NFC awardFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The NFC Award or National Finance Commission Award, is the distribution of financial resources

among the provinces of Pakistan by the federal government on annual basis. Certain types of taxes

collected in each province are pooled, then redistributed according to the NFC formula. What taxes to

include in the distribution pool and the distribution formula is a subject of debate. Pakistan has had five

NFC awards formulas. The Fifth NFC Award, adopted in 1997, was supposed to be valid for five years

but failure to reach agreement on a sixth has meant that the fifth is still in operation.

Taxes included in the pool are (1) income taxes, (2) general sales tax, (3) wealth taxes, (4) capital

gains taxes, and (5) custom duties. The inclusion of custom duties started with the 1997 award. In the

1991 award custom duties had gone exclusively to the federal government. Collections for the Worker

Welfare Fund remain in the province where they are collected. Resource royalty is collected by the

federal government and distributed to the provinces based on independent agreements.

In principle the 1997 award specifies that 63% of the pooled taxes will go to the federal government

and 37% will be distributed to the provinces. This was a major change from the 20% federal and 80%

provincial split under the 1991 award. However the inclusion of custom duties that had previously been

100% federal required an increase in the federal share.

Most Tax Receipts are collected from Punjab and Sindh.[1] Almost all custom duties are collected at the

Port of Karachi.[citation needed] Most of the pooled taxes in the 1997 Award are collected in Sindh province.

[citation needed] Hence the NFC award redistributes taxes from Sindh to the rest of Pakistan.[citation

needed] Based on the average of the years 1997 through 2000, the approximate percentages of pooled

taxes collected by each province are 65% Sindh, 25% Punjab, 7% Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and 3%

Balochistan.[citation needed] The approximate actual distribution of pooled taxes to the provinces and to the

federal government is 9% Sindh, 23% Punjab, 6% Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, 2% Balochistan, and 59%

Federal.[citation needed]

A new NFC Award can not be announced because the four provinces have failed to develop

consensus. Consensus has not been reached because Punjab province insists resource distribution

on the basis of population alone whereas the other three province, namely Khyber-

Pakhtunkhwa,Sindh and Balochistan demand giving importance to the revenue generation by each

province, level of poverty in smaller provinces and other related factors as well, while distributing the

national resources among provinces through National Finance Commission.

Finance Minister Shaukat Tarin stated in August 2009, that population won't be the only parameter

used in calculating the next NFC award.[2] For the distribution of the new award, factors such as

inverse population density and poverty have also been kept in mind.[3]

What is NFC Award?

The NFC award, National Finance Commission award, is the distribution of financial resources

among the provinces of Pakistan by the federal government on annual basis.

Taxes are pooled and distributed: Certain types of taxes collected in each province are pooled,

then redistributed according to the NFC formula. What taxes to include in the distribution pool and

the distribution formula is a subject of debate.

Taxes included in the pool are

1. Income taxes,

2. General sales tax,

3. Wealth taxes,

4. Capital gains taxes, and

5. Custom duties.

Most Tax Receipts are collected from Punjab and Sindh. Almost all custom duties are collected at

the Port of Karachi.

new NFC Award can not be announced because the four provinces have failed to develop

consensus. Consensus has not been reached because Punjab province insists resource

distribution on the basis of population alone whereas the other three province, namely Khyber-

Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and Balochistan demand giving importance to the revenue generation by

each province, level of poverty in smaller provinces and other related factors as well, while

distributing the national resources among provinces through National Finance Commission

Finance Minister Shaukat Tarin stated in August 2009, that population won't be the only

parameter used in calculating the next NFC award.[2] For the distribution of the new award,

factors such as inverse population density and poverty have also been kept in mind.

[edit]Background and History of NFC

In 1971, Pakistan was cut into two by our enemies with the indirect support of our fellow

Pakistani’s and hence we lost East Pakistan to Bangladesh. There are many reasons that can be

attributed to the 1971 incident but one of the major one is the “Distribution of Resources” among

the provinces i.e East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Since East Pakistan was responsible for

majority of our output, it was its right to get the major portion of it as well, however, it was not

allowed to take when it actually owned and most of it was used in West Pakistan. This infuriated

the Bangladeshi people and contributed towards their final revolt against the Government owned

by West Pakistan.

It is worth mentioning here for the ready reference of our readers that Bangladesh i.e East

Pakistan before 1971, was more populous then West Pakistan but it was still discriminated by the

West Pakistan i.e current day Pakistan. At that time, the distribution of resources based on

population was never raised by anyone since it would have resulted in greater share of East

Pakistan from the Federal Divisible Pool or in Federal Budget for East and West Pakistan.

