Indonesia Water Supply and Sanitation Magazine. 'PERCIK' Vol 5 August 2004

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Ministry of Settlementand Regional Infrastructure

Board of Head:Director of Human Settlement and Housing,

National Development Planning AgencyRepublic of Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region,Ministry of Settlement and Regional

Infrastructure Director of Natural Resources and

Appropriate Technology, Director General onVillage and Community Empowerment,

Ministry of Home AffairsDirector for Facilitation of Special Planning

Environment Management,Ministry of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa,

Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,

Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, EssyAsiah, Mujiyanto

Design:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Anggie Rifki

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113e-mail: [email protected]

Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome.Please send to our address or e-mail.

Don't forget to be brief and accompaniedby identity.

From the Editor 1Your Voice 2Main FeatureSolid waste is still a "waste" 3Facts about solid waste 3Reducing methane gas emission from a final disposal site 6Learn about solid waste from the Chinese 9Good environmental governance to increase the regional governments'concern to environment 11

InterviewBad solid waste management, poor health condition 13

ArticleSolid waste as a source of energy. A challenge to the world ofsolid waste management in Indonesia 16Pre-study on waste material. Case study: The city of Surabaya 18Solid waste management in Makassar 20Water supply and environmental sanitation programmanagement and future challenges 22The problem with water supply and environmental sanitationin Kab. Kebumen 23Domestic waste water processing system in the city of Tangerang 25Solid waste brings a blessing to the village of Temesi,Kab. Gianyar, Bali 27

ReportaseMrs. Bambang Wahono's role play:Manager solid waste, makes Banjarsari greenSolid waste capsule, a model for long termsolid waste storage 29

TelescopeBandung Municipal Cleaners, Inc. 35

Book Info 37CD Info 38Website Info 39VisitWASPOLA program dissemination in the province of Gorontalo 40Windfall over Pringga Jurang 41

About WASPOLAThe implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development at the regional level 42WASPOLA working group workshop 44WASPOLA Central Project Committee meeting 45

About WSSMPA/PHAST Orientation Training 46WWS Working Group Took Part in Nusantara Water 2004 47ProAir Project Planning and Evaluation Meeting 47Appropriate Technology Seminar: Waste water processing 48Preparation of ProAir Project in Kabupaten Alor 49

WSS Bibliography 50Agenda 51Glossary 52

Dear Reader,Percik is now pacing into a new

stage in its effort to reach a wide rageof drinking water and environmentalsanitation stakeholders all over thecountry. Percik is now spreading itselfall over the areas between Sabang andMerauke, though, yet in a limitednumber.

Praise to God, Percik has gained awider acceptance. This is evidencedfrom the many responses addressed tous. Some even wish to subscribe withpayment -whereas Percik is distri-buted free of charge. This of course isquite pleasing.

Last week, together with WASPOLAProgram and the WSS Working Groupas our parent organization we attendedNusantara Water 2004 at the JakartaConvention Center. This we did as aneffort to bring Percik closer into theinner circle of WSS related stakehol-ders. We will keep on trying to makethis magazine better and betteracknowledged as a reference and isused as a means for communication bythose involved in this field.

Dear reader, in this edition, Percikpresents to you the main feature aboutsolid waste. Why? Solid waste is still anagging problem in this country.Environmental sanitation issue cannotbe separated from solid waste.Everyone knows that, but not manyhave real concern about this problem.This is like a saying, "Let the dogs bark,the caravan will keep moving," solidwaste problem never finds its solutiondespite many words have been saidabout cleanliness and health.

Solid waste is not simply a techni-cal problem. One that relates to whattechnology is to apply and how muchmoney is to avail. The SecretaryGeneral of Ministry of Settlement andRegional Infrastructures, BudimanArief, explains that. The key, he saysthat waste material must be treated in

a systemic manner. More than that,M. Gempur Adnan, Deputy StateMinister of Environmental Affairs forRegional Environmental ManagementImprovement indicates that it alldepends on the mutual commitment ofthe stakeholders. Without such com-mitment do not expect any completesolution could be reached. Funding isonly a priority number so-and-so.

This time Percik also presents youarticles from solid waste materialrelated activists and practitioners. Wehope that the various articles in refer-ence to the main feature will con-tribute to our common knowledgeabout waste material.

Not less interesting, there is areport of a woman managing waste

material since a long time ago. Thanksto her perseverance her neighbour-hood, located in the heart of Jakarta, isnow green and nice looking. This placehas turned into a tourist attraction.Many visitors both domestic and for-eigners come to learn what the womanhas done. And, because of her effortsshe has won several distinction andacknowledgements.

As always, Percik comes with theusual columns. We hope there will becomments and inputs from the readersso that the magazine could steadilyimproving itself. Lastly, we hope thismagazine is useful to you, our dearreaders.

Best regards.

R O M E D I T O RF

1 PercikAugust 2004

SOURCE: OM

WSS Working Group always sit down on floor if they met in workshops.

MDGs lack eagerness

Congratulations for the publication ofPercik. Permit me to suggest thatMillennium Development Goals (MDGs)should be more strongly socialized to theregional community in order to generateeagerness and its echo more audible inthe ears of all in the community. In thisway the community would be inspiredand eventually develop a moral obligationto make the MDGs goals and targets intoreality.

Natalia SilitongaOffice of the Bupati Toba samosir

Economic Section-Head of KimpraswilSub Section, Jl. Pagar Batu No. 1 Balige

North Sumatra

Your suggestion does indeed conformto our expectation. The stakeholders are

making their best effort towards thesocialization. We are also having ourshare in this effort by publishing it inPercik of the last edition. What we did isnothing without a systematized social-ization movement by the stakeholdersthemselves. (The Editor)

Helping Regional

Stakeholders

With the publication of a media spe-cialized in water supply and environmen-tal sanitation (Percik) it has helped us inour job to build interaction with thestakeholders in order to create a commonunderstanding and cooperation betweenthe stakeholders and the Dinas Kese-hatan particularly hygienic water and

solid waste safety section of KabupatenMusia Rawas, South Sumatra, towardsHealthy Indonesia 2010.

H. Syamsul AnwarHead of Dinas Kesehatan

Kabupaten Musi Rawas

We are very pleased if the readerscould obtain benefit from Percik. Themagazine is published to disseminatevarious policies and programs related todrinking water and environmental sani-tation and at the same time also as ameans for stakeholders to mutuallyshare information and experience.(Editor)

We have received many lettersexpressing congratulations and acknow-ledgements from the readers who havereceived Percik that it is impossible for usto mention them one by one. (Editor)

O U R V O I C EY

2 PercikAugust 2004

The Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation WorkingGroup in collaboration with the Ministry of Settlement andRegional Infrastructure invite authors to a competition inwriting essay:

TITLE:MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNITY BASED WATERSUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

SUB TITLE:1) Community Empowerment in the management of

water supply and environmental sanitation

2) Community based funding in the management of water supply and environmental sanitation

3) The institution for the community based water supply and environmental sanitation management

4) The role of women in the community basedwater supply and environmental sanitationmanagement

REQUIREMENTS1. Competition is open to the public2. Length of paper is 10-15 pages folio, at

1.5 spacing and is written in Indonesian language3. The paper has never been published

anywhere else4. The participant must enclosed a photocopy of his

personal identity5. The paper must be submitted to the Committee the

latest on October 28, 20046. The winner of the competition will be made known

to the public on November 28, 20047. Winner Prizes:

First Prize : Rp5.000.000Second Prize : Rp3.000.000Third Prize : Rp1.500.000

For further details please contact:The Committee of Writing CompetitionJl. Cianjur No.4 MentengJakarta PusatTelp. 62-21-31904113

PAPER WRITING COMPETITION

For some people a piece of paper ora bagful of waste doesn't meananything. But as the paper and

domestic waste accumulate with similarmaterial from many people, problem willarise, especially in urban areas whereland space is a scarce resource. The factindicates that the potential area for theformation of waste material generationkeeps on increasing from time to time.

Waste material generationThere is no accurate data that tell us

accurately the amount of waste material

generation in Indonesia. But based onBappenas estimate as quoted from BukuInfrastruktur Indonesia (IndonesianInfrastructure Book) in 1995 the wastematerial production in Indonesia is esti-mated at 22,5 million tons, and in 2020 itwill increase to more than twofold into53,7 million tons. In big cities ofIndonesia each person is estimated tocast away 600-830 grams of solid wasteevery day.

As an illustration, we could quote thedata from several big cities. Jakarta pro-duces 6,2 thousand tons, Bandung 2,1

thousand tons, Surabaya 1,7 thousandtons, and Makassar 0,8 thousand tons ofsolid waste every day (Damanhuri,2002). Such an amount calls for a con-siderable amount of effort to handle it.

Based on the above data the total areafor final disposal site is estimated at 675ha in 1995 and will increase up to 1.610 hain 2020. This condition will cause a bigproblem considering that the scarcity ofempty space especially in big cities. Oneof the examples is the difficulty faced bythe government of Jakarta after BantarGebang facility is no more available.

Solid Waste HandlingBased on BPS data in 2001 only 18,03

percent of the waste was transported,10,46 percent buried, 3,51 percent turnedinto compost, 43,76 percent burned, andthe remaining 24,24 percent was dumpedinto rivers, empty lots, etc. It can be seen

We cannot escape from solid waste. Every day there mustbe something we have to throw away. In the office, at

home, and elsewhere. It is not surprising, therefore, thatif we fail to properly manage solid waste it will become

scattered all around us.

A I N F E A T U R EM

SOLID WASTE Is Still A Waste

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

SOLID WASTE Is Still A Waste

3PercikAugust 2004

that the amount of waste transport-ed was very little, the same is theportion for compost production,while the portion which was burnedand dumped into an unlikely placereached 68 percent. This conditionindicates the potential source forwater and air pollution including amedium for disease contamination.Even in the city proper, the portionof waste material burned and un-scrupulously dumped in unlikelyplace amounts to 50,76 percent.The portion of the total waste beingburied is still relatively high at10,46 percent. Plastic and similarmaterial is a resistant compoundand is relatively difficult to decom-pose, therefore, burying such kind ofwaste is not a good idea. Compost ma-king is not widely known among the pop-ulation.

Most of the final disposal sites aredesigned to apply sanitary landfill tech-nique. But as time progresses most ofthem turn back into open dumping (70percent) and only 30 percent still practic-ing controlled landfill and sanitary land-fill. Several cities are practicing con-trolled landfill technique. They are: Ja-karta, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya,Padang, Malang, Yogyakarta, Pontianak,Balikpapan, Banjarmasin and Denpasar.

The reason for less sanitary landfill inIndonesia is because of lack of manage-ment discipline in following the technicalprocedure, insufficient O&M budget, dif-ficulty in obtaining dirt soil for cover,shortage of heavy machinery, low techni-cal capacity, and an absence of scavengersorganization in the final disposal as anintegrated part of the operation.

Characteristic of Waste MaterialSolid waste in cities is different from

the villages. In general, 80 percent ofcity wastes consist of organic material,the remainder is inorganic. Half of theinorganic waste is plastic material.

The Main IssueThe low coverage of waste material

management service, especially in thecities can adversely affect health condi-tion, may cause various abdominal as wellas rat infested diseases. Part of the wasteis disposed of into a river which is potentcause to flooding during wet season. Themethod and practice for reducing theamount of waste is generally known to usand though in a small scale it is practicedparticularly by the scavengers. Com-posting is also done but in a very limitedscale.

In the meantime, the existing finaldisposal facilities are not properly ma-naged. In order to bring down the size ofpile and the failure to benefit from themethane gas produced from the decom-position process part of the waste materi-al is burnt down. While in the KyotoProtocol duly ratified by the government,a reducing methane gas emission is pre-requisite. Other issues related to finaldisposal management include unplea-sant smell, degradation of water qualityfrom waste material disposed of directlyinto the river, penetration of leachate intosurface and ground water sources, airpollution and spreading of carcinogenicdioxin compound.

The community awarenessof cleanliness is relatively suffi-cient though it is limited withinone's own property. Theirhomes are free from litters butunfortunately the waste materi-al is dumped into places likedrainage, river, and even anempty lot belonging to a neigh-bour. NIMBY (not in my back-yard) phenomenon is quitedominant here. This conditionhas developed from the absenceof a satisfactory waste materialmanagement service.

If we try to compare betweenthe community's willingness tocontribute for water supply and

garbage handling service, the latter is re-latively lower. This is because the com-munity does not have any idea what wastematerial handling looks like.

The requirement for land space forfinal disposal site is increasing. It is nec-essary to find an alternative waste materi-al handling method that requires the leastland area.

On the other hand, there is presently nonational policy for waste material manage-ment that may serve as a legal umbrella foran initiative taken by an interested group orstakeholders. The existing regulations arepartial and scattered in various regional ad-ministrations or government sector agen-cies. It is natural therefore, that up to nowthere is neither institutionalized system, co-ordination nor integration in waste materialmanagement.

With the beginning of regional auto-nomy the responsibility for waste materi-al management is relinquished to theregional government. But unfortunately,there are many regions do not considerwaste material issue a priority. This isevidenced from the lean budget set asidefor dealing with waste material problem.

Policy for the futureIt is compulsory that in order to find a


4 PercikAugust 2004

Penanganan Sampah (%)

0102030405060

Diangkut Ditimbun DibuatKompos

Dibakar Lainnya

pe

rse

n

Perkotaan Perdesaan Total

Waste Handling

Perc

enta

ge

Carried Piled Made Burned Othercomposting

Urban

Source: National Bureau of Statistics, 2002

Rural Total

solution to solid waste problem, a sys-temic and integrated approach must beapplied involving all the stakeholders.The more so with the proclamation thatworld zero waste must be reached in2025. Several steps that can be takentowards that direction are among others:

1. Minimizing the production of wastethrough the application of 3R (reduce,reuse and recycle) principle.

It is necessary to introduce this princi-ple extensively into the community atlarge in order to make them willing toreuse and to recycle their waste. This stepis of course preceded with a communityeducation program about the importanceof separating domestic waste to make thefollowing process easier. The 3R conceptwill be more effective if it is supported bya legislation, provision of reward andpunishment as appropriate, to all relatedstakeholders, whether the scavengers, theordinary community members, and oth-ers. Further, the conversion of waste toenergy is worth a seriousattention because there is noone is presently taking a seri-ous attention in this. If thewaste has found its utilizationsince the very beginning of itsproduction than the sanitarylandfill facility will not need alarge area any more. Sanitarylandfill is only used for thetreatment of residue from anincinerator.

2. Increasing the role ofthe community and the busi-ness sector

The step in minimizingsolid waste production willnot be effective unless there isan active participation of thecommunity. They are the pro-ducers and they will suffer themost if waste material is notproperly managed. The key to

this matter is improvement of awarenessand responsibility in solid waste manage-ment. The community can assume therole in, (i) management (reducing its pro-duction); (b) supervision (keeping an eyethroughout the management process); (c)user (as individual, group or togetherwith the business sector take benefit fromthe waste material); (d) operator (operateand maintain a waste material treatmentfacility); (e) funding agency (see the dia-gram).

3. Increasing inter-regional coordi-nation in waste material management

Solid waste issue is not limited withina single city, rather it also involves theneighbouring regions. Air, water and soilpollution involves an extensive areabeyond an administrative boundary.Therefore, selection of a final disposal sitewhich up to now is based on administra-tive region is irrelevant. In the future itwill become compulsory to develop aregional solid waste management systemas a common effort to solve difficulty inobtaining a land space for solid waste dis-posal site.

4. Development of new technologiesThe capacity in solid waste related ser-

vices depend on the available technology.An optimum management can be achievedif it involves a suitable technology. That iswhy, an application of new technology canbe one alternative for improvement of solidwaste management capacity especially incities.

5. Extensive campaign in hy-giene behaviour

Solid waste management willnot be effective unless there is acommon awareness that a hygien-ic environment is also their basicdemand. The improvement ofawareness must be done con-tinuously to all segments of thecommunity. Hygiene educationprogram must be inserted inschool curriculum since early on.

Finally, increasing the interestoff all solid waste related stakehol-ders can no longer wait. How so-phisticated in the technology, plentyof money to send, good humanresources capacity, but withoutinterest from the stakeholders,solid waste will remain 'waste'.

OM/MJ


Waste material issue is notlimited within a single city,rather it also involves theneighbouring regions. Air,water and soil pollution

involves an extensive areabeyond an administrative

boundary.

SYSTEM AND MECHANISM OF ROLE OF COMMUNITY

MONITORING SYSTEM

Funding agency

Community

Operator

Human Resourceas operator andmaintenance

- Transportation feet

- Biogas plant- Incenerator- Final Disposal

Site

SortingOrganic Waste

Inorganic Waste

Dangerous Waste

Compost

Together withbusiness sector

Source: Ministry of Environment

Economic ActivityIndustryRecycleSource ofproduction

Management

Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

Supervision

5PercikAugust 2004

What is solid waste?Waste is a material rid of or thrown

away from man's or nature's activity andhas no immediate economic value

What is the classification of solidwaste?

Based on its origin solid waste canbe classified as, (i) domestic waste con-sisting of household refuse, rubble from abuilding demolition, sanitation and roadlitters. In general this kind of wastecomes from settlement and commercialareas, (ii) dangerous materials such asrefuse from industrial plant and from ahospital, which may contain poisonoussubstance, such as used battery, shoe po-lish, drug containers, (iii) medical waste.

Based on its shape it can be classi-fied as, (i) dry inorganic waste such asmetal, can, bottle which will not decaynaturally, (ii) wet inorganic waste such asfrom kitchen, restaurant wastes, foodcrumbs which will decay naturally. (iii)dangerous waste material, such as usedbattery, used syringe.

Based on degradability solid wastecan be classified as, (i) biodegradable,solid waste that will decompose naturallysuch as organic wastes including kitchenwaste, fruit, flower, leaf and paper, (ii)non-biodegradable consisting of recy-cleable wastes such as plastic, paper,glassware; poisonous waste like medicine,paint, battery, shoe polish, medical wastesuch as syringe.

What is the time needed for solidwaste to decompose?

The time needed for solid waste todecompose depends on the type of thematerial. In general, organic wastedecomposes immediately, while othermaterial such as plastic is estimated todecompose in one million years.

What step can be taken to minimizedomestic solid waste production?

Solid waste production can be mini-mized. The principle is the reduction

must be made as near as possible to itsorigin. In connection with solid wastereduction we are acquainted with 3R prin-ciple (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) which laterbecame 4R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,Refuse). The basic difference between 3Rand 4R principle is the additional ofRefuse principle (sometimes also calledReplace) which focuses on using a more

durable material instead of one time only.The advantage of 4R principle is

reducing greenhouse effect, less air andwater pollution, energy saving, conserva-tion of resources, less land space for finaldisposal, generating employment, andpromoting green technology.

Solid waste type depends on com-munity's cultural habit. In modern so-ciety especially in big cities plasticmaterial is widely used. As an illustra-tion, the majority of domestic waste isplastic bag brought home from thestore, or styrofoam ex food container.Plastic waste is a great threat to ourenvironment because it takes about onemillion years before it fully decompos-es (at that time world may have endedin a doomsday). This condition makesus aware of the importance of applica-tion of 4R principle in order to mini-mize solid waste production. Thereforethe movement for reducing solid wasteproduction must start from its place oforigin, i.e. the household. Thereforethe application of this principledepends to a large extent on the com-munity awareness.

A I N F E A T U R E

Facts About Solid Waste

M

6 PercikAugust 2004

Refuse. Use a more durable material

instead of one time only

Reduce. Produce less waste

Reuse. Use material that can be used

more than once.

Recycle. Use a material than can be

recycled later on.

1.

2.

3.

4.

