A PAKISTAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMPREHENSIVE ENERGY PLAN by A GENIUS SCHOLAR TARIQ SARWAR AWAN

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Nations of the World having their own Energy resources are now not supplying or

selling it to other energy deficient nations.

Delayed efforts in the Exploration sector have not been able to explore sufficient

energy resources in Pakistan.

In Pakistan many mega and small industries are stopped due to Insufficient supply of

energy for production.

Transportation is growing industry with reduced energy support like CNG, Oil, Fuel,

Petrol, diesel, etc., as the prices increasing and supply reducing.

Following is the Statistics of Oil equivalent data for Energy consumption.

1.2005 Energy consumption was 55 MTOE




Research, Presentation & Paper by: MALIK TARIQ SARWAR AWAN

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ROOTS OF PAKISTAN’S ENERGY CRISIS Pakistan today is caught up in an acute Energy Crisis which has its roots in five

distinct causes, namely;

LACK OF INTEGRATED ENERGY PLANNING • Demand Forecasting for short term and long term.

• absence of a new central & focused entity responsible for the Energy Sector. IMBALANCED ENERGY MIX (with heavy reliance on) • Gas (48%) • Oil (32% out of which 72% oil is imported ) NON-UTILIZATION OF VAST INDIGENOUS RESOURCES • Thar Coal Resources (186 Billion tons) can produce 1,00,000 MW for 30

years (if utilized).• Hydel potential 54000 MW production capacity (used 6500 MW)• Shortfall only 5000-6000 MW…….

LACK OF EFFECTIVE PROJECT STRUCTURING

• Structuring, Planning & implementation of available resources with

dedication


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CHARTS AND GRAGHS

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PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 64 MTOE 2011


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گیس شیل یا ٹائٹ

گیس سوئی

ذخائر ک کوئل

ذخائر کے تیل


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تیل

پی ایلجی

نیوکلئیر

کوئل پن

بجلی

قدرتی گیس


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PAKISTAN BANGLADESH

INDIA

Total TWh 96 TWh 32 TWh 602 TWh

Industry 27.5 % 56.3 % 46.4 %

Transport 0.01 % 0.0 % 0.0 %

Commercial / Public Service *

14.4 % 6 % 8 %

Agriculture / Forestry 12.50 % 3.37 % 17.92 %

Residential 45.59 % 32.9 % 20.7 %

*Commercial and Public Sector Precise Report itemised

• Commercial 5.5 %

• Street lights 0.7 %

• Government Sector Useage 7.9 %

Note: Import Bill of Pakistan for Oil and Gas is $ 9.4 Billion


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CONSUMPTION AND DEPOSITS

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FOSSIL FUEL


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ذخائر کے گیس


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Conventional Reservoirs

Sandstone and carbonate Reservoirs.

With good reservoir properties have good capability of storage and Productivity

Reasonable Efforts for Exploration

Explored area is about 275,000 Sq km

550,000 Sq km is unexplored

Current Production Oil: 60000-66000 bbl Gas: 4.15 BCF

Unconventional Reservoirs

Poor reservoir properties have capability of storage but poor Productivity

NOT DEVELOPED YET

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Tight Gas Reservoir

Shale Gas Reservoir

Coal Bed Methane


Tight Gas Reservoir

Mostly Sandstone Reservoir

Good storage Capability but poor Producibility.

Distributed over Large Area of Pakistan

Advance Technology Need to Produce

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Tight Gas Reservoir

Mostly Sandstone Reservoir

Good storage Capability but poor Producibility.