[edit]Article 160(1) of 1973 Constitution

NFC is constituted under Article 160(1) of the 1973 constitution (Annex I) and proposed to be

held at the intervals of five years. Its members are Federal Finance Minister (Chairman),

Provincial Finance Ministers and other concerning experts which the President may appoint after

consultation with provincial Governors [Constitution of Pakistan (1973)]. The main charter of NFC

is to recommend on the following [Pakistan (2006b)]:

1. The distribution of specified taxes, duties between federation and provinces.

2. The disbursement of grants to provincial governments.

3. The borrowing powers exercised by federal and provincial governments.

4. Any other financial matter referred to commission.

Looking at the historic NFC award, one do start wondering as to why Population has only been

kept as the criteria for distribution of NFC award when we all know that demographic changes

takes place according to the economic situation. We all know how people from around the globe

started moving towards Middle East and Malaysia when it was economically developed. Not only

this, Population migration took place in China from less developed Western China towards more

Developed Eastern China. Therefore, the distribution of population can never ever be the sole

criteria of distribution of resources from the central pool. However, in Pakistan, no government

was able to change it. That brings us towards the controversies facing the NFC Award.

There is a need for inclusion of other factors like infrastructure, poverty, backwardness, revenue

generation, environment, etc. to be taken into account for justifiable of resource distribution. Even

if we look at our neighbouring country India, various criteria are used for resource distribution

from central to provincial governments. So, in order to achieve equity, such policies should be

devised which take different aspects of development into its account while distributing the

resources. The issue of resource distribution among federal and provincial governments never

proved to be simple and is a much complex issue. But when we go through the history of NFC, it

becomes obvious that the problem of resource distribution is never taken seriously.

[edit]Controversy on Sales Tax

A peep into revenue distribution history of the sub continent reveals that sales tax was in

exclusive domain of provincial governments before 1947. It was partly federalized to the extent of

50 per cent in 1948-49 budget, the first of independent Pakistan, to meet the impact of massive

refugee influx in Karachi which was then the federal capital.

it was in 1974 NFC award that sales tax was completely federalized and the noises made in

Karachi were ignored. It declared population as the only criterion for distribution of revenue.

[edit]Previous Awards

SINCE 1973, after the promulgation of a consensus constitution by an elected and popular

government, there have been three national finance commission awards enforced in 1974, 1991

and in 1997. But the three NFCs constituted in 1979, 1984 and 2,000 failed to reach consensus

and ended in a deadlock.

Of the three commissions that failed, two were formed in 1979 and in 1984 during the military rule

of late General Zia-ul-Haq and the third one, the current NFC was formed in the year 2,000 after

General Musharraf took over the government in October 1999. This NFC continued functioning

after the October 2002 elections with some changes in its composition.

The first NFC award was given in 1974 by the elected government of late Z.A. Bhutto. This award

set population as the only criterion for revenue distribution among the provinces. Custom duties,

the main revenue earner was kept out of the divisible pool and the sales tax was completely

federalized.

The second NFC award was given in 1991 by a political government of PML headed by Mian

Nawaz Sharif. This NFC award recognised for the first time, the rights of the provinces on natural

resources and the provinces were given royalty and gas development surcharge on oil and gas.

And the third NFC award was declared in February 1997 by a caretaker government of Farooq

Ahmed Leghari and Prime Minister late Malik Meraj Khalid. It turned out to be the most

controversial NFC award, though still operative, despite the expiry of its five- year term in 2002.

[edit]7th NFC Awards

Location: Lahore

Chairperson: Finance Minister Shaukat Tarin

Duration of arguments: 3 days

Provincial share of the divisible pool would increase from the present 47.5 per cent to 56 per cent

in the first year of NFC (2010–2011) and 57.5 per cent in the remaining years of the award under

the vertical distribution of resources. He claimed that this share would virtually be over 60 per

cent. During Musharraf regime, provinces were demanding for a 50% provincial share in the

divisible pool.

The federal government has agreed to cut tax collection charges from 5.0 per cent to 1.0 per cent

and this amount would also be added to the divisible pool. About the thorny issue of sales tax on

services, he said the NFC recognised sales tax on services as a provincial subject and it mightbe

collected by the respective provinces.

[edit]The multiple indicators under 7th NFC Award

Multiple Indicators Weights

1 Population 82.0%

2 Poverty/Backwardness 10.3%

3 Revenue Collection/Generation 5.0%

4 Inverse Population Density 2.7% (Urban-Rural)

Out of 56 % provincial share of total divisible pool, financial resources will be distributed among

the provinces in following ration.

Punjab 51.74%

Sindh 24.55%

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa 14.62%

Balochistan 9.09%