Alm in banks

Risk Management

Asset Liability Management

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Pre-Financial Sector Reforms (1991)• Geographical spread of Bank branches• Directed Investments / Credit Programs• Administered Rates of Interest• Accrual based accounting• Problems of Recovery of Loans• Deterioration in Quality of Assets /Loans• Erosion of Profits • No Computerisation • Trade Union Issues

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Banking Reforms 1993 onwards

• L-P-G Policy of GOI since 1991• Technological Changes – ATMs / Internet• New Products and Services : Competition• Narasimham Committee - I / II on Financial /

Banking Sector Reforms (1991 & 1997)• Capital Adequacy Ratio : IRAC Norms : NPAs• Priority Sector Loans: Reduce from 40 to 10%?• Reduce SLR (40%) and CRR (15%)• Benchmark Prime Lending Rates • Enactment / Amendments to various laws

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Banking Sector Reforms …….

• Market determined Rates of Interest• No directed lending or investments• Organisational Changes : Transparency• 4 way classification of Loan Accounts / Assets• Provisioning for Losses o/a NPAs & Std Assets• ALM (1999) and Risk Management, KYC in Banks• Non Performing Assets definition revised from

4 quarters (1993) dues in Principal & Interest to 3 (1994) to 2 (1995) quarters and now from April 01, 2004 – just 90 days / 1 quarter !

• Basel II norms for Bank Supervision from 2008!

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ALM - Introduction

Economic FactorsBanks

Economic Policies

Liabilities Assets

Capital Cash and Balances at RBIReserves and SurplusDepositsBorrowings InvestmentsOther Liabilities and Provisions AdvancesContingent Liabilities Fixed Assets

Other Assets

Balance with banks and money at call and short notice

Balance Sheet of a Bank

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Risks

• Various Risks

– Interest Rate Risk

– Foreign Exchange Risk

– Liquidity Risk

– Credit Risk

– Contingency Risk

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Liquidity Risk Profile of a Bank(Rs in crores)

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International Initiatives in Managing Risks

• Till the 1980s, a professional risk manager was unheard of

• Late 1980s, US Financial Firms started using VaR• Basel I ;1988• Risk Metrics, 1995• Bank for International Settlement (BIS) - a series of

risk management guidelines for Banks worldwide• Market Risk Guidelines of Basel, 1996• Basel II process ( November 2005 Document)

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Risk Management

• How to bring it (Risks) down to manageable levels?– The 5-step process

1. Identification of risks

2. Quantification

3. Policy formulation

4. Strategy formulation

5. Monitoring

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WHAT IS ALM?

• An attempt to match:

Assets and Liabilities • In terms of:

Maturities and Interest Rates Sensitivities

• To minimize:

Interest Rate Risk and Liquidity Risk

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Asset Management

Liability Managemen

t

How Liquid are theassets of the Bank

How easily can the Bank generateloans from market

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• ALM is an integral part of the financial management process of any bank.

• ALM is concerned with strategic balance sheet management involving risks caused by changes in the interest rates, exchange rates and the liquidity position of the bank.

• While managing these three risks forms the crux of ALM, credit risk and contingency risk also form a part of the ALM

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• ALM can be termed as a risk management ALM can be termed as a risk management technique designed to earn an adequate technique designed to earn an adequate return while maintaining a comfortable return while maintaining a comfortable surplus of assets beyond liabilities. surplus of assets beyond liabilities.

• It takes into consideration interest rates, It takes into consideration interest rates, earning power, and degree of willingness earning power, and degree of willingness to take on debt and hence is also known to take on debt and hence is also known as Surplus Management as Surplus Management

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ALM and NIM

• ALM is all about efficient management of balance sheet dynamics with regard to its size, constituents and quality.

• It is the process of managing the Net Interest Margin (NIM) within the overall risk bearing ability of a bank

• ALM process depends on the understanding of the balance sheet; the availability, accuracy, adequacy and expediency of the data and the MIS system

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GAP Analysis• One way to measure the direction and

extent of asset-liability mismatch is by using gap analysis. The analysis derives its name from the “gap” which is the difference between the amounts of Rate Sensitive Asset (RSA) and Rate Sensitive Liabilities (RSL).

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HISTORY OF ALM

• Mid 1970s in the U.S.A.

Interest Rate Risk

Deregulation of Interest Rates

Liquidity Risk Credit Risk

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Definition of ALM

• ALM is defined as, “the process of decision – making to control risks of existence, stability and growth of a system through the dynamic balances of its assets and liabilities.”

• The text book definition of ALM is “a risk management technique designed to earn an adequate return while maintaining a comfortable surplus of assets beyond liabilities. It takes into consideration interest rates, earning power and degree of willingness to take on debt. It is also called surplus- management”.

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SUCCESS OF ALM PROCESS

The ALM process rests on Three Pillars:

1. ALM Information Systems

2. ALM Organisation

3. ALM Process

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1. ALM INFORMATION SYSTEM• Decision Support and Reporting Tool• Comparison between different Branches• Product Analysis • Duration Gap Analysis • Risk Planning and Management • Flexible Design • Strategic Planning of the Asset-Liability Mix • Simulation Analysis• Transfer- Pricing Mechanism

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2. ALM ORGANISATION

• Strong Commitment of Senior Management

• ALCO should comprise the Senior Management

( including the CEO)

• A Support Group of Operational Staff

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Finance Planning Department

Asset Liability Committee (ALCO)

Board of Directors

Management Committee

Asset Liability Management Cell

Credit Analysis Department

Credit Risk Management Department

Treasury

Investment and Loan Departments

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3. ALM PROCESS• The scope of ALM function can be described as

follows:

• Liquidity Risk Management

• Management of Market Risks

• Trading Risk Management

• Funding and Capital Planning

• Profit Planning and Growth Projection

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Price Matching(Rs. cr.)