Advance Technology Need to Produce

Shale Gas reservoir

Exist in Shale

Source and Reservoir

Good storage Capability but poor Producibility


Advance Technology need to Produce


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Ghazij Shale Thickness (meters) Vastly Distributed- 100 -1200

Thalar ShaleVastly Distributed – 45 – 184

Samber Shale Vastly Distributed – 500- 600

Chichali SahleVastly Distributed – 35 – 130



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GIIP: 1 TCF Recoverable Reserves: 240 BCF Number of wells: 25 Failure: 10 % Gas Flow Rate: 5MMSCFD Development Time: 5 year Well Capex $: 478 Million Facilities: 124 Million Opex: 147 Million Field Life: 25 year GAS Price: $ 6.21/MMBTU IROR: 15 % Pay back: 6.5 years

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Enough unconventional Reservoir exist in the country

Unconventional Reservoirs are required to be evaluated by collection of more data by initiating Pilot Projects in Shale Gas as earliest as possible.

Exploration blocks may be awarded for unconventional reservoirs.

Economically, Projects in Shale & Tight Gas looks viable.

Human Resource Development to cater the demand of oil companies operating in Pkistan

Introduction of consortium concept of E & P companies for the planning of their work

Consortium of Service companies for cost effective solution of development of these Reservoirs.

Integrated Approach of all the stack holder is required to develop these unconventional Reservoirs

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TEN COUNTRIES WITH MOST CNG VEHICLES IN THE WORLD 2011

Pakistan 2.74 Iran 1.95 Argentina 1.9 Brazil 1.66 India 1.08 Italy 0.73 China 0.45 Colombia 0.34 Thailand 0.21 Ukraine 0.2Total 12.67

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine


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Compressed natural gas (CNG) :is a Fossil Fuel substitute for petrol, Diesel, or LPG. CNG is made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed of methane [CH4]), to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 200–248 bar (2900–3600 psi).CNG's volumetric energy density is estimated to be 42% of LNG (because it is not liquefied), and 25% of diesel's.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liquified


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Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas (predominantly

methane, CH4) that has been converted temporarily to liquid form for

ease of storage or transport. Liquefied natural gas takes up about

1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless

, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. The liquefaction process

involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases,

helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty

downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close

to atmospheric pressure (maximum transport pressure set at around

25 kPa/3.6 psi) by cooling it to approximately −162 °C (−260 °F).

LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural

gas (CNG) so that the energy density of LNG is 2.4 times that of

CNG or 60% of that of diesel fuel



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorless

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosive_substance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefaction_of_gases

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel


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LIQUIFIED NATURAL GAS(LNG) PRODUCTION PROCESS


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• Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, or liquid propane gas) is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles.

• LPG is synthesised by refining petroleum or "wet" natural gas, and is usually derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during the refining of crude oil, or extracted from oil or gas.

its energy density per volume unit of 26 MJ/l is lower than either that of petrol or fuel-oil.

• LPG evaporates quickly at normal temperatures and pressures and is supplied in pressurised steel cylinders. They are typically filled to between 80% and 85% of their capacity to allow for thermal expansion of the contained liquid.

Comparison with natural gas• LPG is composed primarily of propane and butane, while natural gas

is composed of the lighter methane and ethane. LPG, vaporised and at atmospheric pressure, has a higher calorific value than natural gas (methane), which means that LPG cannot simply be substituted for natural gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorific_value




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Punjab Gas Production 150 MMCFD

Punjab Gas requirement 2850 MMCFD

Punjab Gas borrowing 2000 MMCFD

Shortfall of Gas by Punjab 700 MMCFD

Borrow from KPK 350 MMCFD

Borrow from Balochistan 400 MMCFD

Borrow from Sindh 1250 MMCFD

CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

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Station Capacity (MW) Status

1.KAPCO 1,600 Operational; Oil and Natural Gas fired thermal stations

2.HUB POWER CO. 1,286 Operational; Oil fired thermal station

3.BIN QASIM POWER PLANT 1,196 Operational; Oil and Natural Gas fired thermal station

4.JAMSHORO POWER CO. 1,054 Operational; Oil and Natural Gas fired thermal stations

