's Messenger (may

peace be upon him) as saying: He who hoards is a sinner. It was said to Sa'id

(b. al-Musayyib): You also hoard. Sa'id said: Ma'mar who narrated this badith also hoarded.”

(by Imam Muslim, translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui , Volume: The Book

of Transactions (Kitab Al-Buyu`)

3910.)

He (P.B.U.H) also said:

“The importer [of an essential commodity] into the town will be fed [by Allah],

and the hoarder will have [Allah’s] curse upon him.”

(Ibn Majah, No: 2144)

4. Exploitation of One’s Ignorance of Market Conditions:

One of the most common unethical practices in modern business is to exploit one’s

ignorance of market conditions. Sometimes it may happen that a buyer arrives in a town

with objects of prime and general necessity for selling them in the market. A local trader

may persuade the new-comer to transfer all of the goods to him so that he will sell them

on his behalf in the market. He obtains the commodities on a price that is lower than

market price and then sells them at a high or exorbitant price. Islam condemns this act of

intermediary intervention which involves exploitation of one’s ignorance of market

conditions. The practice was prevalent in pre-Islamic society.

The Holy Qur’an also says )Surah Al-Imran. Ayat no180)


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“And let not those who are niggardly with respect to what Allah has given them

out of His bounty think that it is good for them; on the contrary it is bad for them.

Soon that for which they were niggardly shall be their necklace on the Day of

Resurrection. And only Allah is the Heir of heavens and earth and Allah is aware of

your doings.”

So same as Exploitation of One’s Ignorance of Market Conditions Prohibition discuss in

Hadith. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) has prohibited this practice through a number of instructions. A

tradition reads:

SAHIH MUSLIM Book 10, Number 3628

Abu Huraira (Allah be pleased with him) reported it directly from Allah's Apostle (May

peace be upon him):

The townsman should not sell for a man from the desert (with a view to taking advantage

of his ignorance of the market conditions of the city). And Zuhair reported from the Holy

Prophet (P.B.U.H) that he forbade the townsman to sell on behalf of the man from the

desert.

SAHIH MUSLIM Book 10, Number 3628

SAHIH MUSLIM:

Ibn 'Abbas (Allah be pleased with them) reported Allah's Messenger (May peace be upon

him) as saying:

The riders (carrying merchandise) should not be met in the way, and townsman should

not sell for a man of the desert. The narrator reported. I said to Ibn 'Abbas: What do these

words really imply-"The townsman for the man of the desert"? He said: That he should

work as a broker on his behalf.

Book 10, Number 3629:

SAHIH MUSLIM:

Jabir (Allah be pleased with him) reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him)

as saying:


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The townsman should not sell for a man from the desert, leave the people alone, Allah

will give them provision from one another. Yahya reported it with a slight change of

words.

Book 10, Number 3630

SAHIH MUSLIM:

Jabir (Allah be pleased with him) reported a similar hadith from Allah's Apostle (May

peace be upon him) through another chain of transmitters.


SAHIH MUSLIM:

Ana’s b. Malik (Allah be pleased with him) reported:

We were forbidden that a townsman should sell for a man of the desert, even if he is his

brother or father.


SAHIH MUSLIM:

Ana’s b. Malik (Allah be pleased with him) said:

We were forbidden that a townsman should sell for a man of the desert.


A town dweller should not sell the goods of a desert dweller.

(Bukhari, No: 2006)

5. Al-Najsh (Trickery)

The term Al-Najsh means an action in which a person offers a high price for something,

without intending to buy it, but just to cheat or defraud another person who really means

to buy it. The person practising it may collaborate with the seller to offer high prices in front of the buyers merely as a means to cheat them. This type of fraudulent transaction is

totally prohibited in Islam. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) is reported to have said:

Do not harbour envy against one another; do not outbid one another [with a view to

raising the price]; do not bear aversion against one another; do not bear enmity against


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one another; one of you should not enter into a transaction when the other has already

entered into it; and be fellow brothers and true servants of Allah. (Muslim, No: 4650)

As is clear from the above, Islam also forbids the practice of sale over sale and purchase

over purchase. This means that it forbids someone to offer a higher price for a commodity

after the deal has been accomplished between the parties. Obviously he is offering a

higher price in order to spoil the agreement reached between the parties.

(Quran Surah Al-Baqara, Ayat no.188)

And do not eat up your property among yourselves for vanities, nor use it as bait for the judges, with intent that ye may eat up wrongfully and knowingly a little of (other)

people's property.