FOTO: OSWAR MUNGKASA

Type of waste materialOrganic waste (plant, fruitetc.)PaperCotton dressWoodWoolen dressAluminium, can, and similarmaterialPlastic bagGlassware

Time to decompose1-2 weeks

10-30 days 2-5 months10-15 years1 year100-500 years

1 million years?Not known

4R (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle, Reduce)

How can solid waste be treated?There are at least 5 widely known

methods in solid waste treatment:(i) Open dumps. Solid waste is dis-

posed of in an open space and let it to rotnaturally without any further action

taken.(ii) Landfills. This is a relative better

disposal site as compared to open dump.After dumping the solid waste is coveredwith dirt soil and compacted. After all thespace is used the site is covered with a

thick dirt layer. Later the site will bemade into a parking lot.

(iii) Sanitary Landfills. Unlike an ordi-nary Landfill a sanitary landfill uses water-proff material to prevent leachate pollutethe surrounding. The operational cost for asanitary landfill is considerably higher.

(iv) Incinerator. Solid waste is putinto a separator to pick out all the recycla-ble material. What is not recyclable isincinerated. Incineration is usually thelast alternative to pick. Solid waste han-dling is more inclined to medicallyfavourable handling technique.

(v) Composting. A biological processthat enables microorganisms decomposeorganic wastes into farm manure.

What is the responsibility of theproducers?

If the household is given a role toreduce solid waste production through4R principle, then the producers mustalso be imposed with a clear responsibili-ty. The producers could help the house-hold in applying 4R principle. One ofthem is through EPR (Extended ProducerResponsibility) program which repre-sents an effort to promote the producer toreuse the product and packaging it pro-duces. An incentive program to produc-ers is a must. OM

FACTS ABOUT SOLID WASTE IN THE U.S.In 2001 waste production amounted to 209 million tones or approx. 4,4

pounds per capita per day. Increased twofold from the amount of 1960.About 30% is recycled, 15% burned, and 56% transported to disposal site. In 1990 recycling and composting reduced 64 million tons of solid waste

that should have been transported to disposal site. At present 30% of wastematerial is recycled. This percentage increases twice compared to the condition15 years ago.

Recycling of used batteries reached 94%, paper 42%, plastic bottles 40%,beverage and beer can 55%.

The number of final waste disposal sites reduces from 8.000 in 1998 to1.858 in 2001 with relatively the same capacity.

United States is an industrialized nation with the biggest waste materialproducer 4,4 pounds of waste per capita per day, followed by Canada 3,75pounds, and the Netherlands 3 pounds. Germany and Sweden are two industri-alized nations with the least waste material production.

United State is an industrialized nation with the highest recycling propor-tion at 24%, followed by Switzerland 23% and Japan 20%.

FACTS in OTHER COUNTRIES


FOTO: MUJIYANTO

The time needed forwaste material to

decompose depends onthe type of the material.In general, organic wastedecomposes immediate-ly, while other materialsuch as plastic is esti-

mated to decompose inone million years

7PercikAugust 2004

Final disposal site is the largestcontributor in methane gas emis-sion in the US, and probably also

in Indonesia. Whereas a disposal site isactually one of energy source potentials.LFG (landfill gas) is produced when solidwaste is undergoing decomposition. Thisgas comprises 50% methane (CH4), themain component of natural gas, and therest is carbon dioxide (CO2). As an illus-tration, in December 2003, there are 360LFG based power generating projects inthe US and another 600 potential finaldisposal sites for similar establishment.

Some of the advantageous from usingLFG based energy are, (i) reduce unplea-sant smell, (ii) minimize methane gasemission and negative effect to global cli-mate. It is estimated an LFG project canreduce up to 60-90% of methane gas pro-duced in the disposal site, depending onthe technology applied. Methane gas isprocessed to produce water and CO2when the gas is converted into electricity.To produce approximately 4 MW of elec-

tricity is equivalent to planting 60.000acres of forest a year or reducing CO2emission of 45.000 cars a year. Thisamount of energy can replace the use ofcoal for 1.000 locomotives or the use of500 barrels of fuel oil, (iii) reduce air pol-lution through burning less non-renew-able fuel, such as coal, natural gas and oil,(iv) creating new employment, income

and cost saving.

The LFG utilization program in US

has significantly reduce methane emis-

sion at an amount of 14 metric million

tons carbon equivalent (MMTCE), a be-

nefit in reducing green house gases from

planting 18 million acres of forest or

reducing annual emission of 13 millions

of cars. While the other 600 waste dis-

posal sites with potentials for generating

electricity from methane gas, based on

calculation, can generate power for the

consumption of 1 million homes.

There are several processing alterna-

tives for converting methane gas into

energy, (i) electric power generator, (ii)

direct use in lieu of the ordinary fuel like

natural gas, coal and petroleum, (iii)

cogeneration, a combination of heat and

power (Combined Heat and Power/CHP)

to generate electricity and heat.

Aside from the benefit of converting

LFG into power it should also be borne in

mind that the process is also producing

an emission of NOx gas which is detri-

mental to ozone layer and causing foggy

smoke to the surrounding. OM

A I N F E A T U R E

Reducing Methane GasEmission

M

8 PercikAugust 2004

W e may not quite aware that solid

waste can influence the climate

through emission of green house gases in

several ways.

What is the linkage between solid

waste to climatic changes?

First. Solid waste decomposition at

the final disposal site produces methane

gas which is 21 times stronger than CO2

in producing green house effect.

Second. An incinerator releases CO2,

the same type of gas produced by the

trucks transporting the waste.

What is the waste material man-

agement strategy for reducing

emission of green house gases?

Minimizing the production of organic

waste for processing in the final disposal

site. As the waste decomposes methane

gas is released.

Reducing incinerating of solid was-

te . This will reduce the production of

CO2.

Recyclable waste usually need less

energy for the processing, thus emission

could be kept to a minimum.

Solid Waste and Climatic Change

SOURCE: FANI WEDAHUDITAMA

The Olympic contest in Athens wasover, the Bamboo Curtain countrywill in turn host the meeting in

Beijing in 2008. In anticipation to theforthcoming event the Chinese people arebusying themselves from straighteningup the problems of infrastructures tillmaking the city presentable and clean.The scene is quite obvious in Beijing, thecapital city. Although this is seeminglystill a long way off, the city is tidying itselfup and infrastructure development worksare rolling steadily. It is of course under-standable, because they don't want tofind out that the city with 16 million peo-ple disappoint the athletes, officials andsupporters from all over the world whilethey stay there as their guests.

For the Olympic event the Chinesegovernment has issued a special policyfor the improvement of city environmentincluding its solid waste managementsystem. The city government has formu-lated a local policy for waste materialmanagement containing, (i) increase thelevel of coverage to 98% in 2007; (ii)recycle and composting 30% of total solidwaste; (iii) solid waste separation at thesource up to 50% in 2007; (iv) in 2007landfill management meets standardenvironmental requirement; and (v) con-tinuing development of leachate process-ing technology in order to meet therequired effluent standard.

Solid Waste ManagementCondition

Technical AspectSolid waste management in Beijing is

not too far different than it is in In-donesia. The composition and characte-ristic of solid waste in both places is al-most similar. The handling process fromthe initial source up to the final disposalis also the same, including the fact that noseparation is done in the source.

However, Beijing which produces 9.000tons of waste material per day (in com-parison to 6.000 tons in Jakarta) has anexcellent service, in terms of its coverage(90%) as well as its quality of service.Although no separation is made at itssource origin, but the transfer stationsare equipped with such a facility. In thisway the waste transported to final dispos-al is only the residual. Then the organicwaste is processed into compost, in a cityscale facility with the present capacity at200-400 tons/day.

The collecting and transportation arealmost the same with our condition here,including the tricycle cart and compactortruck. But the transportation quality andefficiency is excellent because one trans-fer station is built at 8 km spacing. Thefinal disposal site applying sanitary land-fill method is also in a sufficiently goodquality. The table below presents thereader the total, area and capacity oflandfills in Beijing.

Table 1 Landfills in Beijing

The components of a landfill com-prise a waterproof base, leachate collec-tor network, leachate pond, oxidationditch, a drainage ditch around the land-fill, gas collector (presently is to beburnt), control road, and buffer zone,weighing scale, heavy machinery, watertank, dirt cover, office, sport facility, astock of dirt for cover.

Though the facility is relatively suffi-cient, the leachate processing does not

produce the standard effluent set forBeijing. The following table indicates theprocess and effluent quality from severallandfills in Beijing vs. the effluent stan-dards for China and Beijing.

Table 2: Leachate processing result

A I N R E P O R T

Learn About Solid Wastefrom the Chinese

M

9 PercikAugust 2004

Parameter kualitas efluent leachate

Landfills

Tipe Proses Pengolahan

Leachate COD BOD Amonia

Beishinshu Diangkut ke sewerage treatment plant

- - -

Liulitun Oxidition Ditch 324 22,9 17 Asuwei Oxidation Ditch 787 126 24 Pilot Test RO Membrane

Filtrasi dengan reverse osmosis 3 - 17 - 1,2 – 15

SOURCE: ENDANG SETYANINGRUM

No Location Area (Ha) Capacity (tons/day)

1. Bishinshu landfill 33,7 1000

2. Liutilun landfill 46,5 1500

3. Asuwei landfill 60 2000

4. Anding landfill 21,6 700

Type of LeachateProcessing

Transported to seweragetreatment plantOxidation ditchOxidation ditch

Reverse osmosis filter

Effluent quality parameter

CODLandfills

BOD AmoniaType of Leachate

Processing

Table 3: Effluent standardsChina and Beijing

Final dirt cover is done using clay soil,geo textile, bentonite, and clay/top soil.The land is then planted with vegetationand is kept as an open space.

Management aspectWaste management in Beijing is oper-

ated by "Solid Waste Agency" (BSW-AD).This institution gets its funding (invest-ment as well as O&M) from the city gov-ernment budget and from the communitycontribution. The amount of tariffdepends on the size of family. A family ofmore than 3 members is charged at anamount of RMB3 per person a month(equivalent to Rp3.000). For a family ofthree or less RMB2 per person per month.Community participation in Beijing ishighly commendable, but the role of pri-vate sector in management is lacking.

Lessons learnedTechnical aspect

A coverage increase to almost 100% in2007 indicates the seriousness of go-vernment commitment. This conditionis needed for a metropolitan city likeJakarta.Although Beijing hasn't been appliedthe 3R principle, but the separationprocess conducted at the transfer sta-tion has contributed a satisfactoryresult. Big/metropolitan cities inIndonesia can adopt the practice byputting up transfer stations equippedwith separation facility.Another interesting thing is that for thepurpose of 2008 Olympic Games in2007 solid waste separation right atthe initial source is targeted to reach

50% level. For Indonesian case a seri-ous application of 3R principle muststart immediately.The transportation process is very effi-cient, because transfer station is loca-ted within the radius of 8 km. In Indo-nesia it is built at a more than 25 kmspacing.A high capacity (200-400 tons/day)composting installation is con-sidered advantageous (good com-post quality and is used by the far-mers). In Indonesian applicationbig scale composting can be donewithout the necessity for applicationof the principle of economic benefitsystem. Sanitary landfill applied in the finaldisposal is appropriate considering theavailability of support components andoperational reliability. For Indonesianapplication it is deemed necessary tobuild a strong will and hard work inimproving landfill quality.The application of a stricter effluentstandard for Beijing has pushed thedevelopment of leachate processingtechnology such as reverse osmosis(RO), all for the sake of safeguardingthe environment particularly waterresources.

M a n a g e m e n taspectThe city government ofBeijing is highly com-mitted to improvingthe landfill quality(except for the efflu-ent, at present it is in asatisfactory condi-tion).The existence of seri-ousness and profes-sional attitude of thefield workers is a valu-able asset to the suc-cess of Beijing cleanprogram. In Indonesia

generally, the workers with a cleaningjob feel themselves as "men from oddplace".The contribution collected from com-munity is based on incentive to smallerfamilies; in Indonesia incentives can beapplied based on a lesser amount ofwaste.Enforcement of regulation against lit-tering has been quite effective; inIndonesia such a deed is conductedindifferently and bears no marked con-sequence, one is more afraid of run-ning against traffic light, or "three inone' regulation, or failure to put onsafety belt than throwing litters out ofthe window.The community is quite conscious inclean environment. In Indonesia thiskind of consciousness must be built; itmight be necessary to include it inschool curriculum since early age.The above lessons can be adopted by

the Indonesian policy makers. Why nottake a lesson from China, the BambooCurtain nation whose city cleanliness iscomparable to that of European andJapanese cities?

Endang Setyaningrum, Directorate of

Metropolitan, Ministry of Settlement and Regional

Infrastucture, Member of WSS Working Group

A I N R E P O R TM

10 PercikAugust 2004

COD < 300 < 60

BOD < 150 < 20

Amonia < 25 < 25

SOURCE: ENDANG SETYANINGRUM

In the absence of Adipura award, theattention to cleanliness is fadingout. The local governments that

used to be so eager to compete amongeach other for a clean and beautiful cityhave almost gone, especially after 1998.Towns and cities that used to keep a rela-tively high mark in cleanliness, have sud-denly gone down in evaluation conductedin 2003. This happens in almost all bigcities -metropolitan, big, medium andsmall- of Indonesia, as can be seen inTable 1.

This fact tells us that in many placesof this country the environmental issuestend to increase. Some happens natural-ly, but many are caused by human handsin line with the increasing number ofpopulation and a greater demand for na-tural resources and living space. That'swhy, there is a need for capacity improve-ment in environmental management.The old centralized model is no moreapplicable, it should be replaced with adecentralized model. Each region mayutilize all its potential and mobilize allsegments of its community and be awareof how serious the environmental hazard

has become and how urgent is thedemand to redeem it, so that they couldmake an action plan for environmentalsustainability. However, the precondi-tion for an effective and sustainable envi-ronmental management is the establish-ment of good governance. It is from therethat a new paradigm was born, i.e. goodenvironmental governance.

This paradigm becomes the under-lying principle for a Governance Develop-ment Program of the Ministry of Envi-ronment designed for the purpose of tostrengthening the capacity of the localgovernment to practice good governanceprinciple in environmental sector and atthe same time also improve the perfor-mance of government administration.This program is supported with ProgramWarga Madani (Civil Society Program)which is directed towards communityempowerment. The Governance Deve-lopment Program started implementa-tion in 2002. It was launched in Bali on 5June to coincide with commemoration ofthe Environment Day.

The Deputy Minister of Environmentfor Regional Environmental Management

Capacity Development, M. GempurAdnan, describes the essence of GoodEnvironmental Governance Program isstrengthening coordination system toenable the government to get the mostaccurate response so that solution to themost urgent issues could be taken. Thesystem development includes the mecha-nism to guarantee that all partiesinvolved could voice out their ideas in ademocratic manner, guarantee of a fairand transparent procedure in planningand implementation, and the applicationof standard and criteria to judge a fairand transparent implementation. Someof the elements in the GovernanceDevelopment Program that are influen-tial in the achievement of Good Environ-mental Governance are as the following:

Motivation of the Head of the RegionalAdministration;Competence and commitment of chiefof institution;Human resources capacity;Existence of a support policy;Establishment of accountability sys-tem;Availability of fund.

A I N R E P O R T

Governance Development ProgramTo Increase the Local Government

Concern to Environment

M


GOAL AND AIM OF GOVERNANCE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

1.

2.

3.4.5.

6.

GovernanceDevelopment

ProgramRegional

governmentEffective

governmentGood

EnvironmentalGovernance

Civil SocietyProgram Public

Stakeholders

House ofRepresentative

EmpoweredSociety

Metropolitan City Big City Medium City Small City

During 2002-2003 the activity wasfocused on the monitoring and evaluationof environmental issues of the cities andurban areas, covering the aspects of solidwaste management, management of ve-getative covered open space, manage-ment of public facility, and water pollu-tion control. This year 59 cities join theprogram. Beside a direct field observa-tion each region is given a set of question-naires to fill in. Evaluation is made onmanagerial, learning capability, institu-tion, physical output, and innovationaspects. The information and data col-

lected are fed into the baseline data bankand are updated on yearly basis. Capacitydevelopment policy and program is for-mulated based on the existing data.

In the second implementation year(Jun 2003 - May 2004) the number ofparticipating towns/cities increases to123. Out of this number 31 are qualifiedfor nomination as the cleanesttowns/cities for winning Adipura award.This award consists of Anugerah Adipura(Adipura Award) for towns/cities whoseperformance exceeds predetermined cri-teria, and Piagam Adipura (Adipura

Charter) is given to towns/cities whoseperformance is nearing the predeter-mined criteria. Last June there were 15towns received Anugerah Adipura and 15others won the Piagam Adipura. Theaward was made by the President in a ce-remony held at the presidential palace.

The program does not end here. Thiswill continue. Of course with someadjustments in terms of monitoring andevaluation and in its institutionalizationaspects. The ultimate goal remains,establishment of good environmentalgovernance. (MJ)

A I N R E P O R TM


Everyone knows what to do withsolid waste. Everyone alsoknows the shortcomings con-

nected to it, such as technical, financial,equipment, and human resources. Butwhy does the problem persist? Neitherin those regions to where once an assis-tance has been given. Then what is thekeyword to this problem? We havecome to a conclusion that all thisdepends on the commitment of theregional government. Do they, theregional government and its communi-ty, have any commitment to solve theproblem of waste material? If they do,money is no problem. The area will befree from litters if the regional govern-ment is committed. Otherwise, whate-ver assistance given won't do anygood.There is always problem withmoney. It should be allocated to theright direction. Through this program,we intend to improvement the regionalgovernment's commitment. To instillthe feeling of disgraced once one finds

the area messy. We will encourage eve-ryone to make litter free and clean cityan issue. If this issue is not brought tothe surface the local government willremain indifferent. Currently we aredoing our best to raise this solid wasteissue up to the decision making level,regional and central. In this way wehope regional and central commitmentwill develop and thicken. Imagine if thepresident voices out, the governorspeaks louder, then we can expect thatsomething will get done. This pro-gram will be voluntary in nature. Itconsists of two components, one is toencourage clean and green city. Thesecond is capacity building. We encour-age the regions to improve their capaci-ty in environmental management espe-cially one related to city. We organizeworkshops, training, comparative stud-ies, etc. in relation to city management.The focus is laid on solid waste,improvement in public facility, and veg-etative covered open space. We will

limit up to these three things firstbecause the condition in the regions isthat messy. If we tackle all at once,nothing will happen. This program isin essence quite similar to the Adipura.The mechanism is what makes it diffe-rent. In the good governance programthere is the capacity building compo-nent, which is absent in Adipura. InAdipura once a year, good governancethree times a year. Everything is trans-parent. Each city knows what progressit has made each time it is monitoredand evaluated. Other cities also havethe opportunity to know. The commu-nity knows from the mass mediabecause we always try to expose it. Wecannot expect, though, that the citieswinning the competition is indeedclean. All is still dirty. But if we wait,when will they reach a preferred level ofcleanliness? This means an endlesswait. We hope in 5 years there will be50 clean cities in Indonesia. (MJ)

M. Gempur Adnan, Deputy Minister of Environment for RegionalEnvironmental Management Capacity Development

"The key, Local Government Commitment"

So l i d w aste is not an easy problemto solve. As evidence, no definitesolution has yet been found for

solid waste problem in Indonesia. Thereare many factors involved each intermin-gling with the others. That is why, solidwaste management is a system so that itsimplementation calls for a synergic effortfrom all the stakeholders.

That is the essence of discussionbetween Percik and Mr. Budiman Arief,Secretary General, Ministry of Settlementand Regional Infrastructure in his office.The following are the excerpts of the con-versation:

Speaking of the present solidwaste management in Indonesia,how does it look like?