5.GUDDU THERMAL STATION 1,049 Operational; Natural Gas fired thermal stations

6.LALPIR AND PAKGEN 727 Operational; Oil fired thermal stations

7.UCH POWER PLANT 596 Operational; Natural Gas fired thermal station

8.ROUSCH POWER PLANT 450 Operational; Natural Gas fired thermal station

9.TNB LIBERTY POWER 250 Operational; Natural Gas fired thermal station


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt

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Gas Turbine Power Station, Shahdra 59 MW

Steam Power Station, Faisalabad 132 MW

Gas Turbine Power Station, Faisalabad 244 MW

Gas Power Station, Multan 195 MW

Thermal Power Station, Muzaffargarh 1350 MW

Thermal Power Station, Guddu 1655 MW

Gas Turbine Power Station, Kotri 174 MW

Thermal Power Station, Jamshoro 850 MW

Thermal Power Station, Larkana 150 MW

Thermal Power Station, Quetta 35 MW

Gas Turbine Power Station, Panjgur 39 MW

Thermal Power Station, Pasni 17 MW

Total Thermal ==> 4811 MW

WAPDA’s Total Hydel + Thermal capacity is ==> 11,272 MW


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Thermal Power Station, Korangi 316 MW

Gas Turbine Power Station, Korangi 80 MW

Gas Turbine Power Station, SITE 100 MW

Thermal Power Station, Bin Qasim 1260 MW

Total (KESC) ==> 1756 MW


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KANUPP 137 MW Operational

CHASNUPP-1 300 MW Operational

CHASNUPP-2 300 MW Operational

CHASNUPP-3 in Process

CHASNUPP-4 Approved

Total (Nuclear) ===> 737 MW

TOTAL 20130 MW


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Hub Power Project 1292 MW

AES Lalpir Ltd, Mahmood Kot Muzaffargar 362 MW

AES Pak Gen, Mahmood Kot Muzaffargar 365 MW

Altern Energy Ltd, Attock 29 MW

Fauji Kabirwala Power Company, Khanewal 157 MW

Gul Ahmad Energy Ltd, Korangi 136 MW

Habibullah Coastal Power Limited 140 MW

Japan Power Generation, Lahore 120 MW

Kohenoor Energy Limited, Lahore 131 MW


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Liberty Power Limited, Ghotki 232 MW

Rousch Power, Khanewal 412 MW

Saba Power Company, Sheikhupura 114 MW

Southern Electric Power Company Limited, Raiwind 135 MW

Tapal Energy Limited, Karachi 126 MW

Uch Power Limited, Dera Murad Jamali, Nasirabad 586 MW

Attock Gen Limited, Morgah Rawalpindi 165 MW

Atlas Power, Sheikhupura 225 MW

Engro Energy Limited, Karachi —– MW

Kot Addu Power Company Limited (Privatized) 1638 MW

Total (IPPs) ===> 6365 MW


POWER GENERATION, DAMS,

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RENEWABLE ENERGY

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HYDEL POWER GENERATION The country has an estimated Hydro Resources Potential of about 54,000

MW, currently whereas only 6,500 MW have been installed with 9 % share in the Energy Mix.

It is proposed in the long term scenario to increase share of Hydro in Primary Energy from 6,500 MW (11%) at present to about 32,100 MW (20%) by 2030 (30% share in Power Generation)

This will entail set up of 8,000 MW small/medium hydro units on rivers/canals, run of the river plants and four large hydro multipurpose reservoirs/dams with capacity of about 19,300 MW upto 2030

The four large Hydro Dams are,

(i) Kalabagh – 3,800 MW

(ii) Bhasha – 4,600 MW

(iii) Bunji – 7,100 MW

(iv) Dasu – 3,800 MW

It is necessary to maintain an optimal Hydro/Thermal Mix, in base load operations to cater for reduction in output during low hydel periods.


