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Using growing degree days to anticipate insect developement and increase your effectiveness on control.
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Justin C. Ruiz, CGCS
Integrated Plant ManagementPractical IPM on the Golf Course
Being Creative
Integrated Plant ManagementDefined
“IPM is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and
environmental risks.”Reference: http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/ndipm/ipmdefinition.htm
Presentation Outline
• Growing Degree Day Calculation• Billbug Control
– Degree Day Model– Scouting– Chemical Application
• Cutworm Control– Degree Day Model– Scouting– Chemical Application
Presentation Outline
• Masked Chafer– Degree Day Model– Scouting– Chemical Application
Growing Degree Day
“The number of degrees the average temperature is above a baseline temperature. Used to predict insect and plant development.”
Upper and Lower Threshold Temperature
“The high and low temperature at which insect/plant development occurs.”
Calculating Growing Degree Days (GDD)
Tmax +TminGDD = ____
2 -Tbase
Tmax = Daily High
Tmin = Daily Low
Tbase = 50 degrees
•Sine Wave Method is more accurate. You can find calculators on the web.
Integrated Plant ManagementBillbug Control
Bluegrass Billbug Adult
www.biosurvey.ou.edu/okwild/misc/bgbill.html
Billbug Control• Degree Day Model
Degree Day Model• Adults become active
280-352 GDD• Last effective adult contact control
560-624 GDD• Larvae control is effective
925-1035 GDD• Significant visual damage occurs
1330-1485 GDDStarting March 1st
Billbug Damage
Billbug Control• Degree Day Model• Scouting/Trapping
Billbug Scouting
• Using pitfall traps• Observing cart paths and greens• Clippings in mower buckets
Billbug Trap DataBiilbug Trapping vs. GDD
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Mar
chApr
ilM
ayJu
ne
0
5
10
15
20
25
GDD
Billbugs
Chlorpyrifos Application made April 24th
Chemical Application
• 4/24/08 Chlorpyrifos (1oz/M)– Ring around perimeter of golf course
• Target adult billbugs• GDD aprox. 502
• 5/12/08 Clothianidin (12.8oz/A)– All short cut and South facing slopes
in rough• Target billbug larvae• GDD aprox. 799*
* Application made a few days early in preparation for a tournament
When to Spray What
• Adult Control • Contact insecticide (350-600GDD)
» Compare with trap data
• Larvae Control• Systemic insecticide (925-1035GDD)
Biological Control
• Entomopathogenic Nematodes – Steinernema carpocapsae
• Endophyte enhanced grasses
Infecting Nematodes
www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/pests/e1229w.htm
www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/blackwell.html
Endophyte Mycelium
Integrated Plant Management• Scouting/Trapping• Cutworm Control• Degree Day Model
Cutworms March 25th
Cutworm Scouting
• Light traps• Walking greens• Pitfall traps???• Soap Flush
Cutworm Control• Degree Day Model
– Lower Threshold is 50 degrees– Upper Threshold is 86 degrees
Degree Day Model• Adults Migrate
Mid March to early April • Eggs hatch after peak flight
90 GDD• Larvae control is effective
200-300 GDD• Significant visual damage occurs
300-1000 GDD
Degree Day Model Cont.• Second Generation Peak Flight
900-1100 GDD• Third Generation Peak Flight
1900-2100 GDDThis is our observation at our
property
Cutworm Damage
Cutworm Trap DataCutworm Trapping vs. GDD
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Mar
chApr
ilM
ayJu
ne
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
GDD
Cutworms
Chlorpyrifos Application made April 24th
Chemical Application
• Systemic application (Accelepryn, etc.)
– All green surrounds and mapped rough areas.• Target cutworm larvae• GDD aprox. 250-275 GDD*
* Peak flight we recorded on our property
Chemical Application Cont.
• Contact Insecticide– Label rate for Cutworm larvae
– Apply to area that has visible damage over your threshold.
– Not really a GDD timed application.
Biological Control
• Entomopathogenic Nematodes – Steinernema carpocapsae
• Endophytic grasses• Bacterium
– Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki
Infecting Nematodes
www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/blackwell.html
Endophyte Mycelium
www.inchem.org
Integrated Plant Management• Scouting/Trapping• Masked Chafer Control• Degree Day Model
WWW.KSDA.GOV
Masked Chafer Scouting
• Light traps• Javalina damage
Masked Chafer Control• Degree Day Model• Day length may be more
important than temperature??
Masked Chafer Control• Degree Day Model
– Lower Threshold is 50 degrees– Upper Threshold is 75 degrees
Degree Day Model• Peak Flight prediction
1375-1575 GDD (www.turffiles.ncsu.edu) • First Instar Development
260-340 GDD from peak flight (my observation)
• Temperature Threshold
50 deg. Base and 75 deg. Max.One generation per year here.
Chemical Application
• Systemic at label rate (Accelepryn, Arena etc.)
– All mapped areas, mostly south facing.• Target White grub• GDD 1375-1575 GDD*
* At peak flight observation
Chemical Application Cont.
• Contact Insecticide– Label rate for Masked Chafer Grub
– Apply to area that has visible damage over your threshold.
– Not really a GDD timed application.– Very hard to control since contact is needed
and thatch can capture most of the chemical.
Biological Control
• Entomopathogenic Nematodes – Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
• Endophytic grasses• Mach 2 (halofenozide)
– Interrupts molting process
• Parasitic Wasps– Typhia Wasp
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/field/white_grub4a.gif
Parasitic Wasp Feeding on White Grub
Nice Links
• www.uspest.org
• www.turfhugger.com
• www.beneficialinsectco.com
Any Questions?