In general, solid waste management,especially of the cities, is insufficient.Though it was sufficiently good whenthere was the Adipura program between1986-1996, because it was motivated withthe reward for the cities which couldmaintain cleanliness. After that the con-dition is declining. Only recently there isanother program, good environmentalgovernance which started in 2002. Butthe echo is not as extensive as theAdipura because the number of partici-pants is limited.

Why was the condition declin-ing? Was it because of the absenceof reward or some other factor?

There was no reward indeed.Secondly there was that crisis. Solidwaste handling is no priority any more.The government attention is shifted topoverty and all other related problems.

All this makes solid waste managementleft behind. The attention by the kabu-paten/city government is also declining.There is probably interrelated factorinfluencing. The absence of reward re-duces the attention. Solid waste handlingis actually one of the basic service to thepublic. Solid waste is closely related tohealth. A city without a good solid wastemanagement one may be sure that thelevel of health condition is poor becausegarbage piles are the homes of diseasevector.

What about financial factor?If we look into solid waste mana-

gement in general, and this we haveinformed to all kabupaten/kota govern-ments throughout the country, that thereare 5 dominant aspects governing thesolid waste management. Each of the

aspect is inter-related with the others. Ifwe want success, all the aspects must beproperly considered. First is institution-al. The second, financial. The third, tech-nical. The fourth legal; and the fifth iscommunity participation.

Many would think that solid waste ispurely technical, which is utterly mislead-ing. All the aspects must mutually sup-portive. Take for instance, the institu-tional aspect. If in a city the responsibleinstitution is given a very low status, theinstitution will have a real hard time. Asection or sub-section chief will have dif-ficulty to see a Mayor because he is toolow an employee. Therefore there mustbe an agreement, that for a big city theinstitution responsible for solid wastemanagement must be a Dinas level. In amedium city a sub-dinas, and not lower.

Financially there must be sufficient

N T E R V I E W

Budiman Arief, Secretary General, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure

"Bad Solid WasteManagement, Poor Health

Condition"

I


SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

fund. APBD for solid waste must not betoo small. It will be difficult. In reality, ifit is managed properly, solid waste cangenerate income, though not 100 percentrecovery. At least 70 percent of theexpenses can be recovered from the con-tribution. Thus the subsidy requirementis only 30 percent. If the financial aspectis not put into order and the contributionis not properly collected, the effort willonly be wasting money.

From the legal aspect, the regulationmust be made effective. The regional go-vernment regulation must be specific andclear. If no action is taken against somelittering, what will happen next. Waste isproduced by man's activity, therefore lawmust be upheld.

From the technical aspect one cannotdo as one wishes. There is calculation tobe made. What system to be applied, thetime for transport, what will be done atthe disposal site. Then from the commu-nity participation, this is one of the mostimportant thing. If the community doesnot support, the costs will becomeextremely high. Therefore communityparticipation must be built and increased.All five aspects are inter-related.

Does it mean there is no onesingle dominant factor?

That is right. But the first thing is theavailability of fund. Otherwise what canwe do? But still, money is no guarantee.

What has the government donein the solid waste management?

Depkimpraswil (ministry of publicwork) is responsible for preparing guide-lines. We have produced many guidelineshow to handle solid waste in the right man-ner. That is not all, though. We also preparea stimulant program. We make it availableto the really interested regional government.If not interested, we wouldn't give it becauseit would mean waste of money. Look at theireffort and see in what way we could help.This also is a kind of reward.

How many regional govern-ments have been granted the stimu-lant?

Since 2001 there have been many. Wehave helped the newly established cities,for example as initial equipment we gavethem a truck. If later it turns out effectivewe add with another one.

What plan does the governmenthave for the future?

I think we have to continue with whatwe have started. Improvement must bemade to final disposal ground. The re-gional government wants to apply sanita-ry landfill, but the fact is merely opendumping. This is what causes manyprotests. Open dumping should havebeen left out entirely. We might not beable to apply a sanitary landfill techniquein full, but we are heading there. We willprovide assistance to a regional govern-ment who still has difficulty in handling afinal disposal ground.

What should be done with thecommunity?

All the regional governments musttake action to educate the communityabout solid waste management. As anexample, there is a family who has paid agarbage collector but he is still required topay a duty to the Dinas Kebersihan. Thiswill lead the community into confusion.They should be given information thatfrom the technical point of view solidwaste management consists of waste col-lecting from individual homes, thantransport to disposal ground and finallythe processing.

The payment to RT/RW is only forcollecting which represents 30 percent ofthe whole technical process. Sometimes,however, what the RT/RW collects toomuch that nothing is left for the DinasKebersihan. Therefore, the communitymust be educated so that they fully under-stand what is what in solid waste mana-gement.

What is your opinion regardingthe community awareness of solidwaste?

I think the community has not fullyunderstood the importance of solid wastemanagement. For villagers solid wastemay have no significance because theyhave enough empty space, but for towns-people it is just the opposite. The lattercannot manage their wastes on an indi-vidual basis, rather they have to do it col-lectively. But the problem is, most of thetownspeople come from the village. Theybring the villager's habit with them. Noneof the services is given for free.

What is the linkage between thegovernment step in solid wastehandling with MDGs?

I think one of the objectives of theMDGs is improvement of sanitation servi-ce. Presently we are preparing a NationalAction Plan. We have to translate MDGsinto Indonesian condition. The MDGsobjectives could be considered quantita-tive as it is also qualitative. All the wastesmay be transported entirely, but if thetransport is once a week or once in twoweeks, qualitatively it is poor. Becausesolid waste must be transported once inthree days at the longest, otherwise it willbegin to decompose. Thus the level ofservice may be considered in quantitativeas well as in qualitative manner.

Can MDGs sanitation target par-ticularly with respect to solid wastebe achieved in 2015?

If the standard is sanitary landfill likethe developed countries, I doubt that wecould make it. But we can translate it interms of qualitative result. What is im-portant is that we make improvementfrom the previous condition. That is whyit is necessary to have a common agree-ment among the related governmentdepartments regarding our NationalAction Plan and how the targets would beachieved.

N T E R V I E WI


How do you look at the linkagebetween regional autonomy andsolid waste?

Actually, it has always been theresponsibility of the kabupaten/kota go-vernments. Pursuant to Law No. 22,Government Regulation No. 25, earlierthere was a government regulation No. 18year 1953 which stipulates that solidwaste management is the responsibility ofthe kabupaten/kota government. There-fore, the responsibility rests with theregional government.

Does it mean that the changetowards regional autonomy a fewyears ago has no effect to theresponsibility in solid waste mana-gement?

I should say so. However we nowexpect the regions would improve theirperformance in handling their wastes.What was before not very clear, it nowbecomes more obvious.

What about inter-regional solidwaste handling that causes frictionsuch as the cases in Bantar Gebangand Bojong?

Problem surely arises in a metropolitancity. In smaller and medium sized cities theycan find solution because space is still rela-tively easier to find. In a big city like Jakarta,the management becomes more complex.That is why the sanitary landfill must be builttogether with the other regions. IncineratorI think is too expensive both in terms ofinvestment as well as operational costs. Wehave to be careful in evaluating the technicalaspect. If our per capita income has reachedUSD5.000 we may then think about anincinerator.

What is your opinion about theregional attention with respect tosolid waste?

Insufficient, I have to say. Why did wedesign Adipura? Because we thoughtthat solid waste handling would be donewell if there is a sufficient attention. Ireckon that an investment for solid waste

handling would not be big as it for roadbuilding or drinking water installation. Ifthe regional governments have the inte-rest solid waste handling could be done inthe right manner.

What is the central governmentbudget for solid waste handling?

As I said earlier, the government onlyprovides a stimulant. This Departmentprovides basic infrastructures such asdrinking water, waste water, solid waste,drainage, and roads. We do not only pro-vide them with a guideline but also a stim-ulant. This is intended to build attentionfrom within the regions

Does it mean the budget is suffi-cient?

Not enough. Still too small. And the re-quired infrastructure is still insufficient.

Is there any country with compa-rable condition that we can learn alesson from?

I think there is a need for a compara-tive study to other countries with a com-parable condition. It is not a good idea togo to developed countries like Australia orJapan. Too far. We go to places nearer tous, such as a study to Kuching inMalaysia. We have done it already.

From what you said, solid waste

handling should be done with insti-tutional approach?

What I mean is this. An institution issomething with a clear and definite responsi-bility. There must be an institution, but thecommunity must be involved in a clear sys-tem. For instance RT/RW or a communitygroup is responsible in accumulation. Theinstitution will take care the transport fromthe transfer stations to the final disposalground. Therefore the responsible institu-tion must be clearly defined with a sufficientlevel of power.

What is your expectation withour cities in the future?

Cleanliness and orderly conditionmust be established. Beauty is perhapssomething of a luxury.

Cleanliness is the base point. If youwant to put something into order, cleanli-ness must go first. Bupati and the Mayormust give a bigger attention in this case.If there is a reward, I think it would beeven better.

What does the cooperation look like?Solid waste is a NIMBY (not in my back-

yard) phenomenon. Those who are affectedmust have a fair compensation. And theapproach to the community is made in theproper manner.

(mujiyanto)

N T E R V I E WI


SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

Several technologies for eliminationof solid waste have been tried forapplication in Indonesia. The

most commonly used technology is sani-tary landfill which is practiced in severalbig cities. A sanitary landfill is essential-ly a biological reactor in which solid wasteundergoes anaerobic decomposition. Oneof the products from the anaerobicdegradation is methane (CH4) gas whichcontains a relatively high caloric value.This could become a significant source ofenergy.

Compost is not sufficiently utilizedCompost produced from city waste

cannot find a good market in Indonesia.Farmers, estate crop growers, and gar-deners are not interested in using com-post. This is perhaps because compostdoes not provide additional nutrition toplant and soil, nor does it provide a directincrease to plant produce. Besides, com-post is not intended to take the role ofchemical fertilizers. Compost is more usefulfor improvement of soil texture and increasewater holding capacity of the soil so thatwater intake by plant roots increases. On theother side, the government does not suffi-ciently promote the community to use com-post. In a number of compost productioninstallations the production is below theoptimum rate, to finally stop production forlack of sustaining customers.

Source of energyIt is deemed necessary to embark on a

new concept for handling the problem ofcity solid waste. As an alternative, solid

waste can be processed into a new pro-duct with a higher market value and isneeded by the community. Why? Becau-se Indonesia is beginning to experiencean energy crisis. Fuel oil is gettingscarcer, oil reserve is limited, and theprice of crude oil in the world market isincreasing. There must be a renewablesource of energy with less negativeimpact to the environment. This is whereenergy from solid waste can take an alter-native place, and at the same time as ameans for elimination of solid waste. Inso doing it is hoped that the burning of

fossil fuel can be brought to a minimum,and reducing the exploitation rate of fos-sil fuel from the earth.

The available technologyComposting is basically an energy

conversion process. But some of theexisting energy is released and the mate-rial produced contains a lower caloricvalue. This is because the anaerobic com-posting process produces a new solid andsimpler material and releases carbondioxide (CO2) gas which is not readilyused as an energy source. There are seve-ral other processes for converting energyfrom solid waste into new substance. Theprocesses are among others:

R T I C L E

Solid Waste as a Source of Energy:A Challenge to the World of

Solid Waste ManagementIn Indonesia

A


Sandhi Eko Bramono *)

SOURCE: FANY WEDAHUDITAMA

Anaerobic ProcessThis process releases methane (CH4)

gas, one with high calorie content.Sanitary landfill is essentially a largecapacity anaerobic reactor. Several tech-niques have been tried to increase themethane gas production. Recycling ofleachate is one of the techniques forincreasing methane gas production and atthe same time speed up the solid wastedegradation process. However, a smallercapacity and specially designed anaerobicreactor is easier to monitor and the con-trol in the methane gas production kinet-ics than it is with a sanitary landfill. Theresidue from the process can be used ascompost, of which part of the energy has

been taken in the form of high caloricmethane gas. In comparison, in an aero-bic process the decomposition only pro-duces compost. If the anaerobic processis cut off up to the fermentation phase, i.e.before methane gas is produced, theresult is alcohol which also contains ahigh energy content. The use of alcoholand its derivatives as an alternative fuel isalso worthy of consideration.

Gasifikasi and Pyrolitic ProcessesBoth processes require an additional

energy to raise temperature up to 600°Cin substoichiometric oxygen or no oxygenat all. The pyrolitic process producessolid material (char) and liquid (tar) with

high energy content. This product can beused as a biodiesel fuel (as an alternativeor additive to solar fuel) which is nowwidely used. While a gasifikasi processproduces high caloric gases. It is alsoworth considering as an alternative fuel.

Incineration ProcessThis process is relatively more costly

than the processes mentioned above. Wastematerial with lowest moisture content canonly produce not more that a natural tem-perature of 200°C. In the meantime theworking temperature for this reductionprocess is between 600-800°C to form car-cinogenic and furan compounds. Researchconducted in several incinerators in the UShas not produced a satisfactory result in thereduction process resulting these two com-pounds, though the process was made at atemperature well above 600-800°C. Theprocess produces a high temperature thatcan be used to propel steam turbine forgenerating electricity.

The extent of energy neededAs an energy generating process, the

amount of energy input - output must becalculated in a balance between mass andenergy. The input energy must be kept aslow as possible, and since the output ofthe process is also energy, the total energyoutput can be calculated. If the input istoo big, it means the process is inefficient.

Besides, it is still necessary to makefurther study about the energy extent thatcan be used, because each output of aprocess has an extent of use. In this case,energy use efficiency under a certainamount of energy produced from a certainamount of solid waste must also betaken into consideration. It should alsobe borne in mind that each process hasa certain extent of benefit from the out-put product. In this way the benefit canbe made as effective and efficient aspossible.

*) Postgraduate student

of UNSW, Australia

R T I C L EA


As an energy generating process, the amount ofenergy input - output must be calculated in

a balance between mass and energy. The input energy must be kept as low as possible,

and since the output of the process is alsoenergy, the total energy output can be calculated.


Beside the need for additionalspace, moderately acceptableinfrastructures and facilities, po-

pulation growth brings with it an additio-nal quantity of solid waste (Tchoba-noblous, 1977: 4). According to the regu-lation, solid waste must be collected to atransfer station, and later to be transport-ed to the final disposal ground, separa-tion is made between wet and dry solidwastes. Finally the wastes are processedwith a number of different technologies,for instance sanitary landfill, composting,burning in an incinerator, ATAD (autoge-nous thermophilic aerobic digestion)technology, and so on.

But in reality the process does not workin accordance with the environmental sani-tation plan developed for the city govern-ment (Chiara, 1982:6). As a result, solidwaste creates a complex problem, not only inthe regions but also at the national level.

Solid waste and the cityof Surabaya

The responsibility for collection,transport and processing of solid wastewithin the city is imposed on the city go-vernment (Law No. 22 Art. 11, verse 2;Cointreau, 1982:4) particularly the DinasKebersihan. The city of Surabaya is un-able to cope with solid waste problem.There are many difficulties being faced,such as land procurement for the finaldisposal, the high costs involved in solidwaste management while the routinedevelopment activities absorb most of theavailable fund. To solve the problem thecity government tries to work togetherwith private sector. But the cooperationis limited in buying and selling, thereforethe city government still does not havethe real experience in partnership withprivate sector in an overall solid wastemanagement.

Composition and processingtechnology

Basically, a technology applied forsolid waste processing must be able tosolve the problem or at least minimizingthe intensity of the problem (Ryding,1994:71). In determining the type of tech-nology to be applied consideration mustbe based on the composition of the solidwaste (Cointreau, 1982:iv).

The relation between the type wasteand the technology to be applied, hascaused a difference in solid waste han-dling technologies between the industri-alized and the developing nations. In thedeveloping nations solid waste compact-ness is estimated 2-3 times more thanthat of the industrialized nations. Theproportion of organic wastes mostly ofplant material is estimated 3 times high-er. Based on the composition the mostcommon processing technologies areopen dumping and sanitary landfill.

There are several processing methodsavailable for application in the final dis-

posal ground (Moenir, 1983:33):Open dumping methodSanitary landfillBaling methodIncineration/thermal converterCompostingATAD (Autogenous ThermophilicAerobic Digestion)

Each of the methods has its advan-tages as well as disadvantages. That iswhy, in order to prevent a wrong choicethat would lead to failure in solid wastemanagement it is necessary that each ofthe methods be thoroughly studied. Solidwaste transport has its role in determi-ning the success of the technology cho-sen. Transport schedule must be closelytimed with the processing capacity of thefinal disposal site, overload must be pre-vented otherwise the process will be dis-turbed.

Problem knotsBased on the general description

about the situation governing solid wastein the city of Surabaya, some knots can beidentified. They are as the following:

1. The city has a limited capacity, interms of technical, financial, and mostlyin comprehensive and integrated plan-ning for handling solid waste problems;

2. The existing system in solid wastemanagement, beginning from transport,distribution, and use of transfer stations,final disposal ground, the processingfacility and the leachate treatment, doesnot function properly;

3. The type of technology is cost inten-sive;

4. Land scarcity for final disposalground, if the facility must move from itspresent location, there must a relativelylarge area in exchange. And besides, solidwaste production level will not stay at8.000 m3 a day, considering the high

R T I C L E

Pre-Study on Solid Waste Case Study: The City of Surabaya

A


Klasifikasi Musim Hujan Musim Kemarau • Paper • Textil • Organic • Wood/grass • Plastic • Leather/rubber • Metal (Ferrous) • Metal (Non Ferrous) • Glass • Stone ceramic • Bones • Others

13.54 1.85

52.93 19.15

7.7 0.45 0.82 0.08 1.12 1.61 0.62 0.13

4.37 2.03

55.59 15.72 7.51 0.03 0.74 0.16 0.68 4.46 0.74 0.07

TOTAL 100 100

Fany Wedahuditama *)

Source: JICA Study, 1992

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE(WET BASIS)

1.2.3.4.5.6.

Clasification Rainy Dry season

population growth rate.5. There is only very limited or even

lack of government knowledge and expe-rience in cooperation with the private sec-tor or other cities regarding solid wastemanagement.

RecommendationIn reference to the description in this

study, some recommendations presentedhere may serve as guidelines for the city ofSurabaya in its effort to handling its solidwaste problems:

1. Collaboration among the munici-palities of Surabaya, Sidoarjo and Gresik

Sooner or later, when an ever handyservice has become a pressing publicdemand, collaboration among several citygovernments may become indispensable.One city cannot stand alone independentfrom the others. It thrives because thereare other cities surrounding it. The col-laboration is not limited in solid waste,but also in other issues.

2. Cooperation with the private sectorin transport, processing.

A motto that says city governmentdoes not only assume the role as facilita-tor but also as enabler must be taken asthe background for cooperation with theprivate sector.

There is basically a competitionamong the public enterprises to become acity government partner in the manage-ment of public service by reducing thecost of service.

3. Utilizing the provincial govern-ment land

Land scarcity is always a problem

especially if it is to be used as a solid wastedisposal ground. This is because the landcan be used for other purposes that mayincrease the added value to the city's eco-nomic activity. This scarcity must not beallowed as a barrier. The city governmenthas the right to ask for help from theprovince, in terms of funding, land space,or other necessities for the sake of goodpublic service management.

4. The most suitable solid waste pro-cessing technology up to 10 years fromnow.

With the mountain of solid waste pi-ling in the disposal ground it must beeliminated immediately. At least, withinone year, the volume of solid waste mustbe brought down to 30 percent of thepresent condition, including the newarrivals at the rate approximately 8.000m3 a day.

The most appropriate technology thatcan eliminate solid waste in a relativelyshort time is an incinerator/thermal con-verter. And in addition, this technologycan generate electricity as byproduct.