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Station Capacity Status (MW)

1.Ghazi Barotha Dam 1,450 Operational;

2.Mangla Dam 1,000 Operational

3.Tarbela Dam 3,478 Operational

4.Warsak Dam 243 Operational

5.Chashma Dam 184 Operational

6.Rasul Dam 22 Operational

7.Malakand Dam 22 Operational

8.Dargai Dam 20 Operational

9.Nandipur Dam 13 Operational

10.Shadiwal Dam 14 Operational

11.Chicho ki mallian Dam 14 Operational

12.Renala Dam 1 Operational

13.Chitral Dam 1 Operational

14.Kuram Garhi Dam 4 Operational

15.Jagran Dam 30 Operational

HYDROELECTRIC



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangla_Dam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarbela_Dam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsak_Dam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma_Barrage_(Ramsar_Site)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasul_Barrage

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malakand_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dargai_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadipur_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shadiwal_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chihoki_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renala_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitral_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuram_Garhi_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagran_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1

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1.Akhori Dam Attock 600 Under consideration; In pre-feasibility study stage

2.Gomal Zam Dam Waziristan 17 Under construction; expected completed Dec 2012

3.Diamer-Bhasha Dam KPK 4,500 Under construction; To be completed in 2018

4.Allai Khwar HPP Besham 121 Under construction; To be completed in Feb 2012

5.Khan Khwar HPP Bisham 72 Completed; in testing

6.Duber Khwar HPP kohistan 130 Under construction to be completed Dec

2012

7.Jinnah HPP Kalabagh 96 Under construction; To be completed in 2012

8.Neelum Jhelum H.P.P . Muzaffarabad 969 Under construction to be completed by 2016

9.Satpara Dam Project Skardu 17.3 Under construction; expected Dec 2012

10.Golen Gol project HPP chitral 106 To be completed by the end of 2013

11.Kohala Muzaffarabad 1,100 Tender of documents under process


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomal_Zam_Dam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamer-Bhasha_Dam

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allai_hydropower_project&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khan_Khwar_hydropower_project&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duber_Khwar_hydropower_project&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinnah_hydropower_project&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelum%E2%80%93Jhelum_Hydropower_Plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpara_Dam

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golen_Gol_project&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohala,_Pakistan

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12. Bunji dam & HPP Gilgit 7,100 Feasibility studies in progress.

13- Phandar Gilgit 80 Tender of documents under process

14- Basho Skardu 28 Tender of documents under process

15- Keyal Khwar Kohistan 122 Tender of documents under process

16- Lawi HPP chitral 70 Tender of documents under process

17- Harpo HPP Skardu 33 Tender of documents under process

18- Kurram Tangi Dam Waziristan 83.4 Under construction

19- Munda Dam Multi purpose project Mehmand agency 740 Under engineering study

20- Bara Dam Distt Haripur 5.8 Under construction

21- Dasu HPP KPK 4,320 Under construction

22- Lower Spat Gah Kohistan 567 Feasibility studies ongoing

23- Lower Palas Valley Kohistan 621 Feasibility studies ongoing

24- Thakot Bisham 2,800 Feasibility studies ongoing

25- Patan Bisham 2,800 Feasibility studies ongoing

26- Yulbo HPP skardu-gilgit 3000 MW Feasibility studies ongoing

27- Matiltan HPP Kalam 84 MW under construction


http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phandar&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basho_Lungma&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keyal_Khwar&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawi

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harpo_Lungma&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurram_Tangi_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munda_Dam

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bara_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasau&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Spat_Gah&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Palas_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakot

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patan,_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1

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NAI GAJ DAM PROJECT Dadu 2.3 MW

HINGOL DAM PROJECT Lasbella 738KW

GHABIR DAM PROJECT danda shah bilawal -

NAULONG STORAGE DAM jhal magsi Balochistan 3.5 MW

SUKLEJI DAM PROJECT Balochistan -

WINDAR DAM PROJECT lasbella -

BARA MULTIPURPOSE DAM Khyber agency 5.8 MW


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Station Capacity (MW) Status

Jhimpir Wind Power Plant 6 (plan to extend to 250) Operational; Pakistan's first

Thatta Power Plant 150 Proposed solar power station

Wind Power Plant 1000 Proposed wind power station

Wind Power Plant 1000 Proposed wind power station

Solar Power Plant 200 Proposed solar power station

Solar Power Plant 100 Proposed solar power station



http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thatta_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_Pakistan_Wind_power&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power