Tafsir Ibn Kathir and eat up not one another's property unjustly (in any illegal way, e.g., stealing, robbing,

deceiving), nor give bribery to the rulers (judges before presenting your cases) that you

may knowingly eat up a part of the property of others sinfully.)

Tafsir Ibn Kathir

Ali bin Abu Talha reported that Ibn Àbbas said, "This (Ayah 2:188) is about the

indebted person when there is no evidence of the loan. So he denies taking the loan and

the case goes to the authorities, even though he knows that it is not his money and that he

is a sinner, consuming what is not allowed for him.'' This opinion was also reported from

Mujahid, Saìd bin Jubayr, Ìkrimah, Al-Hasan, Qatadah, As-Suddi, Muqatil bin

Hayan and Àbdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam. They all stated, "Do not dispute


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when you know that you are being unjust.''

It is reported in the Two Sahihs that Umm Salamah narrated that Allah's Messenger

said:

(I am only human! You people present your cases to me, and as some of you may be

more eloquent and persuasive in presenting his argument, I might issue a judgment in his

benefit. So, if I give a Muslim's right to another, I am really giving him a piece of fire; so he should not take it.)

Tafsir Ibn Kathir

Quran 4:29. O you who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly

except it be a trade amongst you, by mutual consent. And do not kill yourselves (nor kill

one another). Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you.) Prohibiting Unlawfully Earned

Money

As a result of this offer the buyer may feel tempted to cancel his contract to sell it at a

higher price. It may give rise to disputes and disagreements between brothers. Hence it is

strictly prohibited in Islam.

6. Cheating and Fraud in Business Transactions:

The traders and businessmen generally have a tendency to motivate the customers by

adopting fraudulent business practices. Islam strongly condemns all such practices in

business transactions (Al-Ghashsh). The Messenger of Allah has commanded the

believers not to indulge in cheating and fraudulent practices in business transactions. Sale

of dead animal, dubious and vague transactions, manipulating the prices, selling the items

belonging to a desert dweller by a townsman Al-Najsh (trickery), false eulogy and

concealment of defects are all examples of cheating and fraud i.e. Al-Ghashsh. The

Prophet (P.B.U.H) has strongly condemned all such practices in a number of traditions

and the believer to abstain from them.

Cheating and deception are despicable characteristics that are beneath a decent person. Intentionally distorting the truth in order to mislead others contradicts the values

of honesty, which requires an attitude of sincerity, straightforwardness, and fairness that

leaves no room for cheating, lying, trickery, or deceit. There are many texts from the

Quran and the Sunnah conveying the meaning that cheating, whether the target be

Muslims or non-Muslims, is forbidden.

Accepting the guidance of Islam leads a person to truthfulness, which means a person

completely avoids cheating, cheating, and back-stabbing. The Prophet of Islam said:


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“Whoever bears arms against us is not one of us, and whoever cheats us is not one of

us.” (Sahih Muslim)

According to another report, the Prophet passed by a pile of food in the market. He put his hand inside it and felt dampness, although the surface was dry.

He said: “O owner of the food, what is this?’

The man said: ‘It was damaged by rain, O Messenger of God.’

He said: ‘Why did you not put the rain-damaged food on top so that people could see

it! Whoever cheats us is not one of us.” (Sahih Muslim)

The Prophet (P.B.U.H) is reported to have said:

The seller and the buyer have the right to keep the goods or return them as long as they

have not parted. He also said that if both the parties have spoken the truth and described the defects as well as the merits thereof (the goods), they would be blessed

in their deal. If they have told lies or concealed something, then blessings of their

transaction would be lost.

(Bukhari, No: 1937)

7. Swearing

The traders often take recourse to swearing to emphasize that their items are of good

quality. They claim qualities in the merchandise, which don’t exist. They try to persuade

the buyers to purchase their commodity by invoking Allah’s name. Swearing in bus iness

for such purposes is forbidden in Islam, be it false or true. False swearing is an act of sin

punishable by hellfire. Swearing by Almighty Allah is too great a thing to be used as a

means to sell a commodity. The desirable thing in business transaction is that both the buyer and the seller remain straightforward and truthful in their dealings, so that no one

will feel the need to swear by Allah in order to create conviction in the mind of the other

party. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) is reported to have said:

Swearing [by the seller] may persuade the customer to purchase the goods but the deal

will be deprived of Allah’s blessing. (Bukhari, No: 1945)

Abu Hurayrah (radhi allahu anhu) said, 'I heard the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H)

saying, 'Swearing produces a ready sale for a commodity, but he will be deprived of

Allah's blessings.'' [Agreed upon]


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The Prophet (P.B.U.H) informs us in this Hadith that when a seller swears falsely

concerning the worth of his goods, he may attain some benefit by selling a large quantity

of it, but this is not a fair means of business. Even though, it increases the sale, it robs the

business of its blessings. Therefore, even if a person is perfectly right in his statement in

respect to his merchandise, he should not take an oath to influence his customers.