In connection with investmentrequired for solid waste processing, as weknow, almost all are capital intensive.This is because there has never been, upto now, consideration be taken aboutinclusion of local content. From observa-tion one could find out that the combus-tion technology applies a similar principlewith that being applied in coal burning forsteam turbine. For ITB experts manufac-turing a waste material combustionmachine is not impossible. Almost allcomponents for such a manufacture areavailable in Indonesia. Only some com-ponents may still have to be imported.Manufacturing a machinery with a largeportion of local content can bring downinvestment costs and provides an oppor-tunity for the city government solve theproblem related to solid waste.

*) Alumnus of Magister Environment

Tehnique, ITB

R T I C L EA



The relation between the typewaste and the tecnology to be

applied, has caused a differencein solid waste handling

technologies between theindustrialized and

the developing nations.

So l i d waste is a part of our daily life.In every activity, there must besome waste involved, however neat

the activity is. Unfortunately, there aremany who are indifferent about this. Inmost families--especially of the towns-solid waste handling is done by house-maids. As a result, solid waste problem isconsidered done once the house is sweptclean and the garbage put into the bin.This opinion is obviously misleading thatmust be straightened out.

Today solid waste is a big headachefor big cities in Indonesia, such asJakarta, Surabaya, including also Ma-kassar. In some cities, solid waste mana-gement involves several other neighbou-ring cities, as a result from lack of landspace for final disposal ground.

This paper intends to discuss solidwaste problem in the city of Makassar,one of the major cities in Indonesia. Thecity encompasses an area of 175,77 sq. kmwith a total population of approx. 1,5 mil-lion. The city continues growing in linewith the development in Makassar as adevelopment centre for the eastern parton Indonesia.

Solid waste management by theDinas Kebersihan dan Keindahan

Solid waste management in Makassarcomprises three activities, namely collec-tion, transport to the temporary dumpinginstallation and final dumping into thefinal disposal. Collection is accomplishedin two different methods:

Individual door to door system, usinga cart or other means of transport sucha truck and is done by Dinas Ke-bersihan dan Keindahan or a privateenterprise.Communal system, transport from thetemporary dumping installation to theremote final disposal ground, and is

done by the Dinas Kebersihan danKeindahan.

The transport operation is scheduledin 2 shifts, morning and afternoon. Thecoverage area is classified into core area,support area and expansion area. Besidesolid waste produced from domestic andcommercial activities, the Dinas Keber-sihan dan Keindahan also transports thelitters collected from street and guttercleaning within the service coverage area.

The budget for Dinas Kebersihan danKeindahan operation comes from localgovernment budget (APBD) level I andAPBD level II and the contribution col-lected from cleaning and septic tank Thetotal manpower for the operation consistsof 135 drivers and 225 collectors. The cityof Makassar is currently using 7 final dis-posal grounds: Karuwisi, Sappabulo,Andi Tonro, Panampu, Kantisang,Tanjung Bunga, and Tamangapa.Improvement in final disposal groundmust be done as a consequence to thegrowth in volume of wastes produced. Adisposal ground which is not operatedany more is also being used as an opendump.

The Tamangapa ground applies semisanitary landfill method. This method is

developed by adapting sanitary landfillinto open dumping method. This is donebecause of budget shortage for a full sani-tary landfill. In Tamangapa the solidwaste is separated by scavengers to earnmoney by selling to used material collec-ted and then recycled. Beside scavengers,cattle feeding the wastes helps in redu-cing the size of garbage pile to be dealtwith.

Problem areasSanitary landfill method needs a lot of

dirt soil for cover. This considerably addsa great deal of cost to the operationalbudget, especially if the dirt has to behauled a long distance. For Tamangapathe dirt is taken from its surroundings.

Another aspect relates to the need fora tight control in the installation of biogasrelief from the garbage pile. Biogas willcontinue to be released for 50 years,probably longer, after the pile is buried.If the biogas is not adequately relieved itmay explode that will make the whole pilescattered all over. The relief piping sys-tem of Tamangapa is installed one yearafter the pile is buried. This is quiteregretful considering that the piping sys-tem design has been done since the verybeginning.

Rain water falling on the garbage pileis also problematic unless it is properlydealt with. In Tamangapa this is handled

R T I C L E

Solid waste managementin Makassar

A


Nirman Niswan, ST. *)

Kondisi Pengelolaan Sampah Di Kotamadya Makassar

Luas Layanan 175,77 km

Jumlah penduduk daerah layanan 1.300.000 jiwa

Perkiraan Timbunan 3.535,20 m3

- Domestik 1.576,60 m3

- Komersial 1772,7 m3

Volume yang tertangani 2996,67 m3

Tingkat pelayanan 84,8 % Sumber : Dinas Kebersihan Kotamadya Ujung Pandang 1998 Source: Dinas Kebersihan, City of Ujung Pandang 1998

Area of service

Total population

Estimated pile size

- Domestic

- Commercial

Volume untouched

Level of service

Solid waste management condition in the city of Makassar

person

through photosynthetic method which isrelatively inexpensive. The leachate pro-duced from the decomposing materialmay spoil groundwater unless the pile isbuilt on a waterproof layer. It may alsospoil surface water if it flows down into ariver, for instance.

For the sake of the surrounding com-munity attention must also be paidregarding the unpleasant smell. Based onsite selection standard, a disposal groundmay not be placed in the vicinity of a set-tlement area. But for the scavengers theopposite is what happens.

Their waste is our wasteThe problems can actually be mini-

mized through the application of an inte-grated management system between thecity government and the community. Upto this time solid waste management isbut an insignificant supplementary sec-tion both from the part of the communityand from the government structure. Onthe contrary, the problem of solid wasteshould be given sufficient attention fromboth. The limited availability of both landand budget makes it imperative that analternative solution be found.

As is already known, solid wastemanagement comprises three steps,namely collection, transportation andprocessing, of which burying is onemethod. Collection can be done by thecommunity. The best way in the collec-tion is separating the wastes so that theprocessing stage will be made easier. Butthis requires a high level of understandingfrom both the community and the fieldoperators. It is at this stage that a 'zerowaste' principle can be put into applica-tion, in which waste is reduced in such away so that nothing is left to be buried.

The application of regulation relatedto solid waste is insufficient so that thecommunity never considers waste materi-al is an important issue. As an example,in Jakarta with the fully used BantarGebang site the city government has had a

big difficulty where to put its mountain ofwastes. Though the problem is finallysolved, but it is merely a temporary solu-tion since the new site will be full in thenear future. And somewhere a new pieceof land must again be found. While a landwhich was used as a dumping ground canonly be brought back to a productive landafter several decades. Wastes can also bedisposed of into an ex-mining excavation,but there are only a few cities with a mi-ning activity. It can be seen how the pro-blems keep coming one after another ifthey are not dealt with seriously.

The community's way of thinking mustbe improved in order to consider that theirwaste is also our waste. It means a commonresponsibility. Imagine if the solid waste

production keeps growing from day to day acity like Jakarta or Makassar will be full ofgarbage piles. At this point in time we canonly hope that solid waste management bythe government is implemented properly,considering the effect of pollution can only bedetected years afterwards. In the meantime,the source of the pollution cannot be detec-ted any more.

Actually, the regulation pertaining toenvironment of this country is wellenough. What is lacking is the applicationand sanction to violators. It is our com-mon responsibility to improve it.

*) Alumnus of Environment

Technique Bandung Institute

of Technology

R T I C L EA


SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

The problems can actually be minimizedthrough the application of an integrated man-agement system between the city government

and the community.

Rachel Carson once indicated thatman has to be made to under-stand that because of his activity

the environment deteriorates although heconsiders it as a productive activity(Silent Spring Magazine, 1963). Theenvironmental condition greatly influ-ences the life and welfare of human beingand other living creatures. Living crea-tures, human being, animal and alsoplants cannot survive without afavourable environment, especially with-out water. Water plays an indispensablerole for life. At the present time readilyavailable water sources are rain, spring,groundwater, lake, reservoir, and river.But the capacity of supply is not balancedwith the increasing demand. The imba-lances happen because of a) high rate ofpopulation growth, especially in urbanareas, b) the growth of industrial areashas converted a massive land and watersource utilization, c) widespread illegallogging, forest fire, mineral mining with-in forest areas without subsequent envi-ronmental conservation and rehabilita-tion, d) water pollution caused by indus-trial wastes, salt water intrusion, andmining wastes.

WSS Program in the Era ofRegional Autonomy

WSS program is intended to improvehealth condition of low income communityin villages and the fringes of urban settle-ments, and is implemented through a com-munity participatory approach. It is operat-ed through provision of easily accessiblequality water supply and locally acceptablebasic sanitation and complemented withhygiene behaviour education.

Experience from 2 years implementa-tion indicates that the AusAID and World

Bank funded WSS program has made apleasing success. This is because themethodology applied conforms with theprinciples of regional autonomy, i.e. watersupply and environmental sanitation deve-lopment which starts from the grass rootlevel based on local initiative, accommoda-ting and taking into consideration the com-munity aspiration and local socio-culturalcharacters. There is no pressure, uniformity,instruction and community mobilization.All is managed through a communityempowerment process.

In accordance with its role and func-tion, the central and provincial govern-ments act as facilitator, while the kabu-paten/kota government is expected to beable to coordinate and integrate regionaldevelopment and strengthen its commu-nity. To this end there are several aspectsto note by all concerned, from the centralto regional level, so that the programcould lead to success:

The existence of a policy, at the nation-al, regional and local. This means thatthe central, and regional must preparethe law and regulation, guidelines,standard and others in order to pro-vide direction so that WSS pro-

gram/project can be implemented wellin correct, transparent and sustainablemanner;The community. This means the com-munity must be made ready, willing,and capable to participate in the pro-gram/project implementation;Natural resources. Natural resourcespotential, particularly water may con-tribute to economic development andcommunity welfare, therefore theseresources must be properly managed.

Challenge in futureThe performance of WSS program

which is coordinated by the WSSWorking Group has made as pleasantimprovement. It is not surprising thatthere are more and more regions areinterested to join the program. Yet, thereare technical hindrances.

Aware of the condition, the responsi-bility and capacity of the central agenciesthat make up the Working Group have toinclude a) capable to formulate a generalpolicy which serves as a guiding principlefor the stakeholders to participate in thecommunity based drinking water andsanitation development; b) capable ofconvincing the regional government andits agencies as well as other stakeholdersthat this program is one of the efforts toimprove community welfare; c) capableof convincing the donor organizations, NGOand other third parties to participate; and d)capable of facilitating network developmentat the implementation level (kabupa-ten/kota) through motivating the relatedagencies and local NGOs to commit them-selves in WSS development.

*) Staff of the Directorate of Regional

Development; Member of WSS Working Group

R T I C L E

Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Program Management

and Future Challenges

A


S. Budi Susilo *)

1.

The performance ofWSS program which is

coordinated by the WSSWorking Group has madeas pleasant improvement.

2.

3.

In drinking water and sanitationdevelopment Kabupaten Kebumenhas a specific character of note. The

detail WSS development program hasbeen included in its Strategic Planning forthe period 2000-05 (integrated in LocalGovernment Regulation No 18 Year2002). The Regional Government is alsoresponsive to the WASPOLA WorkingGroup when the latter intended todisseminate National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Development tothe local community. The governmentwas even willing to contribute some fundfor the said activity.

The regional government allocatesfund not only from Special FundAllocation (DAK) sources but also fromits regular annual budget, and that hasbeen done. For FY 2005 not less than 5villages will get a budget allocation ofRp100 million each for WSS deve-lopment. This proposal was concludedfrom a Jaring Asmara (short for JaringAspirasi Masyarakat, Community Aspi-ration Net) mechanism, which is a pickup mechanism through the formation of aspecific task force for this purpose.Beside the proposals derived from theJaring Asmara the local sector agenciesalso put up their own plans. In the sameFY the Public Works agency put aside anamount of Rp120 million for WSSdevelopment in 7 villages.

Up to this time most of the facilities inplace are well maintained. The facilitiesbuilt in 1980-90s are still in operation,though some are wearing out.

From the above table it can be seenthat WSS facilities in KabupatenKebumen are sufficiently well kept (read:sustainable). However, behind the data

there are some intricacies concealed.Kebumen is in command of an abundantwater source -- though a specific technologyis needed to enable to take benefit from it--during the dry season it suffers from aserious water shortage. During such aseason the regional government has tooperate a fleet of water trucks, buys drinkingwater from PDAM and distributes it for freeto the most suffering villages. At least thereare 80 villages are always in such a problemand in need for relief.

Environmental problemWater shortage during the dry season

happens because of forest felling in the upperwatershed areas by Perhutani. It is said thatthe conversion of heterogenous forest standinto single species plantation (pine tree) is themain reason for the decrease in water holdingcapacity and frequent landslides. Take forinstance the reservoir at Adiwarno village waswashed down in a landslide and the drop ofwater table in Sempor dam -- main watersource for Kab. Kebumen.

Although the government agencies donot specifically indicate that the droughtis caused by the conversion of the forestfunction, the water shortage phenome-non did begin to happen after theconversion took place.

Institutional conditionThe community took part in the WSS

development, especially in piping tech-nology. In the village Banyumudal, as anexample, each family was obliged to con-tribute Rp100.000. The regulation is de-tailed covering procedure for requestingfor connection to Household, amount ofpayment, fine for delay in payment,amount of contribution, managementteam and water users' organization.

In the beginning the communityaround Banyumudal spring did not haveany problem with water service but laterafter the network was extended to include3 hamlets downstream, the communityaround the stream have had watershortage during the dry season. Finallythey opted to take down the collectorstructure at the intake point in order toget back their water. As a result, watersupply to the downstream hamletsbecomes uneven. From then on, thestandardized contribution system ceasedto apply. The management also refuses tohandle it.

TechnologicalThe technology choice is generally

piping network, gravitational or pumpingpropelled by electric power. Some villa-ger dug pit wells, deep well, and raincollectors. None of the institutions in thepit well and rain collector areas arefunctioning. The rain collector techno-logy is not used any more because the size

R T I C L E

The problem with water supplyand environmental sanitation in

Kabupaten Kebumen

A


WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION (WSS) FACILITY IN KEBUMEN

Number of village Good condition Functioning institution

9 6 619 8 611 10 104 1 -3 3 31 - -1 - -6 6 5

Alma Arief 1) dan Budiono 2)

Type of technology

Gravitational pipingPipingPSAPit wellBored wellRain collectorPit well and rain collectorMixed

is too small and water supply runs out assoon as it fills. Drinking water supplyusing bored well are also used in severalvillages, one of them is built in a fishauction outfit.

As far as technology choice is con-cerned the community is involved sincethe beginning of the planning. Thecommunity also contributed in cash,labour and material. As an example, thevillage of Pakuran collected an amount offund to cover the balance needed for thepurchase of a genset and some pipes. Atthat time the government subsidizedRp34 million whilst the actual cost wasRp50 million. Since the technology wasrelatively new to the Pakuran community,some of them were trained in gensetO&M and how to maintain pipingnetwork. The operational cost is born bythe community.

In the village of Tugu, KecamatanBuayan, the community hires a motorvehicle to carry water from a water sourcein the valley to their village in a plateauup in the hill. Water supply from thegovernment comes only once a week.

During the dry season, most of theareas in Kabupaten Kebumen suffer fromwater shortage because water dischargein the source drops sharply. To overcomethis problem, the regional governmentprovides the community in 80 villageswith drinking water for free. Thegovernment has to buy the water fromPDAM.

Socio-culturalThe community of Kebumen is

cooperative and has a high self reliantcharacteristic. They are easily organizedto solve a common problem and pose noobjection to contribute in cash, labourand material. That is why, Kebumen isvery conducive for a self reliant WSSdevelopment, and this is seemingly ageneral condition in the province of JawaTengah. Not only in Kebumen, similarsituation is also found in Banyumas andSemarang. WSS development, actuallydoes not have to reach the household with

a home connection. Many of the familieswill by a long hose, up to a hundred metrelong. In the village of Klesem, one manput up a 2.500 m long hose from a watersource at an approximate cost of Rp1,5million.

If the community believes that wateris a valuable commodity, which isevidenced from willingness to spend aconsiderable amount of money, they areeasy to bring into an organization to solvetheir common problem. This iseventually will relate to organizationaland institutional development, includingthe appropriate approach that is mostpleasant to them.

FinancialFrom a discussion with a kecamatan

staff at the office of Bappeda it wasrevealed that the willingness to paymonthly contribution does not depend onthe welfare class one family belongs. InKecamatan Ayah, for example, there is avillage with a relatively poor populationin comparison with other villages, butthey are willing to pay their duesregularly. From the above table (thoughwithout any further study made) it is alsoobvious that the management institutiongreatly influences the functioning of thefacility. A functioning institution has a

positive correlation with the collection ofmonthly contribution.

ConclusionKebumen has an abundance of water

reserve, but many of its population are inwant of drinking water service. This isbecause of the difficult natural conditionand the recently developing harmfultendency in environmental changes.

Form socio-cultural aspect, thecommunity of Kebumen is verycooperative and for WSS development thepeople are willing to contribute in theform of cash, labour and material. This ofcourse is greatly in favour forestablishment of institutional andorganizational framework to benefit fromthe existing resources in finding solutionto their common problem.

In Kebumen, there are many potentialwater sources that can be explored fordevelopment. But because in some areasthe natural condition is indeed difficult tohandle, some specific technology isneeded. The problem is, what technologyis most appropriate for application and atthe same time accessible to the villagecommunity.

1) A WASPOLA Consultant2) Staff of Regional Development Planning

Agency of Kebumen

R T I C L EA


SOURCE: ALMA ARIEF

The city of Tangerang was officiallyinaugurated in 1993 and com-manding an area of 177 sq. km

including the Soekarno-Hatta Airport atCengkareng. This city is one the fastgrowing urban with annual populationgrowth at 4,9% and this year has a totalpopulation of 1,4 million. Tangerang cityis one of Jakarta's buffer areas. Many ofJakarta's office workers live here.Manufacturing industries are growing innumber and creating a wide range ofemployment opportunity.

The fast population growth has com-pelled it to make available facility andinfrastructure, such as electricity, tele-phone lines, solid waste management,drinking water, and domestic wastewaterprocessing at a relatively comparablequantity. Of all the facilities and infra-structures, services in drinking water anddomestic wastewater management arelagging behind.

From the environmental aspect thequantity of domestic waste waterdrained into the city environmentamounts to 1,4 million people 100 litresper person equals 140.000 m3 a day. Itwill be too much for nature to carry thisburden of pollution unless there ismanagement intervention by man. Thatis why, wise efforts to help nature inindividual, communal and city scaledomestic waste water processing ishighly endorsed. One of the effortsmade by the government of Tangerangcity in neutralizing water pollution fromdomestic wastewater is the constructionof Wastewater Processing Installation(WPI) at Tanah Tinggi and Oxidation

Pond in 8 locations and Sludge Pro-cessing Installation at Karawaci.

Present ConditionA brief discussion about the aspects

related to domestic wastewater manage-ment in Tangerang is given here:

1. Technical aspectAt present the city of Tangerang oper-

ates two types of domestic wastewaterprocessing system:

a) on-site system, pumping out septictanks from individual homes by trucksand transported to WWI at Karawaci forprocessing.

The system includes:Septic tanks 205.572 units (61%)Public latrine 111.624 units (33%)Drainage/River/ Open area 21.360 families (6%)

b) off-site system, using piping net-work at Kelurahans Babakan and Su-

kasari, the only Carousel Type WPI inIndonesia. This WPI was built in early1982 and was put to trial in 1985 andbegan operation in 1992. The WPI wasbuilt from the assistance from the Dutch.DHV Cons. Eng. was named the engineer-ing consultant and Hans Koning the plan-ning engineer. The WPI was designed tocover 3.000 home connections or equiva-lent to 15.000 population serving thekelurahans Sukasari and Babakan.