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S.No. River / Tributory Power MW

A HYDRO POWER PROJECTS ABOVE 50 MW1 Indus River 38,6082 Tributaries of Indus in Gilgit Biltistan 16983 Tributaries of Indus in KPK 4028

SUB TOTAL 1-3 44,3344 Jehlum River 43415 Kunhar River 14556 Neelum River and its Tributaries 17697 Poonch River 462

SUB TOTAL 4-7 80278 Swat River and Its Tributaries 22979 Chitral River and its Tributaries 2285

SUB TOTAL 8-9 4582TOTAL A 56,943

B HYDRO POWER PROJECTS BELOW 50 MW1 On Tributaries 15912 On Canals 674

TOTAL B 2265TOTAL ( A + B ) 59,208


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Types, Deposits and Uses,

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FOSSIL FUEL

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TYPES OF COALS IN PAKISTAN: 1.BITUMINOUS COAL: hard and less sulphurous coal containing tar like bitumen2.SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL: coal whose properties range from lignite to those of bitumen coal and used for steam electric power generation and cement works3.LIGNITE COAL: is a low grade sulphurous coal used for modified industrial furnaces to heat for boilers, coke oven heaters, brick kilns, etc.

COAL RESERVES IN PAKISTAN:

1.THAR (explained later in detail)

2.LAKHARA near karachi, hyderabad, with 38.82 million tons sub-

bitumous to lignite coal (150 MW power plant operative)

3.DENGARI near Quetta with 15.42 million tons sub-bitumous A to high

volatile B- bitumous coal

4.SOR-RANGE near Quetta with 12.95 million tons sub-bitumous coal

5.SHAHRIG near Quetta with 28.97 million tons sub-bitumous coal

6. SONDA near Quetta with 20 million tons of Sub-bitumous coal


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Pakistan’s Thar Coal Potential

Worlds Single largest contiguous Coal field extending over 10,000 Sq KMs Reserves of 175 – 200 billions tons exceed oil equivalent reserves of SAUDI ARABIA, IRAQ, IRAN TOGETHER , with a value of several trillion US$.

Phased development can lead to 400 – 600 mt /year coal mining in 20 years All of Pakistan’s energy requirements (Electric, Power, Gas, Diesel) can be met in

2020 – 2030 scenario “Thar lignite once mined, is a useable fuel or carbon resource” and “Coal to

liquids (CTL) is considered a serious utilization option” In addition to Electric Power, SNG, Chemicals, Fertilizer, etc can be produced for

self consumption and surplus can be exported

Contribution to GDP in plants, products, services, employment, etc, would be in

the range of $200b-$300b which exceeds Pakistan’s current GDP of $ 170 b.

Thar Coal is God’s Gift of “Black Gold” to the People of Pakistan and will ensure the

Nation’s Energy & Economic Future.

THAR COAL UTILIZATION


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• India: lignite 7:1Heating value = 5200 Btu/lbTotal generation = 2740 MW

• Germany: Rhineland lignite 4.9:1 (m3:t)Heating value = 4,514 to 11054 Btu / lbTotal generation = 10,289 MW

• Hungary: Lignite 9:1 (m3:t)Heating value = 3,035 Btu / lbTotal generation = 1852 MW

• Thar: lignite 6:IPAKISTAN 6200 - 11,000 Btu/lb

Total generation = 50 MWCOMPARISON OF ENERGY MIX SHARE : China 72%

India 56%USA 51%Pakistan 1 %


COAL BED METHANE (CBM)

Gas is generated during Coalification Process

Gas Adsorbed on the Coal

Very poor conductivity

Distributed over Sindh & Punjab Province

Word 10 % Coal Deposits are in Sindh

Total Deposits are 185 billion tone.