* Average cost/return on liabilities/assets.

Table 1 Table 1 (Rearranged)

Liabilities Assets Liabilities Assets

AmountRate (%)

AmountRate (%)

AmountRate (%)

AmountRate (%)

Spread

(%)

15 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0

25 5 20 12 5 0 5 12 12

30 12 50 15 15 5 15 12 7

30 13 20 18 10 5 10 15 10

30 12 30 15 3

10 13 10 15 2

20 13 20 18 5

100 8.75* 100 13.5* 100 8.75* 100 13.5* 4.75*

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Maturity Matching (Rs. cr.) (period in

months)

Table II Table II (Rearranged)

Liabilities Maturing

within(months)

AssetsMaturing

within(months)

Liabilities Assets Gap

Cumulative

Gap

10 1 15 <1 10 15 -5 -5

5 3 10 3 5 10 -5 -10

8 6 5 6 8 5 3 -7

4 12 10 12 4 10 -6 -13

45 24 30 24 45 30 15 2

20 36 10 36 20 10 10 12

8 >36 20 >36 8 20 -12 0

100 100 100 100

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Risks in ALM• Interest Rate Risk: It is the risk of having a

negative impact on a bank’s future earnings and on the market value of its equity due to changes in interest rates.

• Liquidity Risk: It is the risk of having insufficient liquid assets to meet the liabilities at a given time.

• Forex Risk: It is the risk of having losses in foreign exchange assets and liabilities due to exchanges in exchange rates among multi-currencies under consideration.

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MANAGEMENT OF LIQUIDITY RISK

• Availability of funds as & when liabilities are due

• Liquidity through maturity & cash flow matching

• Maturity ladder & calculation of cumulative surplus/deficits at selected dates

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Construction of time buckets:1 to 30/31 days Over 1 month and upto 2 monthsOver 2 months and upto 3 monthsOver 3 months and upto 6 months Over 6 months and upto 1 year Over 1 year and upto 3 years Over 3 years and upto 5 years Over 5 years

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• Main focus on Short Term mismatches

• Mismatches during 1-30 days < 20 % of cash

outflows in the same bucket

• For higher limits, special sanction from the

Board

• Statement of Structural Liquidity (maturity

ladder)

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MANAGEMENT OF Interest Rate Risk

• Impact on Net Interest Income (NII)

• Long term impact on market value/ net worth

• Techniques:

1. Gap Analysis

2. Duration Gap Analysis

3. Simulation

4. Value at Risk

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1. GAP ANALYSIS• Calculating Gap over different time intervals

at a given date• Mismatches between RSL and RSA• GAP = RSA( i) - RSL( i) = NII( i) for

each time bucket• Positive GAP ( RSA > RSL )

– Increasing Interest Rates would be beneficial for a Bank

• Negative GAP ( RSL > RSA )– Falling Interest Rates would be

beneficial for a Bank

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1.

Strategic Framework

2.

Organizational Framework

3.

Operational Framework

4.

Analytical Framework

5.Technology Framework

6.Information Reporting

Framework

7.Performance Measurement Framework

8.Regulatory Compliance Framework

9.Control

Framework

ASSET AND LIABILITY

MANAGEMENT

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Regulatory Environment – Risk Management Guidelines in India

• ALM Guidelines - February,1999• Operating Guidelines on Risk Management, October 7,

1999 covering broad contours for management of credit, liquidity, interest rate, foreign exchange and operational risks.

• December 2000 : Capital Adequacy Guidelines for Primary Dealers covering Credit and Market Risk

• On September 20, 2001, two Working Groups were constituted in Reserve Bank of India drawing experts from select banks and FIs for preparing detailed Guidance Notes on Credit Risk and Market Risk Management by banks.

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Risk Regulation in India

• Identified further steps to be taken by banks for improving their existing risk management framework, suiting to Indian conditions

• 2005 – Detailed Capital Adequacy guidelines for Banks to move towards Basel II, 2007- final guidelines

• 2006 – April 17, the ALM framework of 1999 updated.

• 2007- Pillar II guidelines being issued

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RBI revised guidelines 2007-08• Issued on Sept 05, 2007

• Feb 10, 1999 guidelines covered Interest Rate and Liquidity Risk Management

• Cumulative mis-matches in first bucket to be reported in Statement of Structural Liquidity

• -ve Gap in 1-14 and 15-28 days buckets not to exceed 20 % of the cash flows

• Need for revising this position – Hence revised the first bucket to 1, 2-7 & 8-14 days

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RBI Revised ALM• Cumulative negative mismatches / Gap in new

buckets – Next day, 2-7, 8-14 and 15-28 days not to exceed 5, 10, 15 and 20 % respectively of cash flow

• Format of Statement of Structural Liquidity has been revised accordingly

• Guidance instructions have been furnished• Banks given time to fine-tune MIS by 1 Jan’08• Reporting frequency to continue as monthly• Supervision will be fortnightly – April 01,2008• Financing of gaps above norms to be indicated

Business

Alm in banks