Beside the Tanah Tinggi WPI the cityof Tangerang also built 8 units of oxida-tion ponds with a total area of 44,5 halocated in Perumnas I to serve 7.932home connections or equivalent to 31.728people.

Technological aspectOffsite system, the WPI at Tanah

Tinggi is to serve the community in twokelurahans, Babakan and Sukasari. Thisincludes all type of wastewater, bath-

R T I C L E

Domestic WastewaterProcessing System

In the City of Tangerang

A


Bambang Purwanto *)

SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

room, toilet and kitchen, which is pumpedand naturally decomposed in a Carouselprocessor.

Onsite system, serves the householdthat are beyond the reach of the offsitesystem, through pumping out the sludgefrom individual septic tanks to beprocessed in Karawaci installation.

Financial aspectSince September 2002 a five year con-

tract was signed between the city govern-ment and a private company to run themanagement of the onsite system with anobligation to pay the government anamount of Rp470 million for 5 years,payable in year one Rp40 million, yeartwo Rp50 million, year three Rp100 mil-lion, year four Rp130 million and year fiveRp150 million.

A request for pumping out a septictank is charged an amount of Rp70.000,while a third party truck depositingsludge water into the facility is charged atRp5-10.000 per truck.

The installation at Karawaci employs30 workers consisting of drivers and ma-nagement personnel, with an averagesalary of Rp600.000 per month. The fleetconsists of 7 trucks. The Karawaci instal-lation also acts as an offsite system for 60families who flush their waste directlyinto the system.

As for the offsite system at TanahTinggi it is still fully subsidized by the citygovernment. An amount of Rp56 millionis made available every year. No attempthas been made to collect contributionfrom the users.

Challenge, Barrier and OpportunityThe challenge is to fulfill the need for

wastewater treatment, either through off-site or onsite system, all the wastewaterproduced by the households in order toprotect the environment especially frompollution to body of water. The handicapis the delay in conducting of extensivesocialization of WPI Tanah Tinggi ma-

nagement so that up to now communitycontribution could not be collected. Theopportunity is the fact that there are manyfamilies who have no access to domesticwastewater treatment, while the installa-tions both at Tanah Tinggi and Karawaciare still open for further expansion.

Conclusion and RecommendationWPI at Tanah Tinggi is sufficiently

effective in handling environmental pollu-tion from domestic wastewater (kitchen,toilet and bathroom). What is needed isan expansion of its service coverage.

Since an investment for WPI construc-tion is considerably costly it takes the citygovernment a special effort to allocate aspecial budget if similar installation is tobe built in other location of the city.Similarly, its O&M cost is also highbecause it consumes a lot of electricity. Aserious effort must be taken to start with a

contribution for the home connections inthe kelurahans Babakan and Sukasari inorder to cover the O&M costs so that theWPI can sustain operation at an optimumrate.

It is also necessary to establish a pro-fessional and permanent managementinstitution, it can be in the form ofRegional Technical Management Unit orsome other format (cooperation with pri-vate sector). It is equally important toconduct an extensive socialization pro-gram to inform the community about thedevelopment and management of domes-tic waste water treatment covering allaspects from technical, environmental,financial, and institutional.

*) Staff of Directorate for TPTP,

Ministry of Settlement &

Regional Infrastructure

R T I C L EA


The fast population growth has compelled it to makeavailable facility and infrastructure, such as electricity,

telephone lines, solid waste management, drinking water,and domestic wastewater processing at

a relatively comparable quantity.

SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

Solid waste brings a blessing? Theremay be many who understandwhat solid waste really means and

what added value it contains. But there isonly very few who care and take full be-nefit from solid waste. Solid waste andfinal disposal ground may be familiar tothe ears and mind of most city dwellers.In almost all cities complains are oftenheard from the community living near agarbage disposal area. In some citiesthere are even physical frictions and tem-porary closure of the facility. The one atTemesi village is no exception.

The Temesi disposal ground has beenin operation since 1993. Commanding anarea of 5 ha all the solid waste fromKabupaten Gianyar, Ubud, Sukawati,Tampaksiring and the surrounding areas,is dumped here. Initially the site was agentle slope, but over the years the dum-ping has made the area flat. And over theyears, just like any other open dumpingground, stinking smell and flies swarmingover areas within a radius of 2 km. In wetseason the truck carrying solid waste arereluctant to enter the area for fear theymight got mired in the middle of garbageheap. This may cost the driver with bro-ken axle or other serious damages.

The solid waste from Ubud and itssurroundings ends in Banjar Intaran,Pejeng village, Tampaksiring upon therequest from the community to fill in thebank of a small river which used to bewashed by the current. The process las-ted for 6 years. The side effect is, commu-nity health is threatened. Air andgroundwater is polluted, unpleasantsmell and not healthy.

Since 2001, Bali Fokus invited severalinterested parties to take action and find

the best solution for all. Starting from theidea to replicate the solid waste separa-tion in Jimbaran village, a new ideasprang out to build similar facility inTemesi to handle solid waste of Gianyar.Through a careful planning and prepara-tion, and the application of socialization

and community participatory approachesthe Solid Waste Separation Facility wasbuilt at the Temesi Solid Waste DisposalSite.

The 400 sq.m separation facilitywhich is the first of its kind in Indonesia,began construction in March 2004 andwas officiated by the Bupati of Gianyar on25 July 2004. The construction was faci-litated with material contribution fromUSAID/OTI at an amount Rp380 million,Swiss Development Cooperation Rp110

million, Rotary Bali Ubud, RC Hamburgand RC Atlanta Rp60 million, andBaliFokus-BORDA Rp50 million. Totalconstruction costs is Rp600 million.Land is obtained for free from the region-al government of Gianyar.

The planned capacity is 30% of thetotal solid waste managed by DinasKebersihan dan Pertamanan, or approx-imately 80 m3 or 20 trucks/day (the totalwaste deposited by Gianyar city and issurroundings is approximately 260 m3day). The purpose of the installation is toseparate the solid waste and increase theeconomic value and recycle potential asan alternative to incineration.

The Temesi initiative is probably thefirst city solid waste processing project inIndonesia which applies a positive syner-gic effort from several parties:

- Rotary Club Bali Ubud (RCBU)through Community Service Program,acts as fund raising coordinator(USAID/OTI, Rotary Club International,SDC, and so on).

- BaliFokus-BORDA, through SolidWaste Processing Program, assumes therole as technical assistance provider,community empowerment, and opera-tional management counterpart for thenext 5 years.

- Gianyar regional government, in thiscase Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan,assumes the role as solid waste "supplier"and land space provider.

- The Temesi Village Solid WasteManagement Team, assumes the respon-sibility for management of the facility incollaboration with BaliFokus (joint ope-ration management).

During the preparatory and construc-tion stage, this project made an active

R T I C L E

Solid waste brings a blessingto the village of Temesi,Kabupaten Gianyar, Bali

A


Yuyun Ismawati danNoka Destalina

Solid waste minimizing and separation atthe Temesi Solid Waste Separation

Facility, Gianyar, Bali

Source: Temesi Facility Feasibility Study Report

BaliFokus, July 2004

100% solid waste enter to fasili-tation 100 ton/day or 40 m2/day

20% resid-ual

2 ton/day

25% compost2,5 ton/day(10m3/day)

25% animal feed2,5 ton/day(10m3/day)

30% inorganicwaste

50%organic fraction

5 ton/day

R T I C L EA


effort to invite community involvementthough regular meetings and field discus-sions. Bali Fokus took the responsibilityto facilitate in the formation of TemesiSolid Waste Management Team (SWMT)which will assume the operational mana-gement of the facility in the future. Besidecommunity empowerment at the manage-rial level this facility also provides newemployment to 6o workers, all hired fromTemesi locals. The village Temesi consistsof 3 banjars, namely Banjar Peteluan,Banjar Pegesangan and Banjar Temesi,and is populated with approximately 650families.

During the initial stage of operationtill 2005 SWMT will operate at halfcapacity, approximately 40 m3 will beprocessed daily. This is intended to as alearning stage for all of the operationalcomponents of the facility. For the first 5years Bali Fokus will assume the responsi-bility as the management backup to putthe overall system into the path towardssustainability.

The benefits from the Temesi initia-tive are among others:

- Introduction to a feasible and wor-thy of application alternative for solidwaste material processing system withoutusing an incinerator.

- Application of an environmentallyfriendly and locally available technologyfor solid waste processing.

- Multipartite solid waste manage-ment can be put to reality though a coor-dination and synergic effort.

- The problem related to FinalDisposal Site which contains an implica-tion to surrounding community can besolved through a win-win principle.Taking the example from Temesi, thecommunity based Final Disposal Sitemonitoring and its compensation can bemade well structured.

- Compost production made fromorganic waste is supported by organicfarming policy of Kabupaten Gianyar.

- Animal feed produced is sold to cat-

tle raining farmers, it helps the farmers infood supply and feed diversification, espe-cially during the dry season.

- It motivates the community's cre-ativity to producing goods and handicraftsfrom recycling used materials.

- Additional employment to 60-100

workers.- Production: used material for resale,

compost and animal feed will guaranteethe sustainability of the facility.

*) Bali Fokus

No. Kebutuhan Lahan/Area Luas (m2) 1. Receiving area atau ruang penerimaan sampah 50 2. Belt Conveyer (BC) atau ban berjalan 50 3. Area penampungan sementara sampah an-organik 150 4. Area penampungan residu sampah Lahan TPA

5. Area penyimpanan sampah an-organik sebelum dijual ke bandar lapak 250

6. Area pengomposan 400 7. Area pembuatan pakan ternak 200 Total luas area 1,100

No. Kebutuhan Lahan/Area Luas (m2)

Land Area Requirement

RESIDUALRESIDUALRESIDUAL

RECEIVING AREA

INORGANIC WASTE ONBELT CONVEYOR

SORTED

RESIDUAL SORTED ONBELT CONVEYOR

ANIMALFEED

ORGANICCOMPOST

WASTE WATERINSTALATION

SANITARY LANDFILL

ORGANISWASTE

CUTTING

RECYCLEFACTORY

RECYCABLES(GLASS, PLAS-

TIC, PAPER,DUSTPAN,

ETC)

FINAL DISPOSAL SITE, TEMESI

Receiving areaBelt conveyor (BC)Temporary collector for inorganic waste Collector for residual wasteCollector for inorganicwaste ready for saleComposting areaAnimal feed processingT o t a l

1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.

UTILIZATION AREA REQUIRED (M2)

Disposal area

Soft wind blows gently, caressinggreen leaves to sway lazily at adreamy interval. Colourful

blooms seem to appear from behind thelush green foliage. Flower pots stand inrows along the roadside that also servesas front yard. This represents a glimpseof condition in the alleys of KampungBanjarsari, Kelurahan West Cilandak,Jakarta. This is almost entirely oppositeto the general condition of Jakarta. Weusually think that Jakarta is always hot,barren, filthy, and messy. Therefore, it isunsurprising that the portrait ofBanjarsari can be considered as theminiature of pleasantly cool, green andenvironmentally sensitive Jakarta city ofthe future.

The changes occurring at Banjarsari,an RW located within the neighbourhoodof Fatmawati Hospital with 1.500 peoplein 218 families is inseparable from the

caring hands of Mrs. Harini BambangWahono and her husband. The 73 yearold grandma has been perseveringlyarousing the awareness of her neighboursto take keen interest to the environment.One of them is what to do with thedomestic solid waste.

"Ever since I moved into this neigh-bourhood I have been dreaming of agreen and lush surrounding like my hometown. Is it possible, I wonder?" said Mrs.Bambang one afternoon while relaxing ina corner of her house which now turnsinto a training place in a variety of skillsrelated to environmental management.

Luckily, when my husband and Imoved into Banjarsari in 1982 Mr.Bambang was elected as an RT chairman.From this time she started to developintimacy with the community. "I beganto approach the community members oneby one. At that time 12 members of the

community were illiterate. I voluntarilytaught them to read and write. Graduallywe became close to each other and inti-macy began to develop", said the teach-ers' training graduate.

Based on the intimacy Mrs Bambangoffered them with medicinal herbseedlings for them to grow for them-selves. Then, one day the plant growingskill was organized into a contest.Evaluation was based on the healthiestgrowing plant. "I bought the prizes fromown pocket", said the active woman.

Approach to the community did stopup there. Together with several otherwomen she organized an "arisan" . Thearisan did not function as collectingmoney and winning it, but it was rather asa means to establish a close brotherhood.Mrs. Bambang believes in a principle,man will be followed if one has won thesympathy from the others. And sympathyis developed from close brotherhood.

Her activity became more intensewhen Mr. Bambang was elected as theHead of RW and she herself theChairwoman of PKK program within theRW. She made the best use of her newposition. She tried her best to apply allthe PKK 10 Components, especially com-ponent number 9 "environmental sus-tainability". Step by step the members ofcommunity of all 8 RTs are developed.There is up and down in the activity.There is a challenge and a constraint. Butall those do not discourage the womanwho dreams of a beautiful green environ-ment. She held an inter RT environmentcompetition. Community enthusiasmstarted growing.

The active woman organized 'Dahlia'farmers group in 1992. The farmers

E P O R T A G E

Mrs. Bambang "Solid Waste" Wahono's role play

Manages Solid Waste,Makes Banjarsari Green

R


SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

group was given a subsidy from the agri-cultural extension service. The face ofBanjarsari started to change. She becamea PKK committee at Kelurahan (village)and kecamatan levels. She knows nofatigue in her effort to making Bajarsarilush, green and beautiful.

The active role of Mrs. Bambangdraws the attention of UNESCO, a UNbody responsible for education. In 1996the UN body offered her participation in asolid waste management training. "I wasvery pleased," said she, smiling. Fromthis training she obtains a UNESCO cer-tificate qualifying her as a solid wastemanagement trainer.

She then taught the community howto make solid waste valuable instead ofpolluting the environment. She changedone corner of her simple house at Jl.Banjarsari XIV/4A into a classroom.Batch after batch of "solid waste" cadreswas born here. Domestic waste is managed right from the very source of origin.Bins are placed in front of every familyhouse. There are three bins with differentcolours. Red for plastic, yellow for cansand bottles, and green for organic waste.Waste materials from red and yellow binsmay be collected by the previously trainedscavengers and cleaning men -there are20 of them. While the organic waste is tobe processed -individually if possible- intocompost. For those who are unable toprocess it, the waste will be collected foran RT or RW compost processing facility.The compost produced is used for plantmanure by the community or sold forcash. "There is a big demand for compost.We are almost unable to satisfy it," saysMrs. Bambang. The customers are main-ly the visitors.

The achievement has attracted manycommunity groups from everywhere visit-ing Banjarsari to take a lesson from. Andin the meantime the awareness ofBanjarsari community is also growingcontinuously. As a result, in 2000 Banjar-sari won the national level prize in green-

ing and environmental conservation com-petition. And the pioneer, Mrs. Bambangwas awarded the Kalpataru award in thesame year for environmental guardiancategory.

The achievement of Banjarsari hasmade the place named a tourist destina-tion spot by the South Jakarta Agency forTourism. The community takes this anopportunity and welcomes it with a num-ber of creativity. Today, there is a rooftoppark and is open for visitors, there is a

green corner, specially serving and teach-ing how to prepare organic food and foodrecycle, there is also a senior citizens cor-ner, a sea corner, and an education cor-ner. They are all in the houses of the fam-ilies. It is unsurprising that there aremany visitors, including foreigners. Somefor comparative study, some speciallycome to learn something.

This year Banjarsari is named the bestRW in Jakarta. As a result, Mrs. Bambangand her cadres, 30 women and 25 environ-mentally concerned youth, are given a task tobuild and inspire the same development forother areas of Jakarta. He is also requested tospeak in many seminars. Now she is nick-named "Mrs. Bambang Solid Waste"

In spite of success after success havebeen achieved, this does not meanBanjarsari is free from solid waste pro-blem. Mrs. Bambang reveals that there isonly 60-70% of the community who isfully aware. "The rest is still in the learn-ing stage. In terms of cleanliness it hasbeen 100% achieved." One difficulty is,there are outsiders (meaning notBanjarsari citizens) who irresponsiblydump their waste into the area. "Some-times I feel so distressed and irritated,"she expresses herself.

E P O R T A G ER


Jakarta producesapproximately 6 thousand

tons of solid wasteevery day. Almost half ofit is of domestic origin.

If all the community is awareand takes a good care of it,there is only 50% of solid

waste left for Jakarta city totake care of, and condition

will not be as badas it is now.

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

Solid waste and awarenessSolid waste handling, according to

Mrs. Bambang, is a systematized effort.Its problem will never be thoroughlysolved if its solely done by the govern-ment. "It is the community who produceswaste, why don't let the community getinvolved in its solution?" she puts it.Therefore, community education aboutthe importance of solid waste manage-ment right from the very source of originis something indispensable. But, commu-nity education is not an easy thing. Ittakes time, because it involves changes inway of thinking, habit and tradition."This is where we have to work hard andnever lose hope. If somebody dislikes ourmessage, let it be his own right," conti-nues Mrs. Bambang. Most people, sheadds further, are indifferent what futureconsequences will happen from his habitin unscrupulous dumping their wastes."Man never lets himself think where the

waste will move into," she says. Resistantwastes will pollute rivers and the sea.Then the danger of intermittent floodsand contamination of diseases to followsuit. "Therefore, each source of wastemust be dealt with," she concludes deci-sively.

She cites as an example, that Jakartaproduces approximately 6 thousand tonsof solid waste daily. Almost half of it is ofdomestic origin. If all the community isaware and takes a good care of it, there isonly 50% of solid waste left for Jakartacity to take care of, and condition will notbe as bad as it is now. The communitycan take an active role in processingorganic waste into compost, recycle foodleftover, and reduce the use of plasticbags. There are 4 underlying principles,i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and replant."Imagine if one family can reduce theuse of up to plastic bags in a month, wecan considerable reduce land and seapollution."

Therefore it is quite natural that Mrs.Bambang still has a dream how to makethe community aware to care about solidwaste. Because without a common aware-ness, solid waste related problem cannever be solved. (mujiyanto)

E P O R T A G ER


H is name is Udin. About 35years old. His job is waste

cleaning man. Every day heruns around and collects solidwaste from Banjarsari hou-seholds. He serves 30-40 fami-lies. "Each family pays meRp30.000 every month," hesays timidly. Udin has beendoing his present job since1994. He and his family rent ahouse in the vicinity. Everydayhe pulls his cart to emptygarbage bins from each of hiscustomers. The cart consists of a com-partment and a burly bag tied to it.

Non organic waste, such as plasticmaterial, bottle, can and paper, is

separated and put into the bag.The waste in the bag will not bedumped into the local garbagebin, but he does it for sale. "Notbad, as an additional income,"he says while taking a rest in astreet corner. Udin says thatthere are still many of Ban-jarsari citizens who do not sep-arate their solid waste. "If ithas been separated it is easierto collect, no need to separateit again," he added. Whenasked why the people still do

the way they do, he answers, "They sayit is difficult."

A Waste Cleaner Named Udin

"Many Who Says Difficult"

The community cantake an active role in

processing organicwaste into compost,

recycle food leftover,and reduce the use of

plastic bag.

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

Choice of technology representsone of the most important deter-mining factors in a city solid

waste management In principle, thereare only three basic technologies appliedin solid waste management, namely inci-nerator, bio-degradation (composting) andlandfill burying. Each technology producesa different impact and subsequently a dif-ferent cost of handling.