Not developed Yet

No Conclusive Work

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COAL GASIFICATION BY GASIFIERS IN THAR

• Upto 500 Years 50,000 MW Electricity for Coal in Pakistan

• 100 Million Barrels Diesel / year from the same coal in 1 step

• Diesel Production cost by coal gasification $ 17-20 / Barrel only,

• WE GET DIESEL at the Price of $160 inspite of $ 20. (800 % profit)

Wind, Solar, Nuclear.

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Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity.At the end of 2010, worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was 197 (GW). Wind power now has the capacity to generate 430 TWh annually, which is about 2.5% of worldwide electricity usage.Over the past five years the average annual growth in new installations has been 27.6 percent. Wind power market penetration is expected to reach 3.35 percent by 2013 and 8 percent by 2018.As of 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.Several countries have already achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as • 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, • 18% in Portugal,• 16% in Spain, • 14% inIreland and • 9% in Germany in 2010.•Wind power is growing glabally at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 197 gigawatts (GW).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmark

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Portugal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Spain


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Solar power is th conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power(CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.


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Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity. there were 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in the world, operating in 31 countries.Just as many conventional thermal power stations generate electricity by harnessing the thermal energy released from burning fossil fuels, nuclear power plants convert the energy released from the nucleus of an atom via nuclear fission that takes place in a nuclear reactor. The heat is from the reactor core by a cooling system removes heat and used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.


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FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY

HYDROGEN FUEL TECHNOLOGY

KARRICK PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

TIDAL ENERGY

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:



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A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen. Fuel cells are different from batteries that they require a constant source of fuel and oxygen to run, but they can produce electricity continually for as long as these inputs are supplied. They are used to power fuel cell vehicles including automobiles, buses, forklifts, airplanes, boats, motorcycles and submarines.Stationary fuel cells are used for commercial, industrial and residential primary and backup power generation.The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40-60%, or up to 85% efficient if waste heat is captured for use.Coca-Cola, Google, Walmart, Sysco, FedEx, UPS, Ikea, Staples, Whole Foods, Gills Onions, Nestle Waters, Pepperidge Farm, Sierra Nevada Brewery, Super Store Industries, Brigestone-Firestone, Nissan North America, Kimberly-Clark, Michelin and more have installed fuel cells to help meet their power needs.


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An Eco-friendly fuel which uses electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric devices. Once manufactured, hydrogen is an energy carrier (i.e. a store for energy first generated by other means). The energy is eventually delivered as heat when the hydrogen is burned. Hydrogen fuel can provide motive power for cars, boats and airplanes which can power an electric motor. Main article: Hydrogen economy With regard to safety from unwanted explosions, hydrogen fuel in automotive vehicles is at least as safe as gasoline


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primarily meant for coal carbonization it also could be used for processing of oil shale, lignite or any carbon materials. It could be used for a coal liquefaction . Eight years of pilot plant tests by Karrick attest that states, cities or even smaller towns, could make their own gas and generate their own electricity. A Karrick LTC plant with 1 kiloton of daily coal capacity produces sufficient steam to generate 100,000 kilowatt hours of electrical power at no extra cost excepting capital investment for electrical equipment


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The heat that is used for geothermal energy is stored deep within the Earth, all the way down to Earth’s core – 4,000 miles down. At the core, temperatures may reach over 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Heat conducts from the core to surrounding rock. Extremely high temperature and pressure cause some rock to melt, which is commonly known as magma. Magma convects upward since it is lighter than the solid rock. This magma then heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up to 700 degrees Fahrenheit.


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Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power - mainly electricity. 254 MW Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is the largest tidal power installation in the world. Construction was completed in 2011.


