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• But half of the world's extracted oil is transported by sea in super tankers.
• Oil is a actually natural component of the marine ecosystem
• But increased use of oil as a: fuel source and industrial raw material
• Submarine hydrocarbon seeps continually release oil into the marine environment (approx. 250,000 tonnes a year)
Oil Pollution
• Increased extraction from marine areas• Increased transport of oil by a marine route
• More instances of human error & “cut corners”• Warfare in oil producing areas
Causes increased oil pollution
Impact of oil on organisms
• Marine turtles–Disturbance to
nesting habitat
• Special habitats–coral reefs
– tidal flats
–mangrove forests
Impact of oil on organisms• Birds and furred
mammals– Loss of insulating
properties– Ingestion of toxic
substances (esp. when grooming)
– Inhalation of toxic volatile hydrocarbons
• Marine mammals– Skin irritation– Clogging of baleen
plates [Geraci (1990)]
Impact of oil on organisms
• Direct physical contact
• Inhalation or ingestion of toxic components
• Loss of food resources
The largest “oil spill”
• 1991 - Gulf War:
9,000,000 barrels (378,000,000 gallons)
• 1979 - Bay of Campeche, Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico:
140,000,000 gallons
At Sea Oil Pollution & At Sea Oil Pollution & SpillsSpills
Forests affected by Acid RainNortheast USCanadaNorthern EuropeAsia
• Nearly 43% of oil discharged into the marine environment enters the oceans via urban storm drainage systems & industrial discharges
• In particular major sources of oil pollution are:-oil spills and leaks during car maintenance & -illegal discharge/dumping of waste oil
• Tanker accidents account for less than 7% of the oil discharged into the oceans
Marine Oil Pollution• Although the major source of marine oil pollution might appear to be accidental oil spills, particularly large events such as the Exxon Valdez
Air Pollution Damage to Trees
Reduce vehicle emissions:
Drive less
Keep cars well maintained and tires properly inflated
Turn off the engine when your vehicle is not in motion
Purchase low-emitting and fuel efficient vehicles
Share a ride, take public transportation bike, or walk
Cut your grass after 6 p.m.
Refuel your car after 6 p.m.
Combine errands into one trip
What Can You Do?
Fine particles come from a variety of sources:• diesel trucks and buses• construction equipment• power plants • woodstoves• wildfires
Where does Pm come from?
Also, Chemical reactions in the atmosphere can transform gases into fine particles.
Nuclear terrorism threat• Another actual
question of the NPP’s safety is nuclear terrorism.
• The NPP could be captured by terrorists and used like a nuclear weapon.
It was commonly to think that nuclear energy is absolutely safe until some serious incidents occurred on nuclear power plants of the USA(Three Mile Island), Japan(Kashiwaszki-Kariwa) and the most dangerous incident in the former USSR (Chernobyl). The last of them had very serious consequences. All these events changed the opinion of people about the safety of nuclear energy. However the danger of nuclear energy was not only in the nuclear accidents.
Let’s see the full list of dangers connected with nuclear power plants:
The treat of nuclear accidents
• The most actual question appealed to NPP is the question of nuclear accidents. Thought the chances of such accident is very small the danger it carries is very serious.
• What exactly is Light Pollution?
Light Pollution is the spillage of unwanted light , due to glare, light trespass and unused lighting into the sky.
• Light Glare Glare is the unused light that shines out and up.
• What are the problems? Bad Street Lighting Cobra Head Drop Down Designs Globe lights – Light does not point down and light a path, it shoots
out and up Spot Lights- light up ward and out, not down
• Who and What does bad lighting effect? Our Sleeping Patterns & Health
Sea Turtles
Birds• What are some of the Solutions? Streetlights: Full Cut Off Luminaries These lights are hooded and have a fully cut off lens
Parking lots: Box lights These are fully cut off, and point the light down• Light Glare Glare is the unused light that shines out and up.
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