What technology to choose dependson the intensity of local solid waste rela-ted problem, solid waste composition,amount of waste produced daily, techni-cal risk, amount of budget available, etcetera. A technology chosen in discor-dant with several of these factors will onlyadd to the problems.

The requirements for technologyselection relate to among others that it isenvironmentally friendly and it must alsohighly effective. Besides, the technologymust be able to solve the problem or atleast minimize the weight of the existingproblem (Ryding, 1994:71).

There are several technologies forfinal disposal processing purposes(Moenir, 1983: 33):

Open dumping methodWith this method, solid waste is

dumped into a land depression, coveredin an open area without compaction orjust left uncovered. Dumping continuesuntil the depression levels off.

Sanitary landfill methodWith this method the waste is

dumped into a trench, depression orslope. It is then covered with dirt soiland compacted. This method is subdi-vided into trench, area and depression.

Baling methodIn this method the waste consisting

of some specific composition (espe-cially plastic waste) is put under a highpressure machine, up to 2.000 PSI toform a solid bloc that can be used asfiller in road building or a controlledvalley filling work.

IncinerationIn this method the waste material

is burnt in an incinerator. Thismethod produces residue from burn-ing and emission of several gases. Theweigh and volume of the residue aremuch less than the initial waste.

CompostingCompost is the result of bio-degra-

dation process of organic compoundsof the solid waste and is capable ofimproving soil characteristic.

ATAD (Autogenous ThermophilicAerobic Digestion) method

This method employs aerobic bac-teria which are responsive to certaintemperature to process organic wasteinto solid pellets and liquid substance.This technique is used in wastewatertreatment.

From the above processing technolo-gies, open dumping method -- apparentlywidely used by the cities all overIndonesia- is no longer viable consideringthe limited availability of land space.Besides, the method is ineffective for acity scale operation. Composting is thecheapest method with the least technicalrisk, but it takes some time for one batchto complete. On the other hand, solidwaste keeps on piling from day to day, sothat it takes a thorough considerationbefore adopting this method. While withATAD method it needs a relatively shor-ter period and a low technical risk, butthe investment cost is relatively high.

A wrong technology choice will resultin technical risk such as damage in equip-ment used due to capacity overload sothat process is delayed and solid wastemounting up all over the place. (Ryding,1994: 287). Then because of the delay,the processing system turns back intoopen dumping, which is quite unexpectedbecause this means we have to start allover again.

In general, technical; risk is often-times caused by government and privatesector interest to apply the latest techno-

A N N E R

Solid Waste ManagementTechnology Miscellany

M


SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

logy with unfavourable history (Coin-treau, 1982). Unexpected problems oftenarise when a certain technology is intro-duced into a country or a region for thefirst time because there were locally spe-cific problems previously untouched(Ryding, 1994:187). This technical riskmust be allocated to the private sector.Below is a table indicating the advantagesand disadvantages of solid waste proces-sing technologies and their respectivetechnical risk.

In the above table is quite obvious thatopen dumping is the least preferred solidwaste processing technology and is mostapplicable for a joint operation betweenthe government and the private sector.For sanitary landfill, the advantage is the

relatively low investment cost, but withunpleasant impact such as methane gasemission and the vulnerability to turnback into open dumping. While in balingmethod, investment cost is relatively highas also its O&M cost. And besides, themethod does not specify what to do withthe liquid produced during the balingprocess

Incineration can completely burnsolid waste down, but the machinery isexpensive, similarly is the O&M cost.Besides, the method may produce airpollution. Composting and ATAD are themost beneficial methods if applied in acollaborative framework. The differencebetween the two relates with time andinvestment cost. If composting needs a

relatively long time to complete a process,in ATAD method the time is shorter duethe help from aerobic bacteria. And as faras investment is concerned ATAD is by farthe most expensive facility, and addition-ally ATAD technology has never beentried in Indonesia.

All in all, technical risk from each ofthe technologies can be brought downthrough application of well proven tech-nologies, such as composting and ATAD,which is supplied and supported by sup-pliers with reputation. Performance his-tory and problem solving represents animportant factor in selecting technologysupplier. Involvement of the supplier aspartner is a factor in reduction technicalrisk. (FW)

A N N E RM


TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY

Open dumping

Sanitary Landfill

Baling method

Incineration

Composting

ATAD (Autogenous ThermohilicAerobic Digestion

PROCESSING MECHANISM

Waste is dumped into a valley ordepression without any further treat-ment

Waste is dumped into a trench, valleyor slope, then is covered with soil layer,and compacted. This method is divid-ed into three categories: area, trench,and depression

Several types of waste are collectedand put under a pressure up to 2.000PSI to form blocs

Waste is burnt at a very high tempera-ture

Compost is the result of biochemicaldegradation of organic substances; itcan improve soil characteristic. Thedegradation process is caused bymicroorganism and the type ofmicroflora at he same temperature withthe temperature of the waste

Using aerobic bacteria which areresponsive at a certain temperature tobreakdown solid waste into solid(pellet) and liquid manure. This tech-nology is designed for waste watermanagement

ADVANTAGES

No processing cost is neces-sary

- Relatively inexpensive- Low investment cost- No waste separation-

Waste can be used as roadfiller or controlled valley filler

Waste is eliminated

It is a zero waste processingmethod and at the same timealso producing compost

It is a zero waste processingmethod and at the same timealso a leachate treatment

DISADVANTAGES

Waste material will continueadding up and not decomposedproperly.

- Need a large area, not viablefor big cities- Must strictly follow standardoperation procedure- Dangerous methane gas emis-sion

- High investment cost- If not used for filler the balesstill will remain as solid waste

- High investment cost- Use machinery strictly withinmanual guideline (never exceedcapacity)- Waste containing too much liq-uid may damage the machinery- Minimum temperature for acomplete incineration often can-not be reached so that theprocess produces air pollution

It takes time to complete aprocess

High investment cost, needsprior test because it has neverbeen applied in Indonesia

TECHNICAL RISK

Waste material will keep onpiling up causing air, waterand soil pollution.

Without a periodic mainte-nance it will turn back intoopen dumping

Leachate produced duringbaling process may causesoil pollution.

High risk to air pollution

Because of the long processsolid waste has to wait; thismay cause polluition

Not known

Traditional solid waste handlingmay sometimes cause problemssuch as air, water and soil pollu-

tion; continuous loss of importantresources; decreasing life standard;decreasing economic value of a propertynear solid waste station; and cost increasedue growing volume of solid waste. Anumber of efforts have been tried all overthe world to cope with these problems.Recycling industries are developed. Butthe result is still below expectation.There is presently a new breakthrough, atechnology to store solid waste and isnamed solid waste capsule, also known assolid waste bales. This kind of packagingis said to increase efficiency and safetyrating.

With this technology solid waste canbe kept for a long time -it can be years-without disturbing the environment.Moreover, this method of handling canimprove the environmental condition andis more acceptable to the surroundingcommunity. With this technology wastematerial can be stored while an incinera-tor, compost plant or sanitary landfill isbeing prepared. When the facility isready, the capsules can be easily be sentto final treatment, thus optimizing the

final process. The capsules can be sup-plied at any time of the year regardless ofclimatic condition, what it needs is only acheap storage station.

Packaging Process

Domestic solid waste is collected and

filled into airtight capsules. This packag-

ing is made from chlorine free polythene

plastic and is recyclable or burnt in an

incinerator without adverse effect. Then

the capsules are compressed at a certain

pressure to eliminate air pockets in the

packaging and to bring biological process

-aerobic as well as anaerobic- to a halt.

It this way a spontaneous fire from

emission of natural gas is also elimi-

nated. The packaging process lasts for

3-4 minutes. The packages can be

stored in an open or covered floor, and

can be piled. When the proceeding

facility is ready, the capsule can then

be opened easily. MJ

A N N E R

Solid Waste CapsuleA Model for Long Term Solid Waste Storage

M


Solid waste material can turn intomoney? You don't believe it? The

scavengers have proven it. They livefrom solid waste, though what theycan scrape is only very limited. Theregional government also collectscontribution for cleaning service.This means that solid waste is also asource of income. Today the-re is a breakthrough made byan NGO in Tangerang. Usinga motorcycle this NGOoffers a door todoor solidwastepickupservice.For a bagof waste

weighing 1,5 kg a customer ischarged Rp400. The service is avail-able on Mondays through Saturdays at06.00 - 17.00 hrs. A three-wheeledmotorcycle will come to collect yourwaste as soon as you dial the NGO'soffice (MJ)

Solid Waste Pickup Service, Why Not?

FOTO: ISTIMEWA

Ready to recovering

FACT OF BAL BAL

Clean and no smell

Small and round

No air inside

Harmonious environmentClosed of all

No detected by bird

This is one of the few MunicipalCleaners that remains in opera-tion in Indonesia today. Some

other cities which used to have the sameentity have turned their city cleaningservice from a public company to anagency run entity. Bandung MunicipalCleaners Inc. is relatively old. This com-pany was incorporated in 1985 through aRegional Government Regulation No.2/1985. The establishment of the compa-ny was facilitated by the DirectorateGeneral of Cipta Karya, Ministry of PublicWorks (now Kimpraswil) under theBandung Urban Development Project(BUDP).

This company is responsible for envi-ronmental sustainability particularly inmaintaining and improving city cleanli-ness in the broad sense of the meaning.Pursuant to the Mayor's letter of decision,the Bandung Municipal Cleaners Inc. isgiven a responsibility for policy formula-tion, management, conducting researchand developing management of city solidwaste.

The company's service covers an areaof 1629 ha with 2,2 million population in26 kecamatans (139 kelurahans). Thecity produces approximately 6.500 -7.500 m3 of solid daily, but the compa-ny's capacity is only up to 65% of thetotal. The management system includescommunity involvement, in this caseRT/RW. The RW officials are authorizedto decide the tariff for domestic wastecleaning service from individual thrashbin to the transfer station. From thereon, it is the responsibility of the CleanersInc.

In terms of roadside litters, marketwaste, and commercial/public facilities istreated slightly differently from thedomestic waste. The Cleaners Inc.assumes a direct responsibility. The com-pany sweeps, collects, and puts the wasteinto a container. For this purpose the

company hires 617 and 235 workers forstreet and market sweeping operation,respectively. Estimate waste productionis reflected in the following table:

The waste is then transported to thefinal disposal. There are two final dispo-sal sites, one in Leuwigajah (17,5 ha) andanother one in Jelekong (9,7 ha). Themethod used is open dumping.

The tariff for service is decided by theMayor. The amount depends on the typeof waste. The tariff based on Mayor's let-ter of decision No. 644/2002 is presentedin the table below.

With such a tariff Cleaners Inc. makesan annual income of approximately Rp17billion. This income comes from thecommunity and cleaning service from theregional government. This amount is farbelow the required operational budget. Itis unsurprising that each year this com-pany with 1.642 personnel is losing

money. Last year, the deficit amounted toRp3,8 billion plus.

Awan Gumelar, the CEO of BandungMunicipal Cleaners, Inc. admits this fact.However, according to him, in terms ofbudget, the municipality has made con-siderable efficiency. He revealed thatduring the last 16 years the municipalityhas provided only Rp34 billion or anaverage of Rp2,1 billion a year. This fi-gure is too far below the cleaning budgetof other cities in Indonesia, such Jakarta(373 billion a year), Surabaya (Rp51 bil-lion/year), Semarang (Rp27 billion/-year), and Yogyakarta (Rp8 billion/year).

Although the cleaning budget is rela-tively low, the community participation issufficiently high. Last year, an amount ofRp13 billion of community contributionwas collected, or 72% of the total income.Subsidy from municipal budget was onlyRp5 billion. The income from communi-ty contribution is the highest amongmajor cities in Indonesia.

The above financial situation is ofcourse not a favourable condition forproject activity. A number of efforts arenow being done to improve companyperformance through human resourcesdevelopment and community educa-tion. (MJ)

E L E S C O P E

Bandung Municipal Cleaners, Inc.

Withstand in the midst of wants

T


Class Power Indirect Direct Public

I >6600 7.500/month 20.000/month 7.500/monthII >3600-6600 6.000/month 17.500/month 6.000/monthIII >2200-3600 5.000/month 15.000/month 5.000/monthIV >1300-2200 4.000/month 10.000/month 4.000/monthV > 900-1300 3.000/month 7.500/month 3.000/monthVI 450 2.000/month 5.000/month 2.000/month

Non commercial Rp12.500/day; commercial Rp15.000/day; city transport Rp500/day; bus Rp1.000/day

No. Source of Origin Volume (m3/day)1. Settlement area 3.9782. Market place 6133. Road 4494. Industrial Plant 7875. Commercial area 3126. Public facility 361

DOMESTIC AND PUBLICFACILITY TARIFF

(Watt) Collection (Rp/month) Collection (Rp/month) Fasility (Rp/month)

C ould you explain the back-ground of the establishment of

Cleaners Inc.?The Municipal Cleaners Inc. was esta-

blished based on the Regional GovernmentRegulation No.2/1985, which was revised byRegulation No. 15/1993 (on capitalization),and the most recently by Regulation No.27/2001. The public company is 19 years oldnow. It was initially a cleaning agency of themunicipal government. Why changed it intoa public company? To optimize solid wastemanagement in the city of Bandung. Thecleaning agency has no capacity to under-take service improvement. And besides, be-ing a company it is easier to recruit manpo-wer and make procurement for the neces-sary facility and infrastructure. The most im-portant of all, being a legal entity it is easier towin acknowledgement from funding agency.

Whether it is not contradictorybetween interest and service?

I don't think there is a contradiction.Our position is similar to PT Kereta Api andDamri. They try to make profit from the ser-vice they provide, don't they?

What is its performance statustoday?

Our performance, Praise to God, in spiteof shortage and limitation we are still capa-ble to operate and provide service to thecommunity. From the very beginning we arein short of facility and infrastructure. We ho-pe improvement would come in the future.

What is the level of service today?We are only able to serve up to approxi-

mately 65% of the total solid waste pro-duced. This is because of the limitation.

How is the relationship betweenCleaners Inc. and the line agency?

We maintain coordination. With thecamats we schedule a 3-monthlymeeting. The essence we want their help,

because we are not their superior.Coordination is ever feasible, isn't it? Sothe relationship is partnership. Not supe-rior subordinate. We also establish coor-dination with agency for park manage-ment to determine the placement of solidwaste transfer stations. The main pur-pose is to achieve the city mayor's vision.We have to be skillful to manage our com-pany but remains tied within the rules ofthe government. It is quite different froma private company. Its activity and actionis different from the government struc-ture because it has its own authority.

What is your effort to improveperformance?

In the future we are planning to be anentrepreneur. We will strengthen the po-sition of our assets. We will establish sistercompanies. We cannot do it now because weare still in wants. Salary is also quite limited.But, Praise to God, we can maintain a highwork ethos. Besides, we are trying toimprove our operation standard so that wecan increase coverage from the presently65% to 80%, improve human resourcesquality, and through a cooperation withthird party introduce new solid waste pro-cessing technology. In the long run we hopewe can to apply corporate governance in thiscompany.

What about the financial issue?We will strengthen the contribution col-

lection force from all available potentials andan increased budget from local governmentbudget (APBD). We also propose the citygovernment to plot a subsidy for cleaningworks from the APBD. We need an ade-quate amount of fund to provide a minimumlevel of service. We also propose the citygovernment for a restructuring of the com-pany's capital which presently has turnedinto red. Or the city government takes overpart or whole of company's liabilities andconsiders it as a share capital. On the otherside, we also have to make a tight budgeting.

What are the factors influencing acity's cleanliness?

If we want to move forward the firstthing to do is make the community cleanconscious through solid waste managementat their own surrounding. 3R (reduce, reuse,recycle) principle must consistently apply.That is what we disseminate to the commu-nity. With this we hope a commitment willgrow, otherwise solution will be a long wayoff.

What breakthrough could youtake to improve solid waste mana-gement?

This year in cooperation with Min. ofEnvironment and private sector startedwith a composting project.

What is your plan to makeBandung clean?

There is presently a municipal strate-gic plan No. 36 year 2004. It contains aclean, prosperous, pious, friendlyBandung. Clean relates to garbage andlitters. In 2008 we have to be utterlyclean. Solid Waste must be properlymanaged. Through application of 3R isquite sufficient. In year 2005 there mustbe an improvement, though still in a limi-ted scale. (MJ)

E L E S C O P E

Awan Gumelar, CEO Bandung Municipal Cleaners, Inc.

"Make the People Hygiene Conscious"

T


SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

This report is published as a colla-borative effort between Bappenas,Bureau of Statistic and UNDP/In-

donesia. If the report for 2001 the focuswas on "why", the present issue dealswith "how" and "how much". Within thisspirit the message to be conveyed is thatIndonesia needs a larger human re-sources investment not only to fulfill the

basic human need but also as a back-ground for pursuing economic growthand to ensure democratic continuity intothe future.

This report emphasizes that in thefuture that income of the poor will notincrease fast enough. This implies thatthe government must set aside a relative-ly big amount of money for the necessary

public service. The question is whether itis possible given the present economiccondition, for Indonesia to provide a big-ger budget for public service which reach-es the level of 3-6 percent of GNP. Thisreport further estimates the level of costrequired, and indicates that the amount isstill within the capacity for Indonesia toprovide.

In general, this report also reveals thepresent status of human development inIndonesia. Some of data recorded areHuman Development Index (HDI) whichis declining in 1996 to 1999 and climbingagain in 2002. One of the factorsattributing to the increase is the decreasein infant mortality and poverty rate.However, the overall condition theincrease is still far from pleasing.

Beside HDI there are other indicatorsused in this report Gender-relatedDevelopment Index (GDI) and HumanPoverty Index (HPI-1). (OM)

Human hands are slow but surelythey have made a change to theworld climate. This is triggered

by burning fossil fuel and activities thatconvert land utilization. Those activitieshave produced gases such as carbondioxide, methane, nitrous oxides whichserve as a glass film that lets in the shortwave radiation from the sun but absorbsand reflects long radiation from the earth.Consequently the atmospheric tempera-ture rises and thus global warming phe-nomenon and changes in world climate.

The major contributors to global warm-ing are of course the industrialized nations.To reduce the rate of warming, an interna-tional congress attended by 10.000 dele-gates agreed to issue a protocol -later knownas Kyoto Protocol. The protocol was formu-

lated to put a quantitative target and timeschedule for reduction of emission rate bythe developed nations.

The protocol becomes very important tobe understood by all, whether the communi-ty, government agents, members of legisla-

tive bodies, NGO, business world, and politi-cian. A knowledge about the protocol canbroaden one's mind why there are so manycatastrophes occurring in the world.

This book explicitly describes every-thing about the protocol including thewinding roads the controversies involvedin its formulation. The author alsodescribes what can be done by the deve-loping nations -including Indonesia- thatratify the protocol.

There is within the Kyoto Protocol anapplicable mechanism, that is CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM). Theratification of Kyoto Protocol can stimu-late the government and community totake the necessary steps to make theinvolved agencies well prepared to parti-cipate in CDM projects. MJ

O O K I N F OB


Development ReportIndonesian Human 2004

Title:Indonesia Human Development Report 2004 The Economics ofDemocracy Financing Human

Development in IndonesiaPublisher:

Central Bureau of StatisticBAPPENAS United Nation for

Development Program (UNDP)Pages:

xii+205 pp

Title:Kyoto

Protocol Implementation

Upon the Developing

NationsAuthorDanielAuthor :

Daniel Murdiyarso

Clean Development Mechanism

Publisher :Kompas Publishing Inc.

Pages:xx + 200 pp

W ater Supplyand Sani-

tation Policy For-mulation and Ac-tion Planning(WASPOLA) pha-se I has completedimplementation.