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جی پی ایل

کوئل

بجلی پن نیوکلئیرشد درآمدبجلی

گیس

تیل


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Evaluation Uncertainties

High Investment

Longer Production Time

Longer Payout Time

High Density of wells

Skilled Manpower

Environmental Issue

Political Stability

Will to Accept Challenges

Resolvable Success


Plan 2030

POWER MIX PLAN FOR 20 YEARS

86Research, Presentation & Paper by: MALIK TARIQ SARWAR AWAN

INTERESTING FACTORS ABOUT PAKISTAN ENERGY

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Electric Power Consumption per capita 474.1 KWh

( one 100 W bulb consumes 876 KWh of energy in one year )

Electricity production from Coal 0.1 %

Total electricity production of Pakistan 95.60 Billion KWh

Total electricity Consumtion in Pakistan 77 Billion KWh

Energy Import by Pakistan 23.6% or 22 Billion KWh

Import Bill $ 9.4 Billion

Electric Power Losses in Consumption 18,60,30,00,000 KWh or 18.60

billion KWh or (20 % Line losses) and ( KESC line losses 45% that is unbelievable)

Iran Electric Production 212.80 Billion KWh

India Electric Production 602 billion KWh

Pakistan Electric Production 96 billion KWh


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2009 gas reserves of Pakistan 885 billion Cu. m (30 TCF)

2010 gas reserves of Pakistan 840 billion Cu. m .(27 TCF)

these Gas reserves only suffient for 20 years

Natural Gas production 37.5 Billion Cu. m .

Natural Gas consumption 37.5 Billion Cu. m .

Oil Proved Reserves 436.2 Million BBL

Oil Production Pakistan 59,140 BBL / day

Oil Consumption Pakistan 373,000 BBL / day

Oil exports 30,090 BBL / day

Oil imports 319,500 BBL / day


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FISCAL YEARS 2009 2010 2015 2016 2020 2025 2030

Net Dependable Capability

MW 17008 19477 33028 36560 52909 76200 106565

Growth Rate 9% 15% 9% 11% 10% 8% 8%

Peak Demand

MW 20594 24474 36217 40555 54359 80566 113695

Growth Rate 7% 9% 8% 8% 9% 8% 7%

Surplus / Deficits -3586 -2876 324 1147 4066 4031 5087

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Name of the Project Installed Capacity MW Commisioning dateMatiltan KPK 84 Approval under process by KPK

Summer Gah, KPK 28 2020Swat Scheme A-1, KPK 105 2020Swat Scheme B-1, KPK 429 2020

Rajdhani Kotli, AJK 86 2010NEELUM -JHELUM AJK 969 2015

KALABAGH Punjab 2,400 Postponed until consensusCHAKOTHI 139

Raised Mangla , AJK 180 Thal Reservoir Punjab 52

Doyain, Nothern areas 425 2015Kohala (Jehlum), AJK 740

Gulpur, Ajk 60 Gomal KPK 130

Kurrum Tungi 58 ABBASIAN (JEHLUM) 245

TOTAL 6,130

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Thar Coal 1 sindh 600 Dec-2015Ext. Lakhra Project Sindh 150 Dec-2015TOTAL 750

Bhikki Combined Cycle 1 Punjab 630 Dec- 2012Bhikki Combined Cycle 2 Punjab 630 Dec- 2013Dadu Combined Cycle Sindh 600 Dec-2012Korangi Power station 360 OperativeWest wharf sindh 400 OperativeTotal 2620

Chashma 3 600 2012Chashma 4 600 2013

Renewable miscllaneous 500 2012-2014TOTAL 10,500


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THE GREATER PAKISTAN CONCEPT COMPAIGNتصور کا پاکستان تر عظیم

BY TARIQ SARWAR AWAN

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You also play your role to join hands with me make Pakistan a

Greater Pakistan

WEBSITE: www.tariqsarwar.tk

E-mail: [email protected]

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TAHNKS FOR BEING PATIENT, PAKISTAN WILL SOON

DEVELOP , We will work together for our Nation.

ALL OF YOU PLEASE

JOIN HANDS WITH

ME FOR

GREATER

PAKISTAN

DEVELOPMENT

EFFORTS

Business

A PAKISTAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMPREHENSIVE ENERGY PLAN by A GENIUS SCHOLAR TARIQ SARWAR AWAN