Food for Thought: If one's perfectly true oath robs the deal of its blessings, then how

great is the sin of those who take false oaths to sell their goods?!!

Salman (radhi allahu anhu) narrated that Allah's Messenger (sallallahu aliahi wa-sallam)

said, 'There are three types of people whom Allah will not speak to, and neither will

He bless them, and for them is the severe torment. They are, (i) the white-haired old

adulterer, (ii) the arrogant beggar and (iii) the one who has made Allah as his

merchandise, i.e., he does not purchase except by swearing (by Allah), nor does he

sell except by swearing (by Allah).' [At-Tabaranee with a Saheeh isnad]

The Prophet (P.B.U.H) informs us in this hadees that there are three categories of people

to whom Allah will not speak on the Day of Resurrection nor will He cleanse them of

their sins with forgiveness. This is because they committed sins without any excuse or

justification and the first of these three is the fornicator and adulterer, who continues to

sin in spite of his advanced years and consequent lessening of sexual urge, and his

knowledge that the end of his life is near. The second is the man, who behaves arrogantly

towards people, though; he possesses none of the wealth, rank or privilege, which often

leads men to behave arrogantly. The third is the one, who treats Allah's Name with

impropriety, frequently swearing by Him, Most High, without cause or valid excuse. In light of the above, those who frequently use the expression, 'Wallahi' (i.e. by Allah)

should restrict themselves from such loose speech.

8. Giving Short Measures:

Another form of deceit is to manipulate weights and measures. It refers to the act of

taking full measures from others and giving them short measures in your turn. Giving

short measures was a common malaise plaguing the pre-Islamic days. The community of

the Prophet Shu‘ayb (sws) was known for practising it with impunity. Consequently, they

were destroyed for their persistence in deceit and disbelief in Allah and His Messenger.

Allah the Almighty has repeatedly commanded exactitude in weights and measures. One

of the verses says:

And give full measure when you measure, and weigh with a just balance. That is good

and better in the end. (17:35)


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9. Dealing in Stolen Goods:

Almighty Allah has declared thievery unlawful and warned of severe punishment such as

cutting the hand of the thief from the wrist joint if the necessary legal conditions for the

award of punishment are met. Even if the thief escapes worldly punishment and gets away

with stolen goods, it is not permissible for a Muslim to knowingly purchase or sell these

items. The stolen items are neither to be bought nor sold by those who know the reality.

The Prophet (sws) made the person knowingly buying a stolen commodity a partner to the crime. He said:

The one who knowingly purchases a stolen good, is a partner to the act of sin and the

shame. (Kanz Al-‘Ammal, No: 9258)

Stealing is a sin, a big sin in Islam. How big a sin stealing is can be understood by understanding the following verse of Qur’an:

“O Prophet (PBUH)! When believing women come to you to give the Bai’ah (the pledge), that

they will not associate anything in worship with Allah, that they will not steal, that they will

not commit illegal sexual intercourse, that they will not kill their children, that they will not

utter slander, intentionally forging falsehood, and that they will not disobey you in Ma’ruf,

then accept their Bai’ah, and ask Allah to forgive them. Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most

Merciful.”

(Aayah No. 12, Surah Al-Mumtahanah, Chapter No. 60, Holy Qur’an).

This verse is about ‘Oath of Allegiance’ for women. It can be seen that one of the

requirements of the pledge was that a woman shall undertake that she shall not steal.

Stealing has been included along with other grave crimes like Shirk, Illegal sex, Murder

(of children) etc. I also wish to quote one hadith to highlight how grave a sin ste

ling is:


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Conclusion:

From above discussion we conclude that islam gives full permission of business and trade. Our

Holy Prophet’s profession was trade. SAHABA KARAM (R.A) ‘s profession was also related to

trade .But trade and business must be according to instructions of Quarn and Sunnah and it

should be legal. Islam does’not allow any illegal and un-lawful business. Islam prohibit

following business activities.

1. Dealing of Haram Items

2. Sale of Al-Gharar


4. Exploitation of One’s Ignorance of Market Condition

5. Al-Najish (Trickery)

6. Cheating & Fraud in Business Transactions

7. Swearing

8. Giving Short Measure

9. Dealing In stolen Goods