The five year program focused itself inpolicy formulation, improvement of ser-vice and learning process as well as infor-mation. The main focus is to facilitate theprovision of drinking water and environ-mental sanitation of small and mediumscale settlement areas.

WASPOLA is a collaborative programbetween the government of Indonesia, forthis case the National DevelopmentPlanning Agency (BAPPENAS) with Aus-tralian Agency for International Deve-lopment (AusAID), and World Bank/Wa-ter and Sanitation Program for East Asiaand the Pacific (WSP-EAP).

It might be possible that many who arenot yet aware of this program, although thisprogram has been ongoing since 1998 pro-viding facilitation to the Indonesian govern-ment in the formulation of National Policyfor Community Based Water Supply andSanitation Development.

This CD tries to explain broadly what hasbeen done by WASPOLA up to this time.The contents comprise: (i) the process in for-mulation of the National Policy forCommunity Based Water Supply andSanitation Development; (ii) the initial pro-ces of formulation of National Policy forInstitutionally Based Water Supply andSanitation Development; (iii) workshopactivities; (iv) field trials and case studies; (v)publication; (vi) project management.

The CD is distributed free of charge.Those interested please contact WASPO-LA secretariat Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng,Jakarta Pusat Tel. 021-3142046. (MJ)

Since 2003 the WSS Working Gro-up launched a website, www.-ampl.or.id. It contains important

information and articles related to drink-ing water and environmental sanitationthat are already published by nationalmass media, national policy, choice oftechnology, bibliography, data, agenda ofactivities, and the latest informationabout WSS development. There is alsoweekly Newsletter. In the same year theWorking Group also publishes Percikmagazine. The magazine which special-izes in drinking water and environmentalsanitation information has published 4editions. This magazine is distributedfree of charge to all stakeholders in

Indonesia. The Working Group documents what

is in the website as a clipping. There is

news clipping, and the articles publishedin since August 2003 through 2004, thereis also a newsletter clipping.

This interactive CD contains allincluding website (offline), clipping(news and articles), weekly newsletter,national policy for community basedWSS development, Percik magazine alledition, and WSS related publications.With CD format, it is expected thatinformation dissemination will bemade easier, cheaper, and more effi-cient.

The CD is obtainable from theSecretariat of WSS Working Group Jl.Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta PusatTel. 021-31904113. (MJ)

D I N F OC


E PA has launched a CD entitled "A co-llection of Solid Waste Resources".

This CD contains more than 300 publica-tions on dangerous as well as safe wastematerial. The documents contained the-rein can be searched and data are ar-ranged in alphabetical order, some ofthem are presented in Spanish.

The publication cover a wide range oftopics including recycle and reuse, mana-gement of dangerous wastes, composting,and use of engine fuel. The CD is purpo-sely devoted to a wide range of users,especially young people. The cover of theCD was designed by the winner of chil-dren's contest aged 7-12.

The topics contained are amongothers: Climatic Change and Waste, Oiland Gas, Waste Material Managementin Cities, Pollution Control, Mana-gement of Dangerous Wastes, Environ-mental Education, Landfilling, andComposting.

(MJ)

Collection of Solid Waste Resources

WASPOLA Publication and Communication

WSS Interactive CD

Perhaps this is the only website inIndonesia which is specificallydedicated to solid waste mana-

gement. This website is relatively verysimple. There are only a few menus: pro-file, activity, gallery and link.

This website is a means for communi-cation by the National Solid WasteManagement Network of "Garbage Net-work" consisting of 29 NGOs interestedin solid waste management from 25 citiesin Indonesia. Garbage Network is part ofGlobal Anti Incinerator of Allian-ce/Global Alliance for IncineratorAlternatives.

It is not surprising that one its articles

-in activity menu- is entitled "Waste toEnergy Project, Public Natural ResourcesExploitation Project, by Gopal Khrisnawhich describes that incinerator pro-duces poisonous gases.

Other interesting articles are amongothers Environmental Education inWaste Material Handling, and theDevelopment of Biodegradable PlasticMaterial from Tropical Starch Sub-stances.

It is also interesting to note this web-site provides information about the pricesof used material from potable water con-tainer, glass bottles, iron, copper, paperand plastic material.

http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/cdos

wpub.htm

So l i d w aste is not a simple prob-lem. The website of the US En-vironmental Protection Agency

(EPA) describes in detail various wasteproblems and their solutions. Beginningfrom domestic waste till industrial wastein its varieties. There is also variouscooperation formats that can be done and

the various existing programs related tosolid waste.

http://www.iswa.org/

T his website is maintained by Inter-national Solid Waste Association

(ISWA) which has 1.100 members from70 countries. Its content is complete,from definition of waste till policy andaction from each country of the world. Italso contains important articles and newsabout wastes. In the forthcoming 17-21October this independent organizationwill hold a congress in Rome, Italy.

E B S I T E I N F OW


International Solid WasteAssociation (ISWA)

http://www.solidwaste.org/

This website contains many thingsabout solid wastes including waste assource of energy, transfer stations, dan-gerous waste, reducing waste, learningabout waste, and waste recycle. The ma-nagement system is what is speciallyapplied in Spokane, one of the cities inUS.

www.jala-sampah.or.id

Solid Waste andEnvironmental Protection

Regional Waste ManagementSystem of Spokane

National Solid Waste ManagementNetwork

WASPOLA program dissemina-tion was carried out in Goron-talo on 7 July last. This effort

was intended to provide an input to theregional government in formulationfuture development strategies given thefact that the present drinking waterservice coverage is too low, i.e. below 50percent. The event which took place inthe office of the Provincial Bappeda andwas opened by its Chairman. Presentfrom among the provincial level agencieswere Bappeda, Health, PDAM, VillageCommunity Development (PMD), SocialAffairs (Dinas Sosial), Office of Environ-mental Affairs (Kantor Lingkungan Hi-dup), NGOs, University, representativesfrom legislative body. Description aboutWASPOLA program was presented byRheidda Pramudhy from WSS WorkingGroup.

Aside from introduction about theNational Policy for Community BasedWSS development and WASPOLAprogram, the event was also filled withgroup discussion in the portrait of WSSdevelopment before and after theformation of the province, and finally aformulation of action plan by theparticipants.

The problems and issues related todrinking water and sanitation in theprovince that consists of 3 kabupatens(Kota Gorontalo, Kab. Gorontalo, andKab. Boalemo) are as the following:

Inequity in WSS developmentWSS development does not complywith community demandLimited PDAM service, espe-cially in cities

High pollution rate from disposal ofmercury containing substances intoopen waters by gold mining industry.Under exploitation of water sourcesfrom lakes and reservoirs.Frequent prevalence of diarrhoealdiseases due to disregard to hygienebehaviour.Regional government is more ori-ented to revenue than public serviceespecially in drinking water.The dissemination process also

produced a follow-up action and anagreement to form a WSS Working Teamat the provincial level.

The Bappeda is elected as theChairman and the involved agencies asthe members. To support the activity,the Working Team has proposed abudget from the provincial annualbudget for FY 2004 and 2005 ascounterpart to a fund provided for byWASPOLA at the region.

(Rheidda Pramudhy)

I S I TV


WASPOLAProgram Dissemination

in the Province of Gorontalo

The event was also filled withgroup discussion in the portrait of WSSdevelopment and finally a formulation

of action plan by the participants.

SOURCE: RHEIDDA PRAMUDHY

"It is like the moon falls into ourlap," as brought up by commu-nity members of Pringga Jurang

village, Kec. Montong Gading, LombokTimur, NTB, when commenting aboutWSLIC-2 project in their village. Thecommunity has been waiting for a watersupply facility.

The community has a very low income.Almost 73 percent of its population belongsto the poor class. It is not surprising that thevillagers who live barely 12 km from theLombok Timur capital city are in poorhygiene condition. Nearly 85% of the popu-lation defecates in the open, 93% disposetheir waste anywhere they please, 95% neverwash hands after defecating, and 64% drinkwater directly without first boiling it. Nowonder, that diarrhoeal diseases visit herevery often.

Thanks to WSLIC-2 the village nowhas a functioning drinking water and sa-nitation facility. A gravitational pipingsystem serves 887 people. The project

also built 4 school toilets. The schoolchildren are also able to get a hygienic

drinking water through SODIS method.For household toilet, the constructionwas arranged in a rolling fund system.The construction budget which wasdecided at a ceiling of Rp200 million foreach village, 20 percent came from com-munity contribution.

The WSS facility is managed byHimpunan Penduduk Pemakai Air Mi-num/HIPPAM (drinking water users' asso-ciation). At a public hydrant the manage-ment is undertaken by water users' group.Monthly contribution is Rp1.000 per family.But the monthly contribution does not fullyapply for reason they were just spending alarge amount for WSLIC-2 contribution.From a field observation it was found thatone of the public tap is broken. Similardamage was also found in other projectssuch as RWSS. This is because it is verydifficult to get a replacement or it takes alarge amount of money to purchase onethan the price of the tap. (OM)

I S I TV


T he material needed consists only ofa 1,5 litre transparent bottle (pota-

ble water container may do). Half of thebody is painted black, lengthwise. Thenit is filled with water to the top andsealed. The bottle is put under the sunwith the painted part at the bottom. Letit under the sun for 4-5 hours on sunnydays or 6-7 hours if it is cloudy, or 2 con-secutive days if it is rainy followed by aclear weather. Now the water is goodenough to be taken directly for drinking.

SODISProducing Hygienic Water with Sunshine

Windfall over Pringga Jurang


Implementation facilitation of Natio-nal Policy for Community BasedWSS Development in seven pro-

vinces has been on-going since June2004. The regions were selected basedon the letter of interest and regional com-mitment as a follow-up from a nationalworkshop held in 10-12 March 2004 inYogyakarta.

Up to July 2004 the activities thattook place in the regions were: facilitatormobilization, coordination in the prepa-ration of policy implementation, andpresentation of general program atprovincial level. The above activities werefacilitated by 7 facilitators assigned to theregions and in performing their tasksthey were supported by WASPOLASecretariat and WSS Working Group inJakarta.

CoordinationThe preparation for program imple-

mentation was initiated from a coordina-tion approach with regional level chiefs ofthe involved agencies -Bappeda,Kimpraswil, Community EmpowermentAgency- for the purpose of introducingand explaining the program planning. Ingeneral, all the regions responded splen-didly and immediately make preparationfor the facilitator facility. The facilitatorsare housed in the office of Bappeda,except in Kab. Lombok Barat where theyare housed in the office of Kimpraswil(Public Works).

Beside the above support the regionalgovernments also allocate an amount ofbudget in support of the activity. Ho-wever, for most of the regions, the alloca-tion is still in the process of annual bud-get proposal.

The regions ready with the budget areKabupatens Kebumen, Sijunjung,

Gorontalo, Bangka Selatan and LombokBarat.

Stakeholder MappingTo get a clear picture who among the

different components of the communityare the potential parties for programimplementation within a specific area,the facilitators identified the governmentagencies and other parties who are inte-rested in WSS sector development, espe-cially the NGOs. This identification pro-duced names to be proposed for partici-pation in TOT MPA and ProgramImplementation which was held by WSSWorking Group at Cisarua, Bogor, 13-16July 2004.

WSS Data CollectionRegional level facilitators and stake-

holders have collected data on the exist-ing WSS facility. The data are used in theregional level workshops for the formula-tion WSS development work plan. All ofthe regions are aware of the issues related

data insufficiency. That is why datapreparation should be given enough time.

Program PresentationThe agenda for program presentation

comprises: (i) the general illustrationabout policy formulation program; (ii)the policy principles governing the com-munity based WSS development; (iii) thefacilitation process for the policy imple-mentation at the regional level; (iv) dis-cussion and clarification; and (v) agree-ment to a short term action plan. In ge-neral the regions respond favourably tothe policy implementation plan andagreeable to the idea that sustainableWSS service is an important issue thatmust be dealt with seriously. The shortterm agenda (action plan) comprisesamong others: preparation of workingteam, selection of participants to a train-ing for trainers (TOT) in MPA and PolicyImplementation.

Other matters that must be dealt withby the facilitators are:

B O U T W A S P O L A

The Implementation of NationalPolicy for Community Based WSSDevelopment at the Regional Level

A


SOURCE: ALMA ARIEF

An expectation that this program willbe followed with a physical project.This notion develops from a traditionthat each program coming from thecentral is identical with a subsidizedphysical development project.The absence of participants represent-ing legislative body (DPRD). Whereas,they play an important role in provid-ing support and follow-up WSS pro-gram implementation.Uncertainty of fund allocation in seve-ral regions such as in Jawa Tengah,Sumatra Barat, NTB, Gorontalo, andSouth Sulawesi.

Training Orientation and ProgramImplementation

All of the regions invited to the train-ing did send their participants, and evenBanten sent one and Gorontalo two addi-tional participants they were initiallyasked to. Two participants, each fromBangka Belitung and Bangka Selatanfailed to show up because of transport dif-ficulty.

In general, all the participants wereenthusiastic in attending the training.They have developed a work plan for thepolicy implementation for further discus-sion in their respective places. Based onevaluation, 80 percent felt very satisfiedand satisfied, 2 participants said ineffec-tive and too highly theoretical, and therest felt just so-so.

Several Important FindingsBased on the result of coordination

meetings and activities undertaken up toJuly 2004, there are several findings thatdeserve follow-up and attention from thecentral level WSS Working Group. Thoseare:

There are changes in staffing and con-tact persons in the regions.There are differences in interest amongregional agencies because of the wrongpersons were instructed to attend the ini-tial workshop in Yogyakarta.

Commitment to budget allocation.Although formally the regions declaredtheir preparedness to make availablethe necessary budget for programimplementation, the latest progress inthe field indicates that mostly they arestill fighting to convince the DPRD.This matter needs be taken into con-sideration that in future the timeallowance for program confirmation ismade longer.Positive responses at provincial levelare found in:

Jawa Tengah will invite 14 kabu-patens as an initial step in programsocialization;Sumatra Barat invited additionalkabupatens, namely Pasaman Baratand Pesisir Selatan in the initialpresentation. The two regions areinterested to join the program in2005.South Sulawesi has scheduled thesocialization to all kabupatens. Bangka Belitung and Jawa Tengahquestion about the selection criteriaand expect if there were opportunityfor additional kabupatens to join in.

There is a need for more advancedMPA training and field applicationand a training in formulation ofWSS sector strategic planning.Enthusiasm from other regions tojoin in TOT MPA and policy imple-mentation.

Regional Work PlansRegional level work plans are directed

towards policy implementation with thefollowing steps:

KabupatenInformation seminar about the na-tional policy for community basedWSS development and socialization ofthe policy to a wide range of stake-holders.Mapping of issues and problems rela-ted to WSS development through WSII and then followed by studies inproblems and issues vis-à-vis sustain-able WSS development and a workingteam meeting to discuss result of thestudies and decide on priority action. WS for formulation of regional levelpolicy framework for WSS sectordevelopment which is then followedby formulation regional policy andaction plans.Post facilitation policy and actionplans implementation.

ProvinceInformation seminar about the nation-al policy for community based WSSdevelopment and socialization of thepolicy to a wide range of stakeholders.Monitoring/supervision and learningprocess of policy implementation inselected pilot areas.Workshop for development of facilita-tion strategies in policy implementa-tion then followed by provincial levelpolicy formulation and action plans.Post facilitation policy and action plansimplementation.

WASPOLA secretariat

B O U T W A S P O L AA


1.

2.

3.

4.

In general, allthe participants

were enthusiastic inattending the

training. They havedeveloped a workplan for the policyimplementation forfurther discussion in

their respectiveplaces.

1.

2.

3.

4.

-

-

-

-

-

-

As an evaluation of WASPOLA2004 Workplan implementationand to highlight the rationale of

works still yet unfinished the WASPOLAWorking Group held a three day work-shop on 6-8 July 2004 at the NovusHotel, Puncak, West Java. The workshopwas also intended to integrateMillennium Development Goals (MDGs)into WASPOLA Workplan.

The workshop was attended by seve-ral of the Working Group members andwas opened by Basah Hernowo, Directorof Human Settlement and Housing,Bappenas. In his opening speech hestressed the need for the completion ofNational Policy Document for Insti-tutionally Based WSS Development bythe end of 2004. It is now considered asthe best momentum, the completion ofthis document could erase the notion thatWASPOLA is identical to communitybased approach.

He also underscored the matters to bedone, i.e. (i) an agreement on the WSSdevelopment policy structure and frame-work, (ii) preparation of WASPOLA-2general Workplan up to December 2004.(iii) coordinated schedule with WSSWorking Group activities. (iv) formula-ting the activities for coordinated datamanagement, (v) determining the topic offield trials and case studies related to thepolicy.

The workshop was also used anopportunity for the presentation ofProject Design Document (PDD) by Os-war Mungkasa, Office of Housing andSettlement, Bappenas, who elaboratedthe PDD formulation process involvingall the partnership parties, Indonesiangovernment, AusAID and WSP-EAP. Italso describes the objectives and compa-rison of components between WASPOLA-1and WASPOLA-2.

WASPOLA 2004 program review ses-sion was chaired by Sofyan Iskandar,WASPOLA Project Coordinator. Accor-ding to him some items of the program

have been completed, some in progressand there are items which have not takenplace. The participants came to a conclu-sion that the program was too optimistic,considering the imbalanced ratiobetween the number to items and theavailable manpower both in the WASPO-LA working group and in the secretariat.Moreover, the program is implementedduring the government transition. That iswhy the participants suggested to ration-alize it based on an in-depth analysis andrescheduling of some of the work pro-gram. Finally it was agreed to revise the

Work Program 2004.In the meantime, in terms of MDGs

the workshop came to the following con-clusion, (i) the baseline data to be usedare those produced by SUSENAS of theCentral Bureau of Statistic; (ii) the scopeof water supply sector consists of drink-ing water and environmental sanitationcovering wastewater and solid waste; (iii)MDGs sector targets is adjusted with theIndonesian progress report in MDGsachievement. An agreement was alsoreached regarding the MDGs program ofactivities for 2004. (OM)

B O U T W A S P O L AA


WASPOLA Working Group Workshop


WASPOLA-1

1. Policy Reform

2. Service Improvement

3. Learning Process & Communication

4. Project Management

WASPOLA-2

1. Policy Implementation

2. Policy Reform

3. Knowledge Management (Information)

4. Coordination & Project Management

WASPOLA-2 CentralProject Committee(CPC) meeting was

held on 11 August 2004 atFour Seasons Hotel, Jakarta.The meeting was attended bySuyono Dikun, Deputy forFacilities and Infrastruc-tures, Bappenas), Robin Da-vis and Zabeta Moutafis ofthe Australian Embassy, andthe officials of the involvedagencies.

The meeting was preced-ed with signing SubsidiaryAgreement document bet-ween the Indonesian govern-ment represented by Deputyfor Facilities and Infra-structures, Bappenas with the Australiangovernment; official hand over ofWASPOLA-1 result to Bappenas as theexecuting agency, and presentation of

WASPOLA-2 progress report for the pe-riod of January-June 2004 and work planfor July-December 2004.

The Committee consists of echelon 1

officials of the involvedgovernment agenciesBappenas, Ministry ofHome Affairs, Dept.Finance, Ministry ofHealth, Ministry ofSettlement and Re-gional Infrastructures,and representativesfrom the Australian go-vernment and theWorld Bank.

