Alternative Fuel

Conventional fuelsFossil fuels (petroleum), coal, and nuclear materials

such as uranium.

Alternative fuelsalso known as non-conventional fuels,any materials or substances that can be used as fuels,

other than conventional fuels.which is consumed to provide energy to power an

engine.

INTRODUCTION

ETHANOL

Mainly produced by the sugar fermentation process.

Can also be manufactured by the chemical process of

reacting ethylene with steam.

A clear colorless liquid, it is biodegradable, low in toxicity

and causes little environmental pollution if spilt.

Ethanol is a high octane fuel and has replaced lead as an

octane enhancer in petrol.

Widely sold in the United States.

AdvantagesMuch cleaner, it burns more

cleanly (more complete combustion)

Can reduce the net emissions of greenhouse gases

The fuel spills are more easily biodegraded or diluted to non toxic concentrations.

Can use any plant for production.

Disadvantages

Destroyed habitats including rainforests.

Will increase food prices around the world.

Pure ethanol is also difficult to vaporise 

Not as efficient as petroleum

PROPANE

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Not RPG

Clean-burning fossil fuel that can be used to power internal combustion engines.

Lower amounts of some harmful emissions and the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2)

Most LPG used in U.S

Transportation fuel since 1912

Propane is stored as a liquid in a relatively low-pressure tank

The supply of propane to the engine is controlled by a regulator or vaporizer, which converts the liquid propane to a vapor

The vapor is fed to a mixer located near the intake manifold, where it is metered and mixed with filtered air before being drawn into the combustion chamber where it is burned to produce power

How Propane Vehicles Work?

90% of propane used in U.S. comes from domestic sources

Less expensive than gasoline

Potentially lower toxic, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC)

Propane is clean, cost effective, safe and a reliable alternative fuel

Advantages

Limited availability

A few large trucks and vans can be special ordered from manufacturers; other vehicles can be converted by certified installers

Less readily available than gasoline & diesel

Fewer miles on a tank of fuel

Disadvantages

BIODIESEL

Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel

To create a biodiesel blend in different concentrations of B100, B20, B5, B2.

It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications.

Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats,recycled restaurant greases.

Biodiesel Compared to Petroleum Diesel

Advantages Disadvantages

• Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones

• Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides)

• Less greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., B20 reduces CO2 by 15%)

• Non-toxic

• Use of blends above B5 not yet approved by many auto makers

• B100 generally not suitable for use in low temperatures

• Concerns about B100's impact on engine durability

HYDROGEN

A potentially emissions-free alternative fuel produced

from domestic resources.

Not widely used today as a transportation fuel

Not occur free in nature in useful quantities, but it is

manufactured in a number of ways.

AdvantagesEmits only water vapour, assuming there is no leakage

of hydrogen gas It can store up to 3x as much energy as conventional

natural gas.Produced domestically.Environmentally friendly.

Disadvantages It still costs a considerable amount of money to run a

hydrogen vehicleDangerous

COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS

a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), Diesel fuel and

propane/LPG

a more environmentally "clean" alternative to conventional

fuels.

It is much safer than other fuels in the event of a spill,

because natural gas is lighter than air and disperses quickly

when released

made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed

of methane, CH4), to less than 1 percent of the volume it

occupies at standard atmospheric pressure

Advantages

it can be efficiently and safely stored.

more environmentally friendly due to its low emissions after burning.

most of the natural reserves of natural gas field are underutilized.

Improve lubrication because the cylinders are not washed by petrol excess

Disadvantages

still does create greenhouse gas emissions.

highly volatile and can be dangerous is handled or transported carelessly.

they aren't as roomy as gasoline cars.

higher overall costs of a natural-gas vehicle compared to a gasoline-powered car.

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