Until December2004 WASPOLA-2 ac-tivity is focused on thecompletion of Natio-nal Policy for Insti-tutionally Based WSSDevelopment and the

Implementation of the National Policyfor Community Based WSS Deve-lopment in 7 provinces and 7 kabupa-tens. (OM)

Aworkshop for the formulationof national policy for institu-tionally based WSS develop-

ment was held on 1-2 September inBogor, West Java. This workshop is apart of WASPOLA-2 program imple-mentation. A series of similar work-shops will be held in the future.Approximately 60 participants fromvarious associated parties, central go-vernment officials, representatives fromregional governments, PDAM, profes-sional associations (PERPAMSI,FORKAMI), private sector (PT. Palyja,PT Wira Gufindo Sarana), universities,and donor agency were present. The

workshop was applying participatoryapproach in which each participant is avaluable resource person. The discus-sion was pro-ceeding in a re-laxed atmosphe-re without un-d e r e s t i m a t i n gseriousness. Atthe end of theworkshop thep a r t i c i p a n t sagreed to a num-ber of inputs andrevisions to theexisting policy.

The result will be accommodated intothe previous draft. The next workshop isscheduled for 1 October 2004. (OM)

B O U T W A S P O L A

WASPOLA Central Project Committee Meeting

Workshop for the Formulation of NationalPolicy for Institutionally Based WSS

Development

A


SOURCE: DORMARINGAN S.


As the National Policy for Com-munity Based WSS Developmentfinal document was mutually

agreed by the national level stakeholders,it now comes the time to put the policyinto operation at the regional level. In2004 the implementation is limited inselected 7 provinces and 7 kabupatens,namely Kab. Sawahlunto Sijunjung andProvince of West Sumatra, Kab. SouthBangka and the Prov. of BangkaBelitung, Kab. Lebak and Prov. Banten,Kab. Kebumen and Prov. Central Jawa,Kab. West Lombok and Prov. NTB, Kab.Pangkep and Prov. South Sulawesi, andKab. Gorontalo and Prov. Gorontalo.

One of the supporting activities of theimplementation is formation of regionallevel Working Groups followed up withstrengthening the capacity of their mem-bers. As an initial step it is considerednecessary to introduce the MPA princip-les as one of the main tools in WSS devel-opment implementation as well as in theformulation of the national policy up tothe present.

The MPA/PHAST orientation train-ing was conducted on 12-16 July 2004 atHotel Pratama, Cisarua, Bogor and wasorganized by the Directorate General forRural Community Development, Dep.Home Affairs, in its capacity as one of theCentral Working Group members.Seventy participants attended the train-ing consisting of members of workinggroups from various constituents, namelyVillage Community DevelopmentAgency/Body (PMD), Bappeda, Settle-ment and Regional Infrastructures Agen-cy, Health Agency, Education Agency,Regional Environmental Control.

In general, the purpose of the orienta-tion is to make the regional WorkingGroup members understand the nationalpolicy for community based WSS deve-lopment, understand the MPA/PHASTbasic principles, understand the princi-ples of facilitation; have a good know-ledge on the participatory approach inpolicy formulation process. Besides, it isexpected that this meeting will facilitatethe participants in formulating theregional working group work plan.

Basah Hernowo, Director of HumanSettlement and Housing, Bappenas in hispresentation about WASPOLA explainedabout the apprehensive condition ofdrinking water and environmental sani-tation service in Indonesia. Access todrinking water supply is still below 50%and of sanitation is 63,5% but it is ques-tionable if the basic sanitation meets theacceptable quality. It is even estimatedthat many of the sanitation facilities thatmake up the 63.5% level are not function-ing any more. One of the indicators is thehigh rate of ground water pollution in bigcities; for Jakarta this rate has reached84%.

WASPOLA, a grant funded projectfrom the Australian government andmanaged by WSP-EAP of the World Bank

is designed to improve water supply andenvironmental sanitation condition inIndonesia through policy reform has beencompleted in WASPOLA-1 in March2003, and one of its main outcomes is theNational Policy for Community BasedWSS Development. It was later agreed tocontinue the activities to WASPOLAphase 2 till December 2008. WASPOLA-2 is focused on regional implementationof the community based policy, and con-tinues with WSS policy reform in formu-lation of national policy for institutional-ly based WSS development.

The National Policy for the De-velopment of Community Based WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation(WSS) consists of 11 basic policies, theyare (i) water is a social good and an eco-nomic good; (ii) informed choice as abasis for demand responsive approach;(iii) environmentally friendly develop-ment; (iv) hygiene behaviour education;(v) poverty sensitive development; (vi)role of women in decision making; (vii)accountability in development process;(viii) role of government as facilitator;(ix) active participation of community;(x) optimum service to the right target;and (xi) application of cost recovery prin-ciple.

Basah Hernowo also explained brieflyabout Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) for drinking water and sanitationfor 2015, reducing the proportion of po-pulation without access to drinking waterand basic sanitation services. This agree-ment was signed by 193 world leaders.The strategy to achieve the target ispresently being formulated by the WSSWorking Group. OM

B O U T W S S

Methodology for ParticipatoryAssessments (MPA)/PHAST

Orientation Training

A


for Regional Level WSS Working Group

One of the supportingactivities of the imple-

mentation is formation ofregional level Working

Groups followed up withstrengthening the capacity

of their members.

WSS Working Groupand WASPOLA tookpart in Nusantara

Water Exhibition 2004 held atJakarta Convention Center on19-20 August 2004. The standdisplayed posters, books,leaflets and various other pro-ducts of the Working Group aswell as of WASPOLA. The pos-ters that were introduced wereamong others "100 million onIndonesian population arewithout access to drinkingwater and sanitation", "Na-tional Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development", "HygieneBehaviour", and posters produced byWSLIC and SANIMAS. The WorkingGroup and WASPOLA also distributedthe book on National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Development,

Percik magazine, and various leaflets freeof charge to the visitors. More than 200visitors came to visit the blue-grey stand.Many of them were impressed with whatWASPOLA and the Working Group havebeen doing. There are visitors who are

interested in having theirplace as a site for imple-menting the national policyfor community based WSSdevelopment which is cur-rently on-going. There areothers who are interested tosubscribe the Percik maga-zine even if they had to pay.

There were about 40participants from the go-vernment, PDAM, privatesector, university, and pro-fessional association tookplace in the exhibition. TheNusantara Water 2004

agenda included a seminar and confer-ence. This event was organized by PER-PAMSI (Persatuan Perusahaan AirMinum Seluruh Indonesia, IndonesianAssociation of Drinking Water Com-panies). (MJ)

B O U T W S S

WSS Working Group Took Part inNusantara Water 2004

ProAir Project Planning andEvaluation meeting was held atDenpasar, Bali on 28-29 August

2004. The purpose of the meeting was tomake work plan for 2005 and at the sametime also as a means for evaluation ofimplementation in 2004. This meetingwas attended by Central and RegionalTechnical Teams and the consultants.Also present were the KfW ReviewMission who presented their findings andrecommendations. The findings werediscussed between the KfW and Indo-nesian government in Jakarta on 6 Sep-tember 2004.

The regional governments revealed anumber of constraints they are facing, (i)the general election; (ii) the legislativebodies do not have sufficient knowledge

about community participatory appro-ach; (iii) implementation phasing is toolong; (iv) counterpart fund from the go-vernment cannot be utilized that nega-tively influences their performance.However, the government of TimorTengah Selatan agrees with KfW thatinvestment fund is not influenced withFY. But the government of Sumba Baratmade it compulsory for the regional go-vernment to return the fund to regionaltreasury office it it can be used.

KfW Mission Review Findings andRecommendation

The mission reveals a number of find-ings, (i) ProAir implementation delaybecause of mistakes in estimating the timeneeded for project preparation, some ambi-

guity from several involved parties, difficul-ty in mobilization of non investment contri-bution from the regional government; (ii)there are not many locations where gravita-tional system can be applied because of dis-tance from water source, thus investmentfund increases; (iv) guidelines are not avail-able; (v) collection of contribution is delayedbecause low community capacity.

Recommendation proposed, (i) in twokabupatens, i.e. Alor and Ende the ProAirimplementation is postponed till mid of2005; (ii) take the necessary action tomake the guidelines ready as soon as pos-sible; (iii) it is necessary to conductsocialization program to the legislativebodies; (iv) it is required that the tenderprocess for contracting to observe theregulation of the donor agency. (OM)

ProAir Project Planning and Evaluation

A


SOURCE: DORMARINGAN S.

Waste Water Technology Centrein cooperation with JICA,JBIC, WSP-EAP/World Bank,

and WSS Working Group organized aseminar entitled "Appropriate technologyWaste Water Processing. It is Time toMove" held in Yogyakarta on 24-25August 2004. The purpose of the seminaris to share information about the progressin waste water processing technology andinter-governmental information coordi-nation pattern. Approximately 200 par-ticipants representing the bureaucracies,practitioners, universities, consultants,donor agencies, and NGOs attended theseminar.

Basah Hernowo, Director of HumanSettlement and Housing, Bappenas,described the general condition of wastewater management in Indonesia.According to him, (i) waste water mana-gement is not a priority either to govern-ment, legislative nor the private sector.This is evidenced from government bud-get allocation during the decade 1992-2002 was a mere Rp1,5 billion vs. Rp2trillion for drinking water supply; (ii) lackof awareness in the part of the communi-ty. In dealing with waste water manage-ment the community strictly applies theNIMBY (not in my backyard) principle;(iii) waste water management is not pro-perly coordinated; (iv) sanitation servicecoverage is still insufficient (74%) and thecoverage for waste water managementsystem is extremely low (2%); (v) the costfor waste water management is becomingmore expensive as the surface waterbecomes more heavily polluted; (vi) thechallenges in the future relate to theachievement of Millennium DevelopmentGoals (MDGs) and national policyreform. He also suggested several solu-tions, such as the application of good go-vernance and the principle of polluterpays, development of partnership with

the private sector, development of fund-ing mechanism, community care, integra-tion of drinking water development withsanitation/waste water management. Inconformance with the title of the seminar,all the solutions must be put into actionnow. It is action that is needed, not just aplan.

This seminar also invited severalresearchers with interesting working

papers, namely Dr. Tjandra Setiadi (ITB)

"Production of Biodegradable Plastic

from Waste Water", S. Uemura, Assistant

Professor Kiazarazu Institute of

Technology, Japan "The Performance of

Downflown Hanging Sponge (DHS)

Biotower in Karnak, India" and Prof. Dr.

Azis Djajadiningrat (ITB) "Waste Water

Processing Without Chemicals." (OM)

B O U T W S S

Appropriate Technology SeminarWaste Water Processing

A


W aste Water Technology Centre

is a cooperation program bet-

ween Dian Desa Foundation and Asian

People's Exchange (APEX-Japan) with

support from JICA Partnership Pro-

gram (JPP). The purpose of the pro-

gram is to improve the environmental

condition in Indonesia. The objec-

tives include the following, (i) provi-

sion of facility and infrastructure for

waste water management; (ii) appro-

priate technology development and

field testing; (iii) human resources

development; (iv) networking. This

program started in 2001 and will end

in 2004.

A Glimpse of Waste WaterTechnology Centre


The ProAir Project preparatorymeeting took place at the office ofGTZ in Mataram, NTB on August

2004 last. The purpose of the meetingwas know what preparation has beenmade in two new Kabupatens, i.e. Alorand Ende, and the implementationprogress of ProAir Project in the 3 oldkabupatens, namely Timor TengahSelatan (TTS), Sumba Barat and SumbaTimur.

Several important matters wererevealed in the meeting among others itwas known that ProAir is supported withinvestment assistance from KfW and noninvestment from GTZ. The amountinvestment assistance planned for kabu-patens Alor and Ende is Rp18 billion,mainly for construction purpose. Theamount has been committed. GTZ fundfor community preparation is not yet con-firmed. It is said, GTZ has a financial dif-ficulty. With this difficulty the projectimplementation cannot start simultane-ously. Kabupaten Ende will start first forthe following reasons:

The regional government is bettercommittedThere are more water sources avail-ableIn terms of geographical conditionand accessibility the area is easier todeal with.Availability of water quality testingfacility.Availability of community facilitatorweho has been trained by GTZ-PROMISE Project.

As for kabupatens TTS, Sumba Baratand Sumba Timur project implementa-tion has reached the stage of tenderingfor construction work. Construction isexpected to start in October. There is aproblem in Sumba Timur, the facilitator

cannot work full time because he is go-vernment employee. TTS is doing excel-lently. In this kabupaten the facilitatormoves around in his motorcycle. TTS isable to move at par with KabupatensSumba Timur and Sumba Barat, eachwith 3 locations.

ProAir meeting was also held in theoffice of Bappeda Kab. Alor on 14 August.The meeting was chaired by theChairman of Bappeda and attended by

the involved agencies consisting of Kim-praswil, Office of Community Development(PMD), and Health (Dinkes).

Drinking water coverage has reached60%. This year the regional governmentallocates Rp1,4 billion for development ofdrinking water facility especially deepwell pump from an average ground watertable 70 m below the surface

There are two activities that GTZ isinvolved in, namely PROMISE Project forthe purpose if improving rural communi-ty income, and Siskes Project to improvecommunity health condition. Both pro-jects are currently on-going.

Another water supply developmentproject is the WSLIC-1. But the facilitiesare not functioning anymore because thecommunity level management team doesnot function as expected. This is becausethe community does not pay contribu-tion. Some of the community memberssuggest that the management but placedunder a government agency, in this waythe community would be more obe-dient. (Rheidda Pramudy)

B O U T W S S

Preparation for ProAir Projectin Kabupaten Alor

A


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

ProAir is supportedwith investment

assistance from KfWand non investment

from GTZ.

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

STUDYWastewater Treatment in LatinAmerica. Old and New Option.

Subsidy of SelfRespect?ParticipatoryTotalCommunitySanitation inBangladesh.

PROSIDINGAsset Management For HydraulicInfrastructure. Towards sustain-

ability in Flood Protection,Irrigation, and Dam. Directorat forWater Resources and Irrigation,national Development PlanningAgency/Bappenas.

GUIDELINEGuideline for City WastewaterTreatment. For GovernmentExecutive and Legislative.Edition 1, Fanuary 2004

W S B I B L I O G R A P H YW


G E N E R A L B O O K SWATER FOR URBAN AREASChallenges and ProspectiveAuthor : Juha I Uitto & Asit K. Bis wasPublished by: United Nations University Press

RUBBISH! The Archaeology of GarbageAuthor : William Rahje & Cullen MurphyPublished by: The University of Arizona Press

AREA PROFILEKabupatens and CitiesAuthor : Kompas TeamPublished by: Kompas Press

WATER POLITICForeign Control Through LoanAuthor : P. Raja SiregarPublished by : WALHI & KAU

WATER RESOURCES CONSERVATIONTHROUGH ARTIFICIAL MARSHTECHNOLOGYAuthor : Maulida KhiatuddinPublished by : Gadjah Mada University Press

WASTE WATER TREATMENTIn Order To Control PollutionAuthor : Ir. S. HindarkoPublished by : Esha

MAGAZINESKota-KotaPopular Magazine about townsand Cities. Edition 1, 2004

Air Minum (Drinking Water)Published by Perpamsi.Edition 101, March 2004

Synergi Desa Kota (VillageTown Synergy)Rural and Urban CommunityDevelopment Magazine.Edition 1 January 2004

G E N D AADate Month Activity2 August Preparatory Meeting Re Nusantara water 2004 and Dissemination of Information about National Policy

for Community Based WSS Development3 August Drinking Water Sub-team meeting - National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development

Solid Waste Sub-team meeting - National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development4 August WASPOLA Pre-Project Coordination (PPC) Meeting

WSS Working Group Regular Meeting5 August WSS Working Group Regular Meeting

Solid Waste Sub-team meeting - National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development6 August Preparatory Meeting Re PDAM Water Sampling Method9 August WWS Working Group Regular Meeting - National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development10 August Solid Waste Sub-team meeting - National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development

ProAir Project Coordination Meeting10-11 August Sumatra Barat Provincial Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development11 August WASPOLA PCC Meeting

Kick Off Meeting ADB, Appraisal Meeting for CSWH Project11-12 August Kabupaten Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Pangkep12-14 August ProAir Project advocacy with the regional government of Kab. Alor13 August WWS Working Group Regular Meeting16 August Meeting Re Formulation of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development18 August Coordination Meeting Re Planning for National Policy for Flood Control19 August Water Sanitation Discussion Forum - Using Wind Power for Water Supply and Irrigation19-20 August Nusantara Water 2004 Exhibition24 August Meeting for Revised Draft of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development

Preparatory Meeting, Planning and Evaluation for ProAir Project in Denpasar 24-25 August International Seminar - Appropriate Technology in Waste Water Processing.

Provincial Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development Bangka Belitung26-27 August ProAir Project Coordination Meeting in Bali

Provincial Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Central Jawa Provincial Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in GorontaloKabupaten Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Lebak

30 August Presentation Meeting on WASPOLA Progress Report1-2 September Workshop on National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development2-3 September Kabupaten Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in South Bangka6 September Wrap-up Meeting of KfW Review Mission on ProAir

WSS Working Group Meeting on Sanitation Grant Fund from the NetherlandsWSS Working Group Meeting on Discussion about Hygiene Improvement in Indonesia

6-7 September Kabupaten Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in SijunjungKabupaten Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in KebumenKabupaten Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Gorontalo

8 September Workshop entitled: "Global Practices Forum Health in Your Hands; Critical Importance of Hygiene Improvement for Health, Water and Sanitation Program in Indonesia"

15 September WSLIC-2 Central Committee MeetingWorkshop on Community Led Total Sanitation WASPOLA meeting - re WASPOLA progress

15-16 September Provincial Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Banten16 September WWS Working Group Regular Meeting17-18 September Provincial Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in South Sulawesi21 September WWS Working Group Regular Meeting22 September Kick of Meeting - WSLIC-2 Supervision Meeting22 Sep till 8 Oct WSLIC-2 Supervision Mission4 October Commemoration of Habitat Day in Yogyakarta

51PercikAugust 2004

Aeration : adding oxygen into waste water

Aerator : a device used for adding oxygen into waste water

Aquifer : underground water containing sand layer

Backwater : a flow unparallel with the bottom of pipe, usually is caused by blocking at the downstream end of the

pipe

Anaerobic Bacteria : bacteria that live in an oxygen free condition

Black Water : waste water from the toilet, is made up of human waste

Capacity Building : improvement of the capacity of an institution, by way of training etc. Community Based: a program

which involves the community

Effluent : processed waste water spilling over from a Waste water Processing Facility

Grey Water : waste water from bathroom, wash basin, kitchen (not containing human waste)

Hygienic : clean, healthy and not detrimental to health

Inlet : in flow

Hard Water : water containing high concentrate of bicarbonates, cannot cleanse soap off the skin

Coagulant : a chemical substance that causes particles in a suspension pulls together into bigger particles and

subside

Sedimentation Pond: a pond to make the mud from waste water to settle down

Manhole : a hole used for regular control (Pipeline or other construction)

Off-site : waste water treatment centralized at a location away from the settlement area

On-site : waste water treatment within the settlement area.

Permeability : capacity of soil layer to permeates water through the soil pores, stated in cm/day

Purification : to re-purify waste water from the influence of polluting substance

Real Demand Survey: survey about the real demand of the community

Sanitary Landfill : cover solid waste with dirt soil or mud, as a means to control environmental pollution

Sewerage : piping network to contain waste water and is equipped with treatment installation

Percolation pit : a ground excavation having permeable walls to let water penetrates into lower ground layer

Imhoff tank : a tank discovered by Imhoff, used to digest sludge water

Waste water truck : a truck with a tank and pump affixed to it to pump off sludge water out of a septic tank

Summarized from " Mengolah Air Limbah, Supaya Tidak Mencemari Orang Lain” (Waste Water Treatment, an Effort to Control Pollution) by S. Hindarko

L O S S A R YG


Business

Indonesia Water Supply and Sanitation Magazine. 'PERCIK' Vol 5